Personal Growth Initiative in Young Old’s Successful Life

Putri Saraswati

and Sofa Amalia

Psychology Faculty, University of Muhammadiyah Malang, Tlogomas Street 246 Malang, East Java, Indonesia

Keywords: Personal Growth Initiative, Young-old, Successful Life.

Abstract: Entering elderly, individuals will experience many changes in their physical, cognitive, emotional, and social

abilities. These changes include decreased strength and function of the body, decreased memory, feelings of

loneliness, and reduced social interaction. On the other hand, there are still elderly people who have economic

responsibilities to their families, or are just at home without as much activity as they used to have at work.

This makes them experience extraordinary feelings. In a psychosocial perspective, there are elderly people

who are wise because they have succeeded in interpreting their lives so that they feel happy and satisfied with

their lives, but there are also elderly people who feel hopeless, regret, angry, and hurt. The purpose of this

study is to describe Personal Growth Initiative (PGI) of the young-old age group who are successful in their

lives. The subjects of this study range aged 65 to 74 years, total of 3 person (2 male and 1 female). This study

used a qualitative method, data collected by using open-ended questions. Data analysis is conducted by using

text analysis. This study shows that successful young-old people have high PGI scores. It means that they

have good skills and efforts in developing themselves into better individuals. In addition, it is revealed that

their happiness is not only in terms of career but also family. The reasons that make the young-old people

have good PGI are tenacity in learning, persistence in struggling even though it is difficult, self-esteem, and

belief in God. Support from family, partner, and environment also help them to have good PGI. They start

trying to be good people since they have new responsibilities in their lives and since they have lost something

meaningful in their lives.

1 INTRODUCTION

In Indonesia, the number of elderly is predicted to

increase every year. Information from electronic

media states that the number of elderly people in

Indonesia over the age of 65 is around 16 million

people (Mufarida, 2021). The details are 64.59%

young old, 27.23% old old and 8.49% oldest old with

an age above 80 years (Riana, 2020). This increase is

predicted to continue to occur until there are 48.2

million elderly people or approximately 15.7% in

2035 (Kemkes, 2019). Data obtained from Badan

Pusat Statistik (BPS) of the Republic of Indonesia

states that the risk of the elderly living dependent on

a productive population has increased by

approximately 15.54%.

BPS also recorded an average of 62.28% of

elderly status as head of household, which means that

the elderly still have a responsibility to meet the needs

of the family economy (Riana, 2020). In addition,

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2598-4299

56.96% of the elderly who are the head of the

household experience physical limitations, namely

disability (Riana, 2020). Other data obtained from

BPS related to the level of education of the elderly.

The largest percentage of the elderly in Indonesia did

not graduate from elementary school (32.48%), the

elderly with the last education in elementary school

(31.78%), never attended school (13.96%), high

school (8.67%), junior high school (8.01%) and

higher education (5.10% ) (Riana, 2020). From these

data illustrated that status as head of household makes

the elderly still have to meet the economic needs of

the family members, plus a low level of education, so

that elderly people need a great struggle to work with

physical function began to decline.

In Indonesia, the elderly are still a lot of active

work. Seen from the percentage, the elderly who

work as much as 51.05%; the elderly who take care

of the household are 31.23&; 0.88% of the elderly are

unemployed, the rest are doing other activities (Riana,

Saraswati, P. and Amalia, S.

Personal Growth Initiative in Young Old’s Successful Life.

DOI: 10.5220/0010808200003347

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Psychological Studies (ICPsyche 2021), pages 14-20

ISBN: 978-989-758-580-7

2020). The majority of the type of work is unpaid

labor (32.29%); as many as 28.87% of the elderly

work with their own business; Another status ie

unpaid family workers (14:01%); 10.66% of the

elderly work as freelancers; 9.66% work as

employees/laborers and 4.51% work as paid workers

(Riana, 2020). The average income of the elderly who

have worked approximately 1.72 million (urban

areas) and 1:11 million (for rural areas) per month

(Riana, 2020)

In terms of health, disease that affects many

elderly are diabetes, hypertension, oral and dental

problems, stroke, joint disease, and heart disease.

These diseases are usually coupled with dementia

conditions (Kemkes, 2019). Based on these

conditions, the government needs to prepare social

and health service programs for the elderly

(Mufarida, 2021). With the improvement of statistics,

accompanied by the problems that followed, the

government felt necessary to develop health care

programs to optimize physical function, mental,

cognitive and spiritual in the elderly to improve

health conditions and optimize the quality of life of

the elderly (Kemkes, 2019).

According to (Papalia et al., 2010)) individuals

with the elderly are divided into three parts, namely

young old, old old, and oldest old. The age range of

the young old is 65 to 74 years, the old old is between

75 to 84 years and the oldest old is over the age of 85

years. The age division of the elderly is based on the

ability and strength of the elderly in carrying out daily

activities. Physical changes that appear, namely:

wrinkles on the skin; a decrease in the speed of body

mobility and the quality of sensory functions such as

hearing, vision; and decreased organ function

resulting in the emergence of various diseases.

Another change that occurs is in cognitive

abilities. The elderly experience a decline in

intelligence related to changes in biological function

(fluid intelligence), while intelligence related to

experience, expertise and cultural values (crystalized

intelligence) will be relatively stable (Papalia et al.,

2010). However, according to Oberlin et al. (2021)

and Muhammad (2021) elderly who experience

depression will experience a decline in cognitive

function which has an impact on dementia.

Depression experienced by the elderly will worsen

health conditions (Padayachey et al., 2017; Casey,

2017)

Depression in the elderly is caused by

psychosocial problems experienced such as

loneliness, poverty, divorce, limited health services,

and experienced criminality (Alexopoulos, 2019). In

the study of Padayachey et al. (2017) stated that

several things that can cause depression in the elderly

are loneliness, marital status, perceived stress,

personality attributes or characteristics, and limited

social interaction. According to Erikson, depressed

are elderly who are in the stage of despair (Bornstein,

2018).

According to Erikson, despair occurs when the

elderly are unable to find a purpose in life. Elderly

who are unable to find the meaning of the life they

have lived, feel guilty and do not interpret their past

experiences, fail to achieve their goals in life so they

feel dissatisfied. Elderly with these conditions will be

susceptible to depression, despair, and fear of his life

(Bornstein, 2018). On the other hand, the elderly who

succeeded in reaching the wisdom stage in their lives

were the elderly who managed to interpret

experiences, reflect on life, and accept their

limitations (Bornstein, 2018), these elderly have a

positive attitude towards death (van der Kaap-Deeder

et al., 2020).

To be a successful elderly and achieve

psychological well-being requires effort. In the

research of Wink & Staudinger (2016) the wisdom of

the elderly is related to personal growth. In

psychological terms this is called the personal growth

initiative (PGI). The Personal Growth initiative (PGI)

is an active, continuous effort to become a better

person. Active and conscious individual desire and

effort to become a better person. PGI is a process to

change towards a better self-growth (Weigold et al.,

2020). Van Woerkom & Meyers (2019) explains that

PGI is a skill to improve and develop oneself for the

better. PGI starts from the individual's readiness to

change, the individual's ability to plan, and manage

various sources of self-development and intentional

behavior to achieve realized goals (Robitschek et al.,

2012; Chang & Yang, 2016).

PGI is a thing that comes from within (Weigold et

al., 2018). PGI contains intellectual and behavioral

characteristics such as knowledge, intelligence, goals,

plans and beliefs (Beri & Jain, 2016). The most

important and fundamental thing in PGI, the first is

done consciously and on the willingness of

individuals, without coercion of things outside

himself (Weigold et al., 2018). If there is something

outside ourselves that force individuals to change for

the better, but people do not want it then the

individual is said to have not had a good PGI. Is

because individuals do not have the desire to change

for the better. Likewise, if the individual changes

himself for the better but is done unconsciously, then

his PGI cannot be said to be good (Weigold et al.,

2018).

Personal Growth Initiative in Young Old’s Successful Life

Second, PGI can be transferred (Weigold et al.,

2018), meaning that when an individual has good PGI

skills in academic settings, then that individual

actually has PGI that is just as good in other settings,

for example: work, relationships and others. The

transferable nature of PGI also means that PGI does

not stop at one phase of human development.

Individuals who have a good PGI as a teenager will

also have a good PGI as an adult (Weigold et al.,

2018). A good PGI will have an impact on good

psychological well-being, meanwhile, a lack of PGI

will cause prolonged stress (Weigold et al., 2018). A

good PGI also has an impact on self-efficacy

(Weigold et al., 2018), emotional self-efficacy (Beri

& Jain, 2016). In addition, personal growth is also

related to skills to adapt in solving problems (Van

Woerkom & Meyers, 2019), resilience abilities,

satisfaction in life, self-actualization, independence,

having good relationships with others and self-

acceptance (Toyama et al., 2020).

In the elderly, maturity in life is obtained through

personal growth initiatives. PGI will help the elderly

to better complete Erikson's psychosocial stages.

Elderly with a good PGI will be easier to reach the

stage of generativity and integrity (Toyama et al.,

2020). This is due to the PGI is good then people will

more easily give a positive meaning in life that

eventually led to life satisfaction. This is in line with

the results of research by Borowa et al. (2018) about

the relationship between PGI and life satisfaction

which are interconnected through the meaning of life.

Personal growth in the elderly is characterized by a

balance between the needs of self and others, which

is beneficial in life (Wink & Staudinger, 2016).

This study aims to 1) determine the level of PGI

in the elderly who have achievements in life; 2)

knowing what makes the elderly continue to strive to

be a good person and why; 3) knowing parties who

support the elderly to continue to be good individuals;

4) knowing when they started trying to be a better

person; and 5) knowing how to be a better person.

This research is expected to be useful in

deepening the understanding of psychology,

especially in the development of PGI theory in

Indonesia. Through various researches on PGI, it will

help bring up programs that can help the government

to optimize the lives of the elderly who are successful

and happy.

2 METHOD

This study uses two methods, namely quantitative and

qualitative or commonly known as the mix method.

The mix method is a combination of quantitative

research that uses numerical data for analysis and

qualitative research that uses textual data for analysis

(Leppink, 2017). PGI criteria in the elderly were

obtained using the Personal Growth Initiative Scale

– II ( PGIS-II ) (Robitschek et al., 2012).This scale

has a reliability of 0.84 to 0.91. PGIS-II has 16

statement items, which consist of four PGI

dimensions, namely readiness for change (Readiness

for change), planfulness, using resources, and

intentional behavior. An example of a readiness for

change dimension statement is "I know when I need

to make a specific change in myself"; the planfulness

dimension “I know steps I can take to make

intentional changes in myself”; dimension using

resources “I use resources when I try to grow”; and

an example of an intentional behavior dimension

statement, namely “I am constantly trying to grow as

a person” (Robitschek et al., 2012). These statements

are accompanied by five answer choices from

strongly disagree to strongly agree.

Qualitative data obtained by using open-ended

questions. In this study, 8 questions were asked,

including 1) the proudest achievement you have ever

had in your life? 2) What things make you try to be a

good person? 3) Who supports you to keep trying to

be a good person? 4) When did you decide to keep

trying to be a good person? 5) Why are you trying and

trying to be a better person? 6) How do you keep

trying to be a better person? 7) The toughest problem

you've ever had in your life? 8) Have you ever hurt

yourself (such as hitting, banging your head, cutting

your hand, etc)?

Characteristics of the subjects in this study were

young elderly (young-old) in the age range of 65 to

74 years, totaling 3 elderly (2 male and 1 female),

Javanese, living in Java, and the last education was at

least a bachelor's degree. Data were collected during

the pandemic covid-19 over the internet. The data

obtained were processed and analyzed using

descriptive statistical techniques for the PGI scale and

used text analysis for qualitative data. The research

procedure began with literature study, research

proposal writing, data collection, data analysis and

publication of research results.

3 RESULT

The subjects of this study consisted of 2 men and 1

woman. Overall subject 68 years. The results of

quantitative data obtained that the average PGI score

was 4.8, male subjects had a PGI average of 4.9 and

female subjects had a score of 4.6. The average score

ICPsyche 2021 - International Conference on Psychological Studies

of each PGI dimension on the subject is also quite

good, namely 4.8; 4.9; 4.4 and 4.9 for the dimensions

of readiness for change, planning, use of resources

and intentional behavior. These scores mean that the

PGI possessed by the subjects of this study is in a

good category when viewed from the total PGI score

and the scores of each dimension. In other words,

there is no difference in PGI when viewed from the

gender of the subject.

Qualitative data with the first question about the

proudest achievement in your life?, obtained data that

achievement is related to position and rank in career

for male subjects. Meanwhile, for female subjects, the

proudest achievement in life is getting grandchildren

of a certain gender. The next data, related to the

question of what makes the subject continue to strive

to become a better person? The answers are religion,

self-respect, and a desire to keep learning. The answer

to the third question about supportive people to

continue to change to be a better person? The

answers are self, family, partner and environment.

The answer to the fourth question is when did you

decide to change into a good person? is since not

working (retirement), since adulthood and since

marriage. The answer to the fifth question, (why are

you trying to become a better person?) is a must,

seeking God's will and the demands of moral values.

The answer to the sixth question (how do you become

a good person?) is to force yourself to accept

criticism, force yourself to obey God's commands,

and always correct mistakes. Questions related to the

toughest problems ever experienced in life are the

betrayal of friends, always being patient and sincere,

getting physical illness. Of all the research subjects

answered that they had never hurt themselves during

their life.

4 DISCUSSION

4.1 The PGI Level of the Old People

Who Have Life Achievements

Based on the data obtained, it is revealed that these

young-old people have good PGI with an average

score of 4.8. A good PGI means that they have a

strong effort in developing themselves to become a

better person. In addition, they also have both

cognitive and behavioral skills to keep getting better.

They have good cognitive skills in considering and

realizing what things are needed to change for the

better and good behavioral skills to take the steps or

methods needed to change for the better (Robitschek

et al., 2012; Weigold et al., 2020). A good PGI can be

obtained when individuals are able to carry out the

eighth stage of Erickson’s psychosocial theory,

namely integrity vs despair. In this case, successful

and happy individuals are old people aged 65 years

and over who are able to integrate and reflect on their

past experiences and achievements (Bornstein, 2018).

In this study, it is revealed that the subjects feel

they have achieved achievements in their lives, they

are able to interpret what they have and experience.

Giving meaning to life or having a meaningful life

can be interpreted as living in harmony so that life is

directed at clear goals (Ivtzan et al., 2013). The life

goals that individuals have will become reasons for

them to live (Csabonyi & Phillips, 2020). The

achieved life goal will be an achievement in an

individual’s life. This achievement is not only in the

form of a career but also a family. A good PGI will

help these old people to achieve their goals in life,

because PGI is a deliberate and active effort to

develop themselves in achieving goals (Robitschek et

al., 2012; Chang & Yang, 2016).

These old people are also able to value their lives

by never hurting themselves. Individuals with good

PGI will be able to resist painful and traumatic events

in their lives (Shigemoto & Robitschek, 2018;

Shigemoto et al., 2015; Borowa et al., 2016). This is

because a good PGI in an individual will make him

continue to try and look for reasons to become a better

person, even though he has experienced failure. A

good PGI makes individuals have a better ability to

withstand stressful conditions. These individuals

have resilience and are better in coping with stress

(Toyama et al., 2020). PGI is also a factor that can

protect individuals from stress and is able to reduce

perceived stress through efforts to develop for the

better (Ayub & Iqbal, 2012).

4.2 The Reasons That Make the Old

People Continue to Strive to Be

Good People

Based on the results of this study, it is revealed that

the causes or reasons for these young-old people to

continue trying to be better individuals are their desire

to continue to learn, their belief in religion, their

belief and appreciation for themselves, the demands

of morals and norms, seeking sincerity and God’s

blessing, and the belief that self-change for the better

is a must.

According to Toyama et al. (2020) psychosocial

factors are related to PGI possessed by old people.

These psychosocial factors include work, good

relationships with other people, and relationships

with God. This is in line with the results of this study

Personal Growth Initiative in Young Old’s Successful Life

that old people have good PGI because of the support

from their families, partners and the surrounding

environment. In addition, they also have obedience

and desire to always achieve sincerity and willingness

from God by obeying God’s commands. The level of

individual involvement in religion and carrying out

God’s commands is positively related to individual

psychological well-being, including PGI (Ivtzan et

al., 2013). With his religiosity, an individual will have

positive feelings and relationships with his life

experiences (Mcbane, 2019).

Religiosity itself is an individual’s belief in

religion and his involvement in activities related to

belief in that religion (Ivtzan et al., 2013; Mcbane,

2019). Meanwhile, spirituality is a belief in an

individual regarding internal experiences to

understand transcendental life, with or without

religion. Compassion, gratitude, awareness of things

beyond human power, and respect for life to achieve

the life goals are parts of spirituality (Mcbane, 2019).

In other words, the old people who have good

spirituality and religiosity will have good PGI

abilities because they believe that life has a positive

meaning. They also believe that there are forces that

control individuals outside of themselves which

ultimately make them have better coping strategies

than the old people who do not have good religiosity

or spirituality.

4.3 Parties Who Support the Old

People to Continue to Be Good

People

They themselves, their family, their partner and the

environment around them are the parties that support

the young-old people to develop their skills to be

better people. Even though PGI is personal that comes

from within, the support from others is able to

improve one’s PGI skills to be more optimal. This is

in line with the research of (Pol & Chandani, 2018)

that social support and PGI are related, meaning that

the better social support an individual receives, the

better the PGI he has. This social support can be

obtained from family, friends, neighbors, and others.

In Kwon & Yang (2020) research, it is also found that

support from caregivers is also associated with an

increase in individual PGI.

Social support is given from one party to another.

Social support can take various forms such as

emotional support, information support, tangible

support in the form of physical assistance, and

intangible support, such as personal advice/input and

companionship support (Pol & Chandani, 2018). PGI

has a relationship with social support in old people.

In line with the research of Cahya et al. (2019), good

social support from family is related to the quality of

life of the old people in Integrated Healthcare Center

(Posyandu). However, the research does not explain

in detail what forms of social support provided to the

old people.

Social support for old people can help them to be

more enthusiastic in living their lives and affect their

psychological well-being (Desiningrum, 2015). This

is because they feel that they are cared for, loved and

appreciated so that they have the desire and effort to

develop themselves and accept the experiences that

are not in line with their expectations. All forms of

social support can be provided to the old people. The

support helps them to overcome their problems.

5 THE TIME WHEN THE OLD

PEOPLE START TRYING TO

BE BETTER

The young-old people in this study decided to

develop themselves into better people when they were

adults, since they had new developmental tasks and

new responsibilities. Furthermore, there are also

those who decided to increase their PGI when they

lost something that was considered valuable or

meaningful in themselves. This is in line with the

second principle in PGI, which is transferability

(Weigold et al., 2018) (Kwon & Yang, 2020), where

a good PGI remains exist even though it is in the next

phase of life.

6 THE WAYS TAKEN TO BE

BETTER PEOPLE

When reviewed from the PGI principle, which is an

active and deliberate effort to become a better person

(Weigold et al., 2018), the old people who have

succeeded in interpreting their life experiences and

achievements are seen to continue to try and force

themselves to change for the better by accepting

criticism from others, obeying God’s commands, and

always improving themselves. The old people in this

study have intentional activity and behavior to change

into better people. Their answers with the words

“must be willing to accept criticism”; or “forcing

myself to continue to do what is right according to

religious orders” imply a conscious effort with a

strong desire even though it feels heavy. The answers

also provide reinforcement for previous studies that

ICPsyche 2021 - International Conference on Psychological Studies

individuals with good PGI will be able to survive in

stressful conditions so that they are able to adapt to

the conditions and show hardiness (Weigold et al.,

2013).

In addition, the subjects’ answers about forcing

themselves to change, accepting criticism, obeying

God’s commands and always improving themselves

can be viewed from the dimension of intentional

behavior, that individuals will try to be better even

though it is difficult and hard for them (Robitschek et

al., 2012; Shigemoto & Robitschek, 2018).

Individuals with good PGI will have problem solving

skills, especially the ability to reflect on their good

coping style (Pol & Chandani, 2018).

The limitation of this study is the limited number

of subjects. This is because the data retrieval was

done online during the covid-19 pandemic. In

addition, based on BPS data, the number of old people

who use the internet is still limited (Riana, 2020). In

addition, variations in gender, ethnicity-culture, level

of education, religion of the research subjects are also

still very limited.

7 CONCLUSION

This study can describe the Personal Growth

Initiative (PGI) in young old people who have

achievements in their lives. The results show that the

PGI of the elderly is in the high or good category,

meaning that the young elderly have good readiness

for change, planfulness, using resources and

intentional behaviors. This is because they are able to

interpret their life experiences and achieve their life

goals. The purpose of life, which the young elderly

consider as an achievement, not only in the field of

work but also in the family. The elderly continue to

strive to be better, namely the desire to continue

learning, high self-image and belief in God.

Efforts to always be a good person are conditioned

within themselves because of moral values,

religiosity that is believed. The elderly seem to keep

trying to be a better person even though it feels

difficult and heavy. In addition, the elderly have

people who always support them to develop into a

good person, namely: family, partner and the

surrounding environment.

The elderly are trying to become a better person

since the age of entering adulthood and have new

responsibilities in their lives. However, there are also

seniors who are just learning to be better people after

losing something important in their lives. The way

they do to become a better person is to be hard on

themselves. The elderly continue to try to be better

even though it is unpleasant, such as accepting

criticism, being patient and sincere with the

conditions that occur to them.

Based on the results of this study and its

limitations, the researcher suggests that further

researchers who are interested in the same research

construct, namely PGI or interested in the same

research subject, namely the elderly, pay more

attention to the diversity of characteristics of the

elderly who are used as a population, including the

number of subjects who become research

participants, so that the study can be generalized to a

wider population. In addition, if researchers use

qualitative methods, they should further enrich the

literature review and deepen the answers from

research participants in order to obtain more detailed

data.

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