To Evaluate the Characteristics of Cloud Parameters Retrieved by

Satellite and Cloud Structure of the Northward Typhoon In-Fa

Xiaorui Zhang

1,2

, Wenxia Yang

1,2,*

, Tuanjie Hou

, Zhiqiang Shen

Shuai Li

, Shaoyu Hou

1,2

and

Jing Meng

Weather Modification Office of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050021, China

Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Ecological Environment of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050021, China

Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China

Qian Xuesen Laboratory, China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100094, China

Keywords: Northward typhoon, Cloud parameters retrieved by Satellite, Cloud structure

Abstract: Cloud parameters retrieved by Satellite and model data with detailed cloud microphysical processes are used

in this paper to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the precipitation process of the northward typhoon "In-

fa" in Hebei Province. The main conclusions are as follows: optical thickness (>20), cloud top temperature (-

10℃~-25℃), and cloud top height (>9km) of cloud characteristics parameters retrieved by FY-2 satellite

(Fengyun meteorological satellite) have obvious indications for the range and intensity of precipitation. The

effective radius of cloud particles needs to be combined with multi-parameter comprehensive analysis.

Satellite monitoring products can be used to compare and correct cloud model forecast products. In the early

stage of the low-pressure precipitation process of this typhoon, cold clouds are thicker, and the content of

hydrometeor and supercooled water in cold clouds are abundant. After 17:00 on the 29th, the hydrometeor

and supercooled water contents of cold clouds have decreased significantly and increased obviously in warm

cloud, the large value center of water content have also decreased, ice crystals number concentration and

snow-graupel mixing ratio have declined, and the main precipitation mechanism changed from cold cloud

precipitation to warm cloud precipitation.

1 INTRODUCTION

As an important observation method, meteorological

satellites can monitor the evolution of the cloud

system on a large scale. The cloud parameters

retrieved by the multi-channel radiation

characteristics of the satellite can not only reflect the

macro and micro physical evolution characteristics in

the cloud, but also have a certain degree of

precipitation. (Wang et al, 2019). With the continuous

development of China’s satellite technology in recent

years, China’s geostationary satellite data of FY

series has been widely used. Zhou et al. (2008; 2011)

used the observation data of FY geostationary

satellites, combined with other observation data,

retrieved nearly 10 cloud macro and micro physical

characteristic parameters, such as cloud top height,

cloud top temperature, cloud optical thickness, cloud

particle effective radius, etc. Since 2006, related

cloud characteristic products have been released one

after another and have been commercialized. Satellite

retrieval of cloud parameters plays a key role in

disaster prevention and mitigation and high-impact

weather forecasting and early warning.

There is plenty of scientific research

achievements in domestic and foreign using

meteorological satellites data, mainly focus on the

development and evolution of the weather system,

and the relationship between the satellite inversion of

cloud parameters and the occurrence and

development of precipitation. Rosenfeld & Gutman

(1994) studied the relationship between the effective

radius of cloud particles retrieved by NOAA satellites

and precipitation, and proposed that the effective

radius greater than 14μm is the threshold for

precipitation in the cloud. The relationship between

cloud parameters and precipitation in different

regions of China has been studied by Cai, Zhou, &

Zhu, (2010; 2011) and Chen et al. (2007; 2009;

2013a; 2013b) successively, and found that FY-2C

and MODIS data can consistently reflect the main

characteristics of particle effective radius

Zhang, X., Yang, W., Hou, T., Shen, Z., Li, S., Hou, S. and Meng, J.

To Evaluate the Characteristics of Cloud Parameters Retrieved by Satellite and Cloud Structure of the Northward Typhoon In-Fa.

In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2021), pages 475-482

ISBN: 978-989-758-560-9; ISSN: 1755-1315

475

distribution, the large value area of the cloud liquid

water path is basically the same as the location of the

ground heavy precipitation center, the ground hourly

rainfall is positive with the cloud optical thickness

and the effective radius of the cloud particles, the

probability of precipitation is more closely related to

cloud optical thickness, and cloud parameters precede

changes in surface precipitation, etc. The correlation

between cloud characteristic parameters and

precipitation in North China is studied by Wang Lei

et al. (2019), and revealed that cloud optical thickness

greater than 20 and cloud top temperature less than -

15°C can be used as satellite monitoring indicators to

predict the upcoming precipitation in North China.

In recent years, with the operational of numerical

model data with detailed cloud microphysical

processes, cloud parameters retrieved by satellite as a

large-scale live monitoring data is often used for

comparison and correction of model data. Typhoon

In-fa (No.6 of 2021) landed and northward on July

25, and due to its slow-moving speed, it stayed on

inland for 95 hours, which is the longest since 1949;

the accumulated rainfall is large, and the maximum

accumulated rainfall at a single point exceeds

1000mm, significant precipitation was brought to

most areas of Hebei Province on July 28th to 30th.

This article uses the cloud parameters retrieved by

satellite and the model data with detailed cloud

microphysical processes released by the National

Weather Modification Center to analyze this process.

2 ANALYSIS OF SYNOPTIC

BACKGROUND AND

CIRCULATION PATTERNS

From July 28th to 30th, due to the combined effect of

the peripheral airflow and cold air of Typhoon In-fa,

significant precipitation occurred in most parts of

Hebei Province, and the rainfall distribution was

more in the east and less in the west. In this paper,

cloud characteristic parameters retrieved by FY-2

satellite and CPEFS cloud model data during 29th in

North China has been used for comprehensive

analysis.

As showed in

Figure 1, the northern part of Hebei

was in front of the 500hpa trough, and the center of

tropical depression In-fa was in the southern part of

Shandong Province

at at 08:00 on the 29th, moving

slowly to the northeast at a speed of 15 m/s, and the

warm humid air streams on the sea were

supplemented by the low pressure in the southeast

wind direction. A deep moisture layer and an obvious

vertical upward movement area above 700hpa in the

lower layer was existed, The apparent precipitation

process was jointly affected by the cold air and the

northward typhoon. “cold pad” was formed by the

interaction of weak cold air pile in internal boundary

layer and warm humid air streams , which is come

from low-latitude. The pad has played a role of

forcing ascending motion,dry cold air intrusion and

warm humid air streams transferred by low-level

jet(LLJ) cause potential instability, which is

conducive to the occurrence of heavy rainfall.

Figure 1: The overlay map of 500hpa(a) and 700hpa(b)

synoptic situation and satellite cloud picture at 08:00 on

July 29th, 2021.

(a)

(b)

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3 ANALYSIS OF CLOUD

PARAMETER RETRIEVED BY

SATELLITE

Lots of researches has been presented by using cloud

optical thickness and effective particle radius, which

is retrieved by using airborne or satellite visible light

and near-infrared/mid-infrared channel detection data

(Twomey & Cocks, 1982; Twomey & Cocks, 1989;

King, 1987; Nakajima & King, 1990; Nakajima &

Nakajima, 1995; Arking & Childs, 1985), the

theoretical basis is that the reflection function is

mainly a function of cloud optical thickness in the

non-water vapor absorption band, and the reflection

function is mainly a function of the size of the cloud

particle in the water vapor absorption band. Cloud

characteristic parameters retrieved by FY-2E

satellites has been used in this paper to analyze the

evolution characteristics of cloud optical thickness,

cloud top height, cloud top temperature, and effective

radius of cloud particles, which have the widest range

of service applications and are indicative of cloud and

precipitation. The data is provided by the National

Weather Modification Center.

3.1 Cloud Optical Thickness

Figure 2 shows the large value areas of cloud optical

thickness mainly appear in the northeast and

northwest quadrants of the typhoon. The intensity and

range of cloud optical thickness gradually increased

from 16:00 on July 28 to 14:00 on the 29th. Satellite

data can Real-time monitoring of the changes in the

precipitation center in the typhoon spiral rain belt.

Recent work by Wang Lei et al. showed that cloud

optical thickness is more indicative of precipitation

than other cloud parameters, followed by cloud top

temperature and cloud top height. When the optical

thickness is greater than 20, the probability of

precipitation increases significantly. At 17:00 on the

28th, the optical thickness in the southeastern part of

Hebei gradually increased, and in some areas, it

exceeded 20, corresponding to the beginning of light

rain in the eastern areas of Handan, Xingtai and other

places. As the cloud system moved northward, the

cloud optical thickness increased at 08:00 on the 29th,

exceeding 50 in some areas. Light to moderate rains

appeared in central and southern Hebei, and the

hourly rain intensity exceeded 10 mm in Hengshui

and Cangzhou. At 12:00 on the 29th, the optical

thickness of the cloud band and the area of the large

value area greater than 50 reached the maximum.

Until 14:00, the central large value gradually

weakened to 30-40, and the area of the large value

decreased, the hourly precipitation was below 10mm.

During the process, the optical thickness has a good

indication of the hourly rain intensity.

Figure 2: The evolution of optical thickness of FY-2 cloud

characteristic parameter: 16:00 on July 28th(a), 08:00 on

July 29th(b), 12:00 on July 29th(c), 14 :00 on July 29th(d).

3.2 Cloud Top Temperature

Figure 3 shows when the low-pressure cloud system

began to affect North China at 17:00 on 28th, the

minimum temperature of the cloud top in the center

of the cloud system was less than -50℃, and the

temperature of the cloud top over the surrounding

Hebei region was between -15℃ and -25℃.

With the system moving northward and eastward,

the temperature of the cloud top gradually increased,

while the range of the low value center of the cloud

top temperature gradually decreased. At 06:00 on

29th, the low value center of cloud top temperature is

located in the southeast of Hebei, lower than -25℃,

and the range of low value center corresponds to the

maximum range of hourly precipitation, the

precipitation has reached moderate to heavy rain in

the past 3 hours. Until 20:00 on 29th, the cloud top

temperature continued to increase, corresponding to

the decrease of hourly rainfall on the ground, and the

cloud top temperature over Hebei increased to -

10℃~-20℃. Since the early morning of 30th, the

cloud top temperature in northeast Hebei gradually

decreased, the lowest temperature was less than -35℃

at 05:00, the precipitation area and hourly rainfall

increased. The change of the low value center of

(c)

(d)

(a)

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To Evaluate the Characteristics of Cloud Parameters Retrieved by Satellite and Cloud Structure of the Northward Typhoon In-Fa

477

cloud top temperature in this process has a good

indication for the precipitation area.

Figure 3: The evolution of cloud top temperature (unit: ℃)

of FY-2 cloud characteristic parameter: 16:00 on July

28th(a), 08:00 on July 29th(b), 12:00 on July 29th(c), 14 :00

on July 29th(d).

Figure 4: The evolution of cloud top height (unit: km) of

FY-2 cloud characteristic parameter: 16:00 on July 28th(a),

08:00 on July 29th(b), 12:00 on July 29th(c), 14 :00 on July

29th(d).

3.3 Cloud Top Height

Before the main cloud band moved to north China, as

showed in

Figure 4,

the central part of the cloud top

height was more than 14km. At 17:00 on 28th, the

cloud top height of cloud system over the southeast of

Hebei increased from 7~8km to more than 9km, and

precipitation began. With the main cloud band

northward, the cloud top height of main cloud system

gradually decreases to 7km at night, hourly

precipitation is basically below 4mm. At 08:00 on

29th, the cloud system of low-pressure center moved

to the east of Hebei, cloud top height in 9~12 km and

local hourly precipitation in more than 10 mm. In the

afternoon on 29th, the cloud system was weakened,

cloud top height was reduced, and hourly

precipitation was also decreased. By the early

morning of 30th, the cloud system was strengthened,

and the cloud top height over northeast Hebei was

more than 9km, and the hourly precipitation intensity

increased. The change of cloud top height in this

process had a good indication of precipitation

intensity.

Figure 5: The evolution of effective particle radius (unit:

µm) of FY-2 cloud characteristic parameter: 16:00 on July

28th(a), 08:00 on July 29th(b), 12:00 on July 29th(c), 14 :00

on July 29th(d).

3.4 Effective Particle Radius

The effective radius of cloud particles can be used to

judge the size of cloud top particles. However, false

large particles also appear in the clear air, so non-

cloud zone cannot be identified. Therefore, a

comprehensive analysis is required by combining

cloud optical thickness, cloud top temperature and

cloud top height. As showed in

Figure 5, a

t 16:00 on

28th, the maximum effective radius of cloud particles

above 40μm appears in some areas of southern Hebei,

then the hourly precipitation was greater than 5 mm.

It shows that in addition to the cloud system needing

to reach a certain height and temperature, cloud

droplets need to reach a certain scale to produce

precipitation. Until 12:00 on 29th, effective radius of

cloud particles in northern Hebei reached more than

50μm, However, the large value area of surface

hourly precipitation is still in the southeast of Hebei,

and the corresponding effective particle radius is less

(a)

(b)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(a)

(b)

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than 20μm. Only the effective radius of cloud

particles does not significantly reflect the

quantification of precipitation.

4 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

THE EVOLUTION OF CLOUD

PARAMETERS AND

NUMERICAL MODEL

4.1 Forecast Adjustment and Error

Analysis of Cloud Band Simulated

by Model

The CPEFS cloud model is a cloud precipitation

display and forecast system launched by the National

Weather Modification Center in 2017. Based on the

dynamic framework of WRF, the country is divided

into 8 regions with double nesting. The first layer has

a resolution of 9Km×9Km, and the second layer has

a resolution of 3Km×3Km, the output product time

resolution is 1 hour.

Figure 6: The horizontal distributions of total hydrometeors

simulated (unit: mm) by CPEFS model in this process:

14:00 on July 28th(a), 14:00 on July 28th(b), 08:00 on July

29th(c), 14:00 on July 29th(d).

The cloud bands reported by CPEFS cloud mode

since 20:00 on 27th and 08:00 on 28th were selected

for evolution analysis as showed in

Figure 6

. It shows

that the cloud system move faster at 20:00 on 27th,

and at 14:00 on 28th, the southeastern of Hebei is

influenced by the top of cloud system of low pressure,

and the intensity is stronger, vertical accumulation of

condensate water content to reach more than 5 mm.

Weather system intensity change is not obvious at

night on 28th, and the late adjustment system move

slow, weak strength, vertical accumulation of

condensate water content was 3 to 5 mm, and

weakening process of the system was obviously at

night. By 08:00 on 29th, the late adjusted position of

forecast was more southerly, and the moving

direction of the cloud band’s main body was more

easterly. Meanwhile, the range of the large value area

and the intensity of the center were weakened.

Figure 7: The comparision of Cloud band simulated by

CPEFS (a, unit:mm) , and optical thickness of FY-2 cloud

characteristic parameter(b), and black body temperature(c,

unit: ℃) at 08:00 on July 30th, 2021.

Comparing and analyzing the optical thickness and

black body temperature of the observation data and the

model forecast data (

Figure 7

), and the result showed

that the movement of observation datawas still slow

after the adjustment of the model, the system

weakened more obviously at night on the 28th by

observation data; and on the 29~30th, the model

forecast was generally a slow weakened, changing

process existed in the cloud band presented by

observation data was weakened and then

strengthened; on the 30th, the model forecasted that

the cloud band moved faster, and the cloud band

moved to the Chengde-Tangshan area at 08:00 on the

30th, and from the observation data, a certain intensity

of optical thickness was seen over eastern Hebei at

08:00. Precipitation cloud system existed obviously in

northeast region of Hebei on afternoon, and hourly

precipitation at some areas can reach 5~10 mm. The

influence of low-pressure cloud band on Hebei was

later then the model forecast in this process, and the

movement speed was slow, hence the time of

influence was longer. Intensity variations of cloud

system were not reflected in forecast. Difference

existed between model forecast data and observation

(a)

(b)

(a) (b)

(c)

To Evaluate the Characteristics of Cloud Parameters Retrieved by Satellite and Cloud Structure of the Northward Typhoon In-Fa

479

data in this process, however, the trend direction of

model adjustment has guiding significance for

forecasting.

4.2 Comparison of Cloud Top Height

and Cloud Top Temperature

Simulated by Model with Actual

Cloud Parameters

Figure 8: Cloud top height simulated by CPEFS(a, unit:mm)

and optical thickness of FY-2 cloud characteristic

parameter(b, unit: km) at 08:00 on July 29th, cloud top

temperature simulated by CPEFS(c, unit: ℃) and cloud top

temperature of FY-2 cloud characteristic parameter(d,

unit: ℃).

The cloud top height and cloud top temperature

reported by CPEFS cloud model since 08:00 on 28th

were compared with satellite cloud parameters (

Figure

), and it revealed that the cloud top height was

forecasted to have a false large value area in the edge

of cloud system at 08:00 on 29th in Hebei, the center

of cloud top height was above 9km. From the satellite

cloud parameter field, the large value area of cloud

top height was located in the bohai Rim area of

eastern Hebei, and the center of large value was about

9~11 km, hence compared to forecasts, observation

data is on the low side; forecast field of cloud top

temperature also had a false low value area of

temperature over Shanxi at 20:00 on 29th, the low

center of cloud top temperature in northeast Hebei is

below -25℃. However, according to the analysis of

the satellite cloud parameter field, the cloud top

temperature in the same region was between -15℃

and 25℃, which was lower than the actual forecast.

False value area of cloud top height and cloud top

temperature forecasted by the cloud model is

obviously, and satellite monitoring product can be

used to comparisons and correction. After eliminating

false value area from cloud model data, the typhoon

center and the scope and intensity of spiral rain band

closed to center is consistent with the result of

satellite inversion, and can be used to analyze the

vertical characteristics of cloud structure in typhoon

low pressure center.

5 ANALYSIS OF TYPHOON LOW

PRESSURE CENTER BY

VERTICAL CROSS SECTION

At 17:00 on the 28th, the beginning of precipitation

(

Figure 9

), low-pressure cloud system began to affect

the southern part of Hebei. The southern cloud system

developed strongly, dominated by cold-warm mixed

clouds. The height of 0℃ layer was 5km, the height

of -5℃ layer was about 6km, and the cloud top height

was above 8km. The supercooled water was mainly

distributed between 5~8 km, corresponding to the

temperature is 0~20℃ and the large value center of

supercooled is 1g/kg, ice crystal number

concentration is 1-100 L

-1

, and the center value of

snow-graupel mixing ratio is 1g/kg.

Figure 9: Cloud-water mixing ratio (unit: g/kg) forecasted

by CPEFS model at 17:00 on July 28th along the 36°N and

ice crystal number concentration (unit: 1/L) (a, cloud-water

mixing ratio: shadow, ice crystal number concentration: red

line), snow-graupel mixing ratio (unit: g/kg) and height (unit:

m) (b, snow-graupel mixing ratio: shadow, height: red line).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(a)

(b)

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At 08:00 on 29th (

Figure 10

), the low-pressure

cloud system moved northward to the central and

southern part of Hebei, dominated by cold-warm

mixed clouds. The height of 0℃ layer was 5.5 km,

the height of -5℃ layer was about 6.5 km, and the

cloud top height was about 10 km. The supercooled

water was mainly distributed between 5.5-8.5 km,

corresponding to the temperature is 0-20℃ and the

large value center of supercooled is 1g/kg, ice crystal

number concentration is 1-100 L-1, and the center

value of snow-graupel mixing ratio is 4g/kg.

Figure 10: As figure 9, but on 29th, July 2021 along the

38°N.

At 17:00 on 29th (

Figure 11

), the central and

eastern part of Hebei was influenced by the low-

pressure cloud system dominated by warm clouds.

The height of the 0℃ layer was 5.5 km, the height of

the -5℃ layer was about 6 km, and the cloud top

height was about 10 km. The supercooled water was

distributed between 5.5-8km, corresponding to the

temperature is 0-20℃ and the large value center of

supercooled is 0.3 g/kg, ice crystal number

concentration is 1-50 L-1, and the center value of

snow-graupel mixing ratio is 1g/kg.

From the vertical cross section, there was thick

clod cloud, and the content of hydrometeorsand

supercooled water is abundant at the beginning of the

precipitation process. After 17:00 on 29th, the content

of hydrometeors and supercooled water in cold cloud

was decreased significantly and increased in warm

cloud correspondingly. The large value center of

water content and snow-graupel mixing ratio have

declined, and ice crystals number concentration

decreased. The precipitation mechanism changed

from cold cloud precipitation to warm cloud

precipitation.

Figure 11: As figure 9 but on 29th, July 2021 along the

40°N.

6 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION

The evolution’s characteristics of the scope, intensity

and cloud characteristic parameters of Northward

typhoon’s cloud band can be monitored by FY-2

satellite product, and the optical thickness (>20),

cloud top temperature (-10℃~-25℃) and cloud top

height(>9km) of cloud characteristic parameters have

obvious indication significance to the range and

intensity variation of surface precipitation. The single

variable of cloud particle effective radius does not

significantly reflect the quantitative precipitation,

need combined with multi-parameter comprehensive

analysis.

Satellite monitoring products can be used to

compare and correct cloud model prediction products.

In this process, the simulated typhoon center moves

slowly, and false large value areas appear in the outer

and distant areas of the spiral cloud belt. The range

and intensity of the spiral cloud belt at the typhoon

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481

center and near the center are consistent with the

actual satellite inversion.

The typhoon low pressure at the beginning of the

precipitation process, the cold cloud is deep, content

of hydrometeors and supercooled water in cold cloud

is abundant, After 17:00 on 29th, the content of

hydrometeors and supercooled water decreased

obviously in the cold cloud, and it increased

significantly in warm cloud, the large value center of

water content, ice crystals number concentration and

snow-graupel mixing ratio have declined obviously,

The precipitation mechanism changed from cold

cloud precipitation to warm cloud precipitation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work is supported by the fund of the

Collaborative innovation of Meteorological

Technology in BohaiRim (QYXM202004), and the

civil space pre-research project of the 13th Five-Year

plan “the key technology of the emergency

observation & information support for domestic

satellite”, and the “S&T Program of Hebei

(19275420D)”.

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