Raise Pattern and Biosecurity Application by Broiler Breeders on
Different Topography in North Sulawesi Province
Erwin Wantasen
1,*
, Sintya J. K. Umboh
1
, E. K. M. Endoh
1
, F. N. Sompie
2
and J. R. Leke
3
1
Department of Socio-Economics, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia
2
Department of Animal Nutrition Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia
3
Department of Animal Production Facuilty of Animal Husbandry, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia
rinileke@yahoo.com
Keywords : Raising Pattern, Breeders’ Ability, Broiler
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to obtain information about the raising pattern and level of biosecurity
application conducted by broiler breeders in different types of topography in North Sulawesi Province. The
research location was the District of Minahasa representing the highlands and District of MinahasaUtara
representing the lowland region. The scale of broilers husbandry in the two study areas consisted of small
scale (<5000 broilers), medium scale (> 5000 - 10000 broilers) and large scale (> 10000 broilers) for each
of production periods. At each scale, 5 breeders were taken as respondents, so that the total of respondent
samples was 30 breeders. Data obtained then was analyzed descriptively and quantitatively. The result
shows that broilers in the lowlands generally raised for 4-5 weeks with an average weight of 1.2 - 1.3
kg/broiler, while broilers were raised by breeders in the highlands had gained weight of 1.4 - 1.7 kg/broiler.
Raising broilers in small-scale business used all in-all out system withfamily workers, while breeders in
medium and large-scale husbandry in both topographic areas usedraising pattern and marketing gradually
using special labor. As many as 100% of breeders in the lowland areas within a large-scale husbandry had
already health programs under the supervision of veterinarians and 80% of large-scale breeders in the
highlands did the same. In both research areas, it showed that broiler breeders on the three scales made
effort to prevent the risk by burning and burying dead chickens with a percentage of 60-100%.
1 INTRODUCTION
One of husbandry commodities becoming source of
living and protein for society is broiler. Broiler is
relatively well-liked by breeders since it can gain
weight until 1,2 -1,3 kg within relatively short
period of raising, during 4-5 weeks. It may happen if
it is supported with a better management of
production conducted by breeders (Pakage et
al.,2018; Amid et al.,2015).
Recently, the condition of broiler has sometimes
dealt with less profitable situation, where there is
unstable price of production infrastructure in the
market. Such condition, then, is occurring annually,
so that small-scale breeders suffer from loss.
Technically speaking, there is a difference between
raising pattern and profitability in broiler cultivated
in low and high land. In any high temperature,
broiler’s performance drastically decreases, so there
is a different profitability with broiler cultivated in
fresher and more mild temperature.All those factors
will determine breeders’ productivity in raising
broiler, mainly on business’s pattern and scale.Both
business’s pattern and scale will result on business’s
productivity and efficiency (Rana et al.,2012)
Improvement of economic efficiency can be
performed by using a better technology, using total
of input and optimal raising scale (Tamdogan and
Cicek, 2016). The husbandry, theoretically, is
divided into four business’s pattern, namely side-job
business, branch of business, main business, and
industry.Those business’s patterns are necessarily
required in a better management of raising in order
to obtain broiler always in good performance and
condition, so that breeders can avoid any loss
occurred. Therefore, a step to be taken by breeders is
applying biosecurity technique. Biosecurity is
breeders’ effort to avoid disease’s penetrated
infection from one husbandry to other husbandries
(Martindah et al., 2014; Conan et al., 2012)
104
Wantasen, E., J. K. Umboh, S., Endoh, E., Sompie, F. and Leke, J.
Raise Pattern and Biosecurity Application by Broiler Breeders on Different Topography in North Sulawesi Province.
DOI: 10.5220/0010034800002967
In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference of Vocational Higher Education (ICVHE 2019) - Empowering Human Capital Towards Sustainable 4.0 Industry, pages 104-110
ISBN: 978-989-758-530-2; ISSN: 2184-9870
Copyright
c
2021 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
North Sulawesi is one of regions producing
broiler by total of boiler’s population in 2018 of
7,7million broilers. Two districts having the largest
population of broiler in North Sulawesi are District
of Minahasa Utara, with total of population of 4.5
million broilers (58.4%) and production of broiler of
4,118 ton; and District of Minahasa, having total of
broiler’s population of 1.9 million broilers (25.3%)
with production of broiler of 1,516 ton [BPS Sulut,
2018) District of North Minahasa is located in the
lowland, while, contrarily, District of Minahasais in
the highland. This topographic different is
presumably assumed resulting on difference of
raising pattern and husbandry’s productivity due to
different physical environment. Non-conducive
environment will cause broiler vulnerably infected
by any disease, meaning that both breeders in these
districts should apply biosecurity principles.
Applying principle of biosecurity is by reducing any
risk resulted by human’s mobility in the cages,
animals, organic or inorganic materials (Jubb and
Dharma, 2009). Particularly, principles of
biosecurity comprise of establishing, improving,
reducing, detecting, dimension, and selecting.Such
risk mentioned above should be avoided since it will
potentially become entrance of diseases’ seeds.
Research on biosecurity application has been done
by previous researchers (Ajewole et al., 2014;
Lestari et al.,2011; Umam et al., 2014). However,
information on biosecurity application by broiler’s
breeders in different topography, such as in the low
and highland along with its raising pattern, is
relatively limited.Hence, this research will analyze
different raising pattern of broiler, profitability, and
biosecurity application by breeders in both District
of Minahasaand District of North Minahasa.
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 Sampling Method and Data
Collecting Technique
The research was conducted in District of North
Minahasa representing the lowland and District of
Minahasa representing the highland. It was done on
January to February 2019. In each of districts, it then
was selected 2 (two) sub-districts purposively by
consideration that it had breeders having ever
obtained training and applied regional biosecurity
management with the largest population of broiler in
respectively every district (BPS Sulut, 2018). Sub-
district turned as research’s site was Sub-district of
Dimembe and Kalawat (District of North Minahasa),
Sub-district of Sonder and Tondano Utara (District
of Minahasa). There were three scales of broiler
husbandry in the District of North Minahasa, such as
<5000 broilers (32 breeders), >5000-10000 broilers
(16 breeders) and>10000 broilers (10 breeders).
Meanwhile, breeders in the District of Minahasa had
business scale of <5000 broilers (25 breeders),
>5000-10000 broilers (14 breeders) and >10000
broilers (10 breeders). In each of business scales, 5
breeders, thus, were purposively selected in each
district respectively (Knottnerus.,2003) by
consideration that those breeders had followed
training of biosecurity management in broiler’s
husbandry, so the total of samplings was 30
breeders.Further, data was collected by survey
technique using questionnaire. Data gathered then
was primary data comprising of technical data, such
as mortality, broiler’s weight, feeds consumption,
business scale, business model, raising pattern,
procurement model of production equipment,
income, and aspects of biosecurity application used
by breeders.
2.2 Data Analysis
Data collected was, hence, analyzed descriptively
and quantitatively. Descriptive analysis comprised
on characteristic of broiler husbandry, such weight,
raising pattern, marketing, business model,
procurement model of production equipment, labor,
raising period. Whereas, quantitative analysis
consisted on calculation of broiler’s index and
income using following formulation, [Tandogan et
al., 2016)
Broiler’s index =
%
ℎ/
(1)
Income= TR - TC (2)
Where:
TR = Total of income in broiler husbandry
(Rp/production period)
TC = Total of production cost in broiler husbandry
( Rp/production period)
Next, the calculation of biosecurity variable used
score obtained from data collected. Data
management utilized descriptive method and
statistical analysis. Each response of respondents
was classified into fivecategories and given score.
The score was stated in numerical of 1,2,3,4, and 5
for each answer, which the highest score was 5 and
the lowest was 1 (Haedari et al., 2011).Such score,
Raise Pattern and Biosecurity Application by Broiler Breeders on Different Topography in North Sulawesi Province
105
later, was categorized into 2 parts, namely Pre-
EntryandPoint of Entry. In addition, such score in
respective groups was calculated in total and a mean
was gained from it. Further, this score was analyzed
using Independent Sample tTestassisted by SPSS.22
program, by following formulation as follows,
(Gujarati., 2003)
t =
(3)
Where:
Xa = mean of group a, Xb = mean of group b, Sp =
combined deviation standard, na = total of samples
in group a, nb = total of samples in group b.
3 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Business Model
The result of this research demonstrates that
breeders in the highland, District of Minahasa, and
the lowland, District of North Minahasa, had a
varied scale of broiler raising, ranging from 750
broilers up to 22.000broiler in each period of raising.
In this research, three business scales were obtained:
small scale (<5.000 broilers), middle scale (>5.000-
10.000 broiler) and large scale (>10.000 broilers).
Distribution of business scale in the broiler raising
from four Sub-districts representing the lowland and
highland respectively was hardly equally distributed.
It, then, was varied between 1.000 to 20.000broilers,
and there were only some breeders raising above
20.000 broilers and some had 750 broilers. In detail,
the different business scale of broiler husbandry had
a relation with business’s model and objective.
Typically, breeders raising broiler under small-scale
husbandry only aimed for side job and broiler’s cage
was placed close to breeder’s house and residents.
Contrastingly, breeders raising under medium and
large scale of broiler husbandry had separated cages,
which were far enough from residential.
Table 1: Mean of maximal and minimal temperature, and
humidity in the lowlands and highlands
Detail
The Lowlands
(Dimembe+Kal
awat
The Highlands
(Sonder
+Tondano
Utara
)
Mornin
g
After
noon
Morn
ing
After
noon
Minimal
Temperature
(
0
C)
25,87 26,46 19,75 23,54
Maximal
Temperature
(
0
C
)
30,25 33,00 29,50 30,25
Humidit
y
(
%
)
84,60 75,00 89,00 79,00
Climatological environment in two research’s sites
based on data derived from BMKG of North
Sulawesi (BMKG Sulut, 2018) is shown in
following Table 1.Further, broiler’s strains raised
and commercial ransom given, in general, were
depended on supply of local poultry shop. In the
lowlands, broiler’s strains raised wasIndian river
andLohmann, and the ransom used was product of
Comfeed and Charon Pokhpan. While, in the
highlands, broiler’s strains was Arbor and Anwar
Sirat, using ransom of Charon Pokhpanand Cargill.
Specifically, the result of this research against
broiler’s performance in the lowlands and highlands
can be seen from below Table 2.
Table 2: Broiler’s performance in the lowlands and
highlands of North Sulawesi
Details
The Lowlands The Highlands
Business Scale Business Scale
SM L S M L
Weight
(kg/broil
er)
1,32 1,19 1,26 1,53 1,40 1,69
Ration
conversi
on
2,03 1,83 1,87 1,89 2,07 2,13
Broiler’s
index
1,72 1,74 1,92 1,63 1,58 1,53
Mortalit
y (%)
9,50 5,14 7,04 5,30 5,62 7,24
Raising
period
per
producti
on
period
(
da
y)
37 36 35 40 41 42
Profit
(Rp/broi
ler)
11.2
00
11.375 11.850 10.64
5
9.500 9.250
Business
model
Side
job
Semi-
comm
ercial
Comm
ercial
Side
job
Semi-
comm
ercial
Comm
ercial
ICVHE 2019 - The International Conference of Vocational Higher Education (ICVHE) “Empowering Human Capital Towards Sustainable
4.0 Industry”
106
Raising
pattern
and
marketin
g
All
in-
all
out
All in-
all out
All in-
all out
All in-
all out
All in-
all out
All in-
all out
Pattern
of
producti
on
equipme
nt
Part
ners
hip
Partne
rship
Partner
ship
Partne
rship
Partne
rship
Partner
ship
Labor Fam
ily
Famil
y and
hired
labors
Family
and
hired
labors
Famil
y
Famil
y and
hired
labors
Family
and
hired
labors
S=Small, M=Medium , L= Large
According to data mentioned in the Table 2, it
depicts that typical breeders in the lowlands raised
broilers within 36 days by its average weight of 1,2-
1,3 kg/broiler. In the highlands, breeders raised
generally broilers for 41 days with its average
weight of 1,4-1,7 kg/broiler. It was due to market’s
demand in certain areas was likely different. In all
business scales, all in-all out system was used since
breeders run their business under partnership
program with the main company, so that
procurement of production equipment (feeds, seeds,
medicines, vitamins, and technology) was mostly
supplied by the main company, excluding labor,
cages, and cage’s tools.Theall in-all out system
means that total of incoming and outcoming broilers
going to be harvested is similar due to similar age.
To know broiler’s technical performance, the
calculation of broiler’s index was performed to show
that small-scale business in the highlands had better
technical performance than large-scale business;
though, its value of broiler’s index was smaller than
large-scale broiler’s husbandry in the lowlands. It
was caused by the outbreak infection of broiler’s
disease in the highlands during the research
performed. A disease is one of determining factors
in decreasing productivity of broiler. Therefore,
broiler’s profitability in a large-scale business in the
lowlands located in the District of North Minahasa
was greater than a small-scale business, and
profitability in a small scale-business of broiler’s
husbandry in the highlands had apparently relative
higher than other business scales.
3.2 Total of Breeders Applying
Biosecurity
Biosecurity is management action performed to
prevent spreading of disease’s seed existing in any
husbandryand contaminating other husbandries or
surrounding residential. In this research, it focused
on application biosecurity observed and assessed.
The biosecurity procedure in two application levels
is in the Pre-entry, or before coming to husbandry’s
site, and Point of entry, or on-husbandry’s site.
These biosecurity applications performed in two
different sites are aimed to prevent disease’s seed
directly interacted with broilers raised. Whereas any
disease’s seeds successfully penetrated the first level
(Pre-entry), there is one level mandatorily secured
by breeders to prevent such disease’s seed
contaminating other broilers within cages, which is
biosecurity in the Point of entry. Hence, the finding
of the research shows that total of breeders applying
biosecurity in the Pre-entry located in the District of
North Minahasa (the lowlands) and District of
Minahasa (the highlands) had no significantly
different. This can be seen from following Table 3.
Based on Table 3, it describes that biosecurity
application in the Pre-entry conducted by breeders in
the lowlands (District of North Minahasa) was
higher than breeders in the District of Minahasa (the
highlands) of all ownership scale.
Table 3: Biosecurity application by broiler’s breeders in
the Pre-entry
Details
District of North
Minahasa (%)
District of Minahasa
(%)
Business scale Business scale
SML S M L
There are no
other
breeders
within the
range of 1
km
40 40 60 0 0 0
There is no
sharing of
equipment
with other
b
reeders
60 80 80 20 20 20
All
transportation
tools are
sprayed with
disinfectant
20 20 40 20 20 20
Poultry’s
waste is not
taken back
into the cage
100 80 100 40 40 20
S=Small, M=Medium, L= Large
It was caused by husbandry’s site in District of
Minahasa relatively close to residential; while
broiler’s husbandry in District of North Minahasa
was far enough from residential. This husbandry’s
site far from residential would be able to minimize
direct contact of poultry and human, or with other
poultry, so that it could reduce human’s mobility,
animals, disease’s seed from one cage to residential,
and vice versa. The further the husbandry’s site from
Raise Pattern and Biosecurity Application by Broiler Breeders on Different Topography in North Sulawesi Province
107
residential and other husbandries, the smaller the
possibility of disease’s seed contamination [Jubb
and Dharma., 2009; Ndem and Ogba.,2017; Ali et
al., 2014).The designing of broiler’s cages in District
of Minahasa, initially, was far from residential, but
the massive and rapid development of population
made husbandry’s site close to residential
eventually.Also, another biosecurity having been
implemented by breeders in both Districts of North
Minahasa and Minahasa was spraying with
disinfectant. In the level of Pre-entry,spraying was
performed in broiler’s distribution tools aimed to
eliminate disease’s seeds derived from outside of
husbandry [Steenwinke et al.,].The breeders in the
District of North Minahasa had better waste
management than breeders in the District of
Minahasa, nearly almost 100 % of breeders not
taking broiler’s waste to other husbandries that could
spread disease’s seeds. Further, breeders in the
District of Minahasa were just 20-40% performing
better waste management.
In the
level of point of entry, breeders apply
biosecurity aimed to prevent diseases, if there is
disease contamination derived from the Pre-entry up
to coming to the cages. This biosecurity applications
are establishing fence and locking key, hiring
medical expert, having bathroom and additional
clothes for labors, maintenance using all in-all out
system and removing unsold products from the
cages (Table 4).
Table 4: Biosecurity application by broiler’s breeders in
the level of point of entry
Details
District of North
Minahasa (%)
District of
Minahasa (%)
Business scale Business scale
S M L S M L
Having fence and
locking the
cages’ doors
40 20 40 60 80 60
Hiring medical
expert
60 80 100 80 60 80
Having bathroom
and additional
clothes
40 60 80 0 20 20
Maintenance
using all in-all
out system
80 80 100 60 80 80
Unsold products
not returned to
the cages
100 100 100 100 100 100
Dead poultry was
b
urnt/buried
60 80 100 80 80 80
Conducting early
disease detection
80 80 100 60 80 100
Having SOP in
conducting any
activity in the
20 20 40 0 0 20
cages
Vehicles should
be cleaned as
entering
husbandry’s site
20 20 10 0 0 20
S=Small, M= Medium, L= Large
Then, the findings of this research describe that
breeders in both districts almost applied biosecurity
measure.40% and 60% of breeders located in
District of North Minahasa and Minahasa had fence
and locked door. Locking the cage’s doors was one
of efforts to limit human’s mobility, domestic pets
and wild animals, which it was supported with
previous researches [Lestari et al., 2011; Umam et
al., 2014)stressing that fence and door locking are
significant to limit human’s mobility and vehicles
that can assumedly bring disease’s seeds coming
inside of husbandry.Accordingly, breeders in both
districts werebreeder conducting partnership, where
its product/broiler marketing was performed by main
company.As consequence, main company prohibited
partner breeders to sell their broiler by themselves
(retailing). Therefore, none of breeders did they sell
their broiler in market, and there were no broilers
back to the cages as they had been brought by main
company to be sold. Broiler’s health became main
priority of both breeders in the research’s
site.Significantly, broiler’s health during their
raising had to be taken care by medical expert in
order to take preventive caution whereas any issues
related to broiler’s health.To do so, most breeders
had tohire medical expert in disease prevention
program in their husbandry. In the context of raising,
most of breeders had applied all in-all out system,
implying that total of incoming and outgoing
broilers had to be exactly the same in order to take
supervisory of broiler’s health. This finding is in line
with previous research (Ali et al., 2014; Steenwinke
et al., 2011; Herawati et al., 2016), stating that
breeders adopt and apply principles of biosecurity to
prevent contamination of disease’s seeds in and out
of husbandry’s site. From above data in the Table 4,
it depicts that breeders in the District of Minahasa
were mostly not having bathroom and additional
clothes for their labors and owner since the distance
to their house was relatively near, while breeders in
the District of North Minahasa (the lowlands) had
bathroom and additional clothes for their labors and
owner since the husbandry’s site was relatively far
from their house (residential). If broiler was infected
and dead by any disease, breeders would take
preventive caution of disease contamination by
burying and burning dead broilers (60-100%).
Moreover, breeders in both districts within all
ICVHE 2019 - The International Conference of Vocational Higher Education (ICVHE) “Empowering Human Capital Towards Sustainable
4.0 Industry”
108
business scales had performed activity in detecting
broiler’s disease. For biosecurity aspect concerning
that vehicles entering husbandry’s site had to be
cleaned, only small part of breeders in the District of
North Minahasa had applied it, but, contrastingly,
most breeders in the District of Minahasa did not
apply such biosecurity aspect. As reasons,
particularly, breeders in the District of
Minahasacould not clean vehicles since there were
many vehiclespassing through husbandry, so that it
required additionally huge costs used to clean each
vehicle. Meanwhile, small part of breeders in the
District of MinahasaUtaraperformed such
biosecurity action since there was only one vehicle
from main company delivering day old chick (DOC)
and feed supply entering husbandry’s site.
3.3 Statistical Analysis of Biosecurity
Application by Broiler’s Breeders
The finding of this research demonstrates that the
level of biosecurity application in the pre-entry
located in the District of apNorthMinahasa
wasreallydifferent (P<0.05) with biosecurity
application conducted in the District of Minahasa.
Furthermore, biosecurity application in the level of
point of entry was really similar (P>0.05) between
breeders in both districts within all business scales
(Table 5).
Table 5: Analysis of biosecurity application in the District
of North Minahasa and Minahasa
Biosecurity’s Site
District
STD
North Minahasa Minahasa
Prior to enter husbandry’s
site
2,38
a
1,18
b
0,43
On-husbandry’s site 0,79
a
0,71
a
0,51
Note: Value of different letters in the similar row shows really
different (P<0.05). STD is Standard Error of Treatment Means
The biosecurity application in the level of pre-entry
in the District of North Minahasa was much better
than biosecurity application in the District of
Minahasa (P<0.05). It can be seen from above Table
5, where breeders located in the District of North
Minahasa had mostly applied biosecurity aspects in
this level than breeders in the District of Minahasa,
only small part of breeders applying biosecurity in
this level. One of causing factors was that
husbandry’s site involved in this research, District of
North Minahasa, was far from residential, and
husbandry’s site located in the District of Minahasa
was close to residential.Subsequently, biosecurity
application in the level of point of entry was
relatively similar (P>0.05) conducted by breeders
located in both districts. It means that those breeders
in both districts had mostly mastered better
technique of broiler cultivation and they also
concerned on surrounding environment.Breeders had
understood significance of biosecurity aspects to
minimize loss risk in managing broiler husbandry
since they had obtained training on how to plan,
apply, and evaluate biosecurity aspect [Ndem and
Ogba., 2017; Ali et al., 2014; Herawati et al.,
Abdurofil at al., 2017.,Balamrigan at al., 2014).
3.4 Sustainability of Biosecurity
Application and Raise Pattern on
Broiler Farming in North Sulawesi
Province
How far is the implementation of biosecurity in
sustainable broiler chicken business in North
Sulawesi? In general, various principles of
biosecurity in broiler chicken farms in North
Sulawesi have been carried out at a certain level, for
example at the level before entering on the farm and
point of entry of farming. To ensure the
sustainability of this program, there is a need for
ongoing coordination and cooperation between
related institutions such as the Agriculture and
Livestock Services, partnership companies, farmers,
and the community. Cooperation and coordination
have not been going well. This is what needs to be
corrected immediately given the importance of
sustainable biosecurity for the protection of humans,
animals, plants and the environment, including
farmers from the threat of unwanted organisms that
can harm all parties. The use of detector devices for
parasites and germs around broiler farms can be
considered to be applied so that it can minimize the
threat of decreasing broilers’ productivity.
The results of this research showed that the
application of biosecurity by farmers was quite good
because they had already received previous training
but to ensure the sustainability of the application of
the technology it was necessary to evaluate it
regularly so that it could be identified repair.
Biosecurity sustainability in broiler farms will have
a positive impact on livestock health and the
environment around the farm so that it will
positively influence broiler chicken technical
performance and farmer’s income.
On the
side the performance of broiler chicken
farms in North
Sulawesi, the partnership business
pattern that has been running so far must be
maintained to ensure the availability of raw materials
such as seeds, superior feed, vitamins and medicines
Raise Pattern and Biosecurity Application by Broiler Breeders on Different Topography in North Sulawesi Province
109
continuously and market guarantees that are often
obstacles for breeders who have consequences at the
close of business. Therefore various of cooperation
agreements made must benefit both parties, namely
core companies and farmers.
4 CONCLUSION
1. Raising pattern of broilers in the lowlands of
District of North Minahasa and the highlands
of District of Minahasahad no different,
excluding raising period of each production
period. In detail, raising period in the lowlands
was averagely 36 days, and 41days in the
highlands.Small-scale business in the
highlands had better technical performance
than large scale; though, its broiler’s index was
lower than broiler husbandry in the lowlands
under large-scale business.
2. The biosecurity application performed by
broiler’s breeders in the pre-entry level in the
District of Minahasa was much better than
breeders in the District of Minahasa.
Meanwhile, the biosecurity application
performed by breeders in both research’s sites
in the point of entry level did not show
significant difference.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank to Directorate of Research and
Public Service (DRPM), DIKTI of the Republic of
Indonesia for its research funding under Excellent
Fundamental Research Scheme of Higher Education.
Also, I would like to convey my deepest thank to all
members in team of researchers for their
advantageous cooperation to complete this research.
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