The Contributing Factors to Athletes’ Achievement in Archery

Kuswahyudi Kuswahyudi

Faculty of Sport Science, State University of Jakarta, Jl. Pemuda No. 10 Rawamangun Jakarta Timur, Indonesia

kuswahyudi@unj.ac.id

Keywords: Arm muscle endurance, Kinesthetic Perceptions, Anxiety, Achievements in archery competitions.

Abstract: This study aims to determine how much of the existing factors in archery sport can affect ath letes’

performance in a competition. This was done in Ganesha Open 2017 Archery Competition. The method

used in this study was survey study using correlational technique. The sample in this study was 20 people

(male athletes who rank 1-20 of the entire population in the archery national round competition). The data in

this research was obtained by conducting survey on several factors that exist in archery sport to the samples.

Data analysis techniques to answer the hypothesis of this study was correlation and regression techniques.

To find out the relationship between two variables X and Y,simple regression and correlation analysis were

utilized, while multiple regression and correlation analysis were employed to identify the relationship

between variables X1, X2, and X3 to Y. From the results of hypothesis testing, it was obtained that there is

a positive correlation between the factors that exist in the archery sport on athletes achievement, it is shown

by the correlation coefficient of 0.93. The contribution of such factors were seen from the determinantion

coefficient (0.93)2 = 0.86 implying that the factors in the archery competition contributed as musc as 86%

to the archers’ achievement. As a result, there should be some efforts in improving the athletes achievement

as for example improving arm muscle endurance, kinasthetic perception and anxiety level.

1 INTRODUCTION

Archery is a sport that focuses on accuracy, because

the ultimate goal of archery is to shoot arrows to the

target face as accurately as possible, so one of the

necessary factors in archery movement is

consistency that must be done continuously during

practice and during competition. This is said by Mc

Kinney that the movement in the archery is simple,

there is no difficult movement in doing so, you will

be able to get a score of 1440 if you are able to

repeat the same and true moves as many as 144

times. (Mc Kinney, 1977).

The performance of an athlete in an archery

competition is influenced by physical, technical,

and mental factors. those mportant factors include

the coordination of visual motion (accuracy), feeling

/ sense of kinesthetics, arm strength (endurance

strength), length of attraction, concentration, and

emotional balance. (Daniel M. Landers, 2013).

By having the ability to sense motion

(kinesthetic), one can distinguish the right

movement feels and the wrong movement so that he

can always try to do the right movement and not to

make the wrong movement in exercising. (E.

Shibata, 2013).

The kinesthetic perception ability between one

archer and the other is different, depending on the

ability the athletes. In addition, an archer is also

required to always be able to perform a series of

movement techniques with a correct and stable in

every repetition of arrow shots, so that the accuracy

level of arrows to the target can be achieved well.

(Koon Teck Koh, 2016). This is especially important

in view of the fall of arrow targets on the target

depending on the consistency of the technique

performed by an archer, which if performed

correctly continuously (consistent) then the score

obtained will also be good and stable from the first

arrow fired up to the child the last arrow. Therefore,

it is important for an archer to feel the technique of

archery so that the archer can distinguish between

the right movement and the wrong motion, so as to

minimize the errors of archery technique.

A series of archery skills involving several types

of motion requires efficient energy deployment, the

coordination between the muscle groups involved in

the required movement is needed. The coordination

of archery skills is closely related to the physical

component, in the form of strength, muscle

endurance, and flexibility that is closely linked in the

refinement of the technique. (Gary A. Knutson,

2005)

Kuswahyudi, K.

The Contributing Factors to Athletes’ Achievement in Archery.

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education (ICSSHPE 2017) - Volume 1, pages 223-226

ISBN: 978-989-758-317-9

223

In archery sport, the muscle endurance element

of the arm is very necessary considering the

magnitude of the thrust and pull that must be done

continuously by the arm muscle. The endurance will

greatly affect the rhythm of the shooting. With good

endurance, the performance of the athlete will

remain optimal over time as it is less likely to get

fatigue. This means that athletes are able to perform

quality movements that remain high from the

beginning to the end of the game. (Jae-Woo Park,

2016).

An archer must be able to concentrate and keep

his focus for a long period of time and put aside the

disturbances of the environment as well as the

fatigue he experiences. (Tsung-Min Hung, 2011).

With the increase of time to play then there is a

tendency to accumulate anxiety in the athlete

himself which can negatively affect his achievement.

Therefore an archery athlete must be able to control

both his emotional and physical anxiety in a match

so that he can show his optimum performance.

During the game, it is natural that the athlete

becomes nervous, tense, hesitant, afraid, anxious,

especially if facing a stronger and more balanced

opponent, coupled with a tense situation. If this

happens, then there are some techniques that can be

done by athletes or coaches in order to mitigate the

athlete's tension during the match, such as by doing

relaxation. (George Mamassis, 2010).

Anxiety as one of the unstable psychological

conditions can arise in any archery sporting event,

especially in the qualifying round, because of the

element of competition between an athlete and other

athletes. Every athlete is trying to achieve the best

performance, surpassing his other fellows. In every

competition, there is always a winner and a loser.

Victory or success on the athlete tends to make the

athlete try to maintain the achievement to remain the

champion.

Conversely, defeat or repeated failure tends to

make the athlete discouraged and demotivated. The

athlete's experience of this failure will usually

continue to imprint and cause anxiety in the athlete's

himself. When an athlete is confronted with a match

whose level is not much different from previous

failures, his achievement motivation is defeated by

anxiety fear of failure even if he is capable of

playing well.

Archery achievement is measured from the

number of scores collected. The higher the number

of scores an athlete achieved, the higher the

achievement he has (A.R. Soylu, 2006). Things that

need to be considered in order to achieve high

achievement of which is a prime physical condition

and master the basic techniques of archery. In

addition, an archer must also have a good psychic

condition in order to achieve his optimal

performance. Archery is an activity that demands

smooth motorized visual co-ordination, and

demands the ability to shoot at small targets and

great distances.

The results of archery skills are determined by

several important factors, three of which are the

endurance of arm muscle, kinesthetic perception and

anxiety. All three factors have an effective

contribution with different contributions to the

archery achievement (Andrew J Callaway, 2017).

An archer is said to have excellent physical

condition, if the archer has good arm muscle

endurance, which is used directly in archery. The

endurance of the arm muscle greatly determines the

consistency of the archer in firing the arrow to the

target with the same pull from the beginning of the

game until the end of the game. the endurance level

of the arm muscle will maintain the consistency of

the technique from the beginning to the end of the

competition.

Kinesthetic perception is a benchmark for

athletes to feel a technique that feels right or wrong.

In archery, repetition of basic techniques is

necessary, so the movements are stable and

unchanging. Archery requires the same technique of

movement from the first shot of arrows and the next

arrow.

Kinesthetic perception plays a role when an

archer performs a series of movements ranging from

standing, darting, lifting an arc followed by pulling a

bowstring, aiming, releasing arrows, continuing

motion and arriving at the feedback control position.

So that factors such as kinesthetic perception is

helpful in a process of achievement based on the

characteristics of archery sport.

Archery sports also require subtle touch of soul,

patience, tenacity, concentration, and high mental

endurance. An archer must be able to concentrate

and keep his focus for a long period of time and put

aside the disturbances of the environment as well as

the fatigue he experiences. With the increase of

time to play then there is a tendency to accumulate

anxiety in the athlete himself which can negatively

affect his achievement. Therefore an archery athlete

must be able to control both his emotional and

physical anxiety in a match so that he can show his

optimum performance.

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2 METHODS

In accordance with the problems and objectives to

be achieved, then the method used in this study was

a survey method using correlational techniques. The

relationship between the independent variables and

the dependent variables in this study is described in

constellation form (see figure 2.1).

The research procedures were done as follows:

• Testing the instruments

• Analyzing the instruments data

• Conducting research by conducting tests and

measurements on these four variables, namely

endurance arm muscle, kinesthetic perceptions,

anxiety and archery achievement.

Figure 2.1. Research Constellation

Descriptions

X1 = Arm Muscle Endurance

X2 = Kinesthetic Perception

X3 = Anxiety

Y = Archery Achievement

2.1 Participants

The population in this study is all archery athletes

who follow the National Archery Championship

Ganesha Open in 2017 in Bandung, West Java,

which was followed by as many as 149 athletes.

The sampling technique in this research is purposive

sampling technique, Samples were 20 people, with

the following criteria:

 Participants of the Ganesha Open Archery

National Championship in 2017 in Bandung,

West Java.

 Male ahletes

 Shooting at National round

 Ranking 1-20, from the total score earned after

the 18-meter indoor archery competition.

2.2 Instrument

The instrument used to collect data in this study is to

make measurements of the observed variables.

 Measurement of arm muscle endurance with arc

hold test.

 The instrument used in the measurement of

kinesthetic perception was the hand kinesthetic

motion test on a horizontal straight plane

(George H Sage, 1977).

 Data on anxiety was obtained by using an

athlete's anxiety scale during a match. This scale

was prepared by following the ways of

preparing personality assessment by using

Likert scale.

 Measurement of archery scores at the Ganesha

Open national championship in 2017 in

Bandung.

Data analysis techniques to answer the

hypothesis of this study was correlation and

regression techniques. To find out the relationship

between two variables X and Y,simple regression

and correlation analysis were utilized, while multiple

regression and correlation analysis were employed

to identify the relationship between variables X1,

X2, and X3 to Y.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The first hypothesis testing has showed that there is

a correlation between arm muscle endurance (X₁)

and national round archery achievement (Y), it was

seen from the correlation coefficient (ry₁) 0.84 with

the Y = 7.88 + 0.84 X1 linera regression equation.

(0.84)2 = 0.71 determination coefficient. This means

that the arm muscle endurance contributes 71% to

the National Archery round achievements.

The first hypothesis testing has showed that there

is a correlation between Kinesthetic Perception (X2)

and national round archery achievement (Y), it was

seen from the correlation coefficient (ry2) 0.66 with

the Y = 16.86 + 0.66 X2 linear regression equation.

(0.66)2 = 0.43 determination coefficient. This means

that the arm muscle endurance contributes 43% to

the National Archery round achievements.

The first hypothesis testing has showed that there

is a correlation between anxiety (X3) and national

round archery achievement (Y), it was seen from the

correlation coefficient (ry3) 0.66 with the Y =

16.86 + 0.66 X2 linear regression equation. (0.55)2

= 0.30 determination coefficient. This means that

anxiety contributes 30% to the National Archery

round achievements.

The Contributing Factors to Athletes’ Achievement in Archery

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Fourth, there is a correlation between arm muscle

endurance (X₁), Kinesthetic perception (X₂) and

anxiety and the National Round Archery

Achievement (Y) It was seen from the correlation

coefficient of 0.93 with the multiple regression

equation Y = -9.27 + 0.605X₁ + 0.307X₂ + 0.273X₃.

The contribution of the three variables were shown

by the determination coefficient (0.93)2=0.86 Thus,

arm muscle endurance, kinesthetic perceptions, and

anxiety account for 86% of the National Round

Archery achievements.

4 CONCLUSIONS

The physical and psychological condition of an

athlete is related to his achievement. The large and

small effective contribution provided by the athlete's

physical and psychological condition to achievement

depends greatly on the characteristics of the sport.

Some components of physical and psychological

conditions are dominantly required by certain sports,

but for other sports are less necessary. In archery

sport, physical and psychological components, such

as muscular arm endurance, kinesthetic perceptions

and anxiety, have a significant role for athletes'

performance, especially in terms of improving his

archery performance. Based on the results of this

study, several implications can be drawn, especially

in relation to efforts to improve the archery

performance of the National Round, among others:

the method of developing arm muscle endurance,

kinesthetic perception, and anxiety level to improve

athlete performance in the archery competition.

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