Cryptanalysis of an Anonymous Mutual Authentication Protocol for
Wireless Body Area Network
Azeddine Attir
Computer Science Department, LIAM Laboratory, University Mohamed Boudiaf of M’sila, M’sila, Algeria
Keywords: WBAN, Anonymous Authentication, Key Agreement.
Abstract: Wireless body area networks (WBANs) represent an important entity in E-health system, these networks
offer enhanced efficiency, flexibility, and cost savings to patients, healthcare providers, and medical
professionals in home- as well as hospital-based scenarios. The authentication of sensors is an essential
security task. To the best of our knowledge, (Li et al, 2017) proposed the lightest authentication and key
agreement scheme for WBAN. However, (M. Koya and Deepthi P. P, 2018) show that the Li et al. scheme
is vulnerable to impersonation attack and they proposed to use the biokeys extracted from the inter pulse
interval (IPI) to defend this attack. In this paper, we demonstrate that the M. Koya and Deepthi P. P scheme
is vulnerable from sensor node spoofing attack hence, it does not provide anonymity. Subsequently we
propose a security solution tackled with such vulnerability.
1 INTRODUCTION
A WBAN consists on a set of biosensors located in,
on or around a human body and wirelessly
communicate. The impact of wireless body area
network (WBAN) in providing improved healthcare
service is gaining active attention among the
research community. WBAN systems are crucial in
driving developments in the field of healthcare, as
they provide the basis for information-based
diagnosis and treatment of various diseases (M.
Koya and Deepthi P. P, 2018). The star topology is
the simplest and the widest used topology for
WBAN, in which several sensors are scattered on
different part of the human body and communicate
directly with a central unit called hub (IEEE Std
802.15.6, 2012). However, nodes that are far away
from the hub require higher energy for
communication, and it could be harmful to the
patient, especially when the nodes are attached or
implanted inside the patient’s body (Li et al, 2017).
An extended architecture for WBAN has been
adopted, in which a resource riche super node is
introduced as a relay node between sensor nodes and
the hub forming a two tiers WBAN architecture.
Figure 1 shows a typical tow-tiers architecture of
WBAN.
Sensor nodes collect vital signs such as
electrocardiogram (ECG), electroencephalogram
(EEG),photo-plethysmogram(PPG), electromyogram
(EMG), blood pressure, and body temperature, and
sends them to the super node which relays them to
the hub. In response, the hub sends the appropriate
commands to sensor nodes. Data must be
communicated between the nodes and the hub in a
secure manner. Anonymous mutual authentication
and key agreement scheme is one of security
solution used for WBAN. It consists of allowing
sensor nodes attached to the patient’s body to
authenticate with the local hub node and establish a
session key in an anonymous and unlinkable manner
(Li et al, 2017).
Li et al. (Li et al, 2017) have proposed a
lightweight authentication scheme for WBAN. The
scheme uses temporal identity to provide anonymity
and proposes a new security protocol to ensure
authentication and session key creation. The
proposed scheme protects against various existing
attacks and it is energy efficient and presents lower
computational cost than the other existing protocols.
M. Koya and Deepthi P. P (M. Koya and Deepthi
P. P, 2018) have proposed a security enhancement of
the Li et al (Li et al, 2017) scheme with a reduction
in communication overhead between the sensor node
and hub. In this paper, first we analyze the M. Koya
and Deepthi P. P scheme and show that it is
Attir, A.
Cryptanalysis of an Anonymous Mutual Authentication Protocol for Wireless Body Area Network.
DOI: 10.5220/0010829000003118
In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Sensor Networks (SENSORNETS 2022), pages 129-133
ISBN: 978-989-758-551-7; ISSN: 2184-4380
Copyright
c
2022 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
129
vulnerable to node spoofing attack. Second we
propose a new security solution that protects the M.
Koya and Deepthi P. P from the node spoofing
attack hence, it provides anonymity.
Figure 1: Architecture of typical tow-tiers WBAN.
The paper is structured as follows: section 2
presents related works, section 3 reviews the M.
Koya and Deepthi P. P. scheme and shows how it is
vulnerable from the sensor node spoofing attack,
section 4 presents and analyzes our solution to the
sensor node spoofing attack of the M. Koya and
Deepthi P. P. scheme while section 5 concludes the
paper.
2 RELATED WORK
WBSN is an important entity for Internet of Things
(IoT), this type of wireless networks are able to
sense physiological signs of person and exchange
them with cloud servers or other data customers. The
security and privacy of sensors and associated data
is of great importance especially for critical
application like E-health.
In 2012, The IEEE have proposed the 802.15.6
(IEEE Std 802.15.6, 2012), it purpose is to provide
an international standard for a short-range (i.e.,
about human body range), low power, and highly
reliable wireless communication for use in close
proximity to, or inside, a human body. A number of
security protocols are presented in the standard,
however, rather than these security protocols are
vulnerable to a wide range of attacks (M. Toorani,
2016), they are based on Elliptic Curve
Cryptography (ECC) asymmetric cryptography
which is not suitable for the wireless body area
network with high energy limitation.
Anonymous and mutual authentication for
WBAN is a hot research topic (Z. Zhao, 2014), (D.
He and S. Zeadally, 2015), (D. He et al, 2016),
(M.H. Ibrahim et al, 2016), (X. Li et al, 2017); all
works in this area propose strong and lightweight
solutions to be incorporated in IoT revolution.
Cryptography based authentication schemes have
been attracting increasing attention, recently, Li et
al. (Li et al, 2017)presented an authenticated key
agreement scheme suitable for WBANs, it is based
only upon hash functions and exclusive or (XOR)
operations, they do not require any additional
infrastructure, and the associated computation and
communication overheads are acceptable.
Khan et al. (H. Khan et al, 2018) have analyzed
the Li et al. scheme (Li et al, 2017) and they find
that it does not provide session unlinkability. In fact,
they proposed a key agreement protocol that
improves upon (Li et al, 2017) and provision
requisite security and privacy properties, while
preserving the efficiency offered by the original
scheme.
M. Koya and Deepthi P. P (M. Koya and
Deepthi P. P, 2018)have reviewed the Li et al.
scheme and they find that is vulnerable to
impersonation attack, in fact they proposed a new
authentication solution over that scheme. In the next
section, we review and analyze this new scheme and
we show that is vulnerable to spoofing node attack.
3 SECURITY ANALYSIS OF THE
M. KOYA AND DEEPTHI P. P
SCHEME
3.1 Assumptions
M. Koya and Deepthi P. P gave the following
assumptions in their paper:
The adversary can eavesdrop, corrupt,
replace, or replay the messages.
The super node is assumed to be
trustworthy.
The threat model is the well-known Dolev-
Yao model.
3.2 Review of the M. Koya and
Deepthi P. P Scheme
The goal of the authentication scheme in (M. Koya
and Deepthi P. P, 2018), is allows sensor nodes
attached to the patient’s body to authenticate with
SENSORNETS 2022 - 11th International Conference on Sensor Networks
130
the local hub node and establish a session key in an
anonymous and unlinkable manner. This scheme
includes two complimentary parts, the first one is the
biokey part and the second is the cryptography part.
In biokey part, sensor nodes and super node (Figure
1) extract biokeys -biokey represents parameter r
N
in
Figure 2, we notice that this parameter is generated
with random number procedure in the Li et al.
scheme (Li et al, 2017) - from the inter pulse interval
(IPI) of cardiac recording, send them to the hub
node, which computes the hamming distance
between IPI of each sensor and super node, the hub
pursues the authentication scheme -which is the
second cryptography part of the scheme- only if this
distance does not exceed a predefined threshold. In
what follows, we review and analyze the
cryptography part.
In the cryptography part, the system
administrator (SA) is responsible for initialization
and registration of sensor node N, super node SN
and the hub HN. SA performs the following steps:
Step 1: chooses a master secret key k
HN
for
HN and stores it in HN’s memory.
Step2: Picks a secret identity id
N
(id
SN
) for
N (SN).
Step 3: Picks k
N
(k
SN
) for N (SN).
Step 4: Computes 𝑎
𝑖𝑑
⊕ℎ𝑘
,𝑘
,
𝑏
𝑘
⊕𝑎
⊕𝑘
, ( 𝑎
𝑖𝑑
⊕
ℎ𝑘
,𝑘
, 𝑏
𝑘
⊕𝑎
⊕
𝑘
).
Step 5: Stores the tuple <𝑖𝑑
,𝑎
,𝑏
>in the
sensor node’s memory. (Stores the tuple
<𝑖𝑑
,𝑎
,𝑏
> in the super node’s
memory).
With ⊕ is bitwise XOR operation, h() the one
way hash function, ( a, b ) the concatenation of data
a and data b.
After the initialization and registration phase,
sensor node and the hub start the authentication and
key agreement phase. Figure 2 shows the
authentication and key agreement scheme between N
and HN with relay node SN.
3.3 Node Spoofing Attack
The major weakness of the scheme in (M. Koya and
Deepthi P. P, 2018) is the ability of adversary to find
the reel identity of the sensor node N which makes
the scheme not anonymous. So, by intercepting
communication between N and HN, the adversary
is
able to obtain the identity of node N only after the
N SN HN
<𝑖𝑑
, 𝑎
, 𝑏
> <𝑖𝑑
, 𝑎
, 𝑏
> <𝐾
>
Generates biokey 𝑟
Generates timestamp 𝑡
Computes 𝑥
=𝑎
⊕𝑖𝑑
𝑦
=𝑥
⊕𝑟
𝑡𝑖𝑑
=ℎ
𝑖𝑑
⊕𝑡
,𝑟
<𝑡𝑖𝑑
,𝑦
,𝑎
, 𝑏
, 𝑡
>
<𝑡𝑖𝑑
,𝑦
,𝑎
, 𝑏
, 𝑡
>
Checks validity of 𝑡
Computes 𝑘
∗
𝑘
⊕𝑎
⊕𝑏
𝑥
∗
= ℎ𝑘
,𝑘
∗
, 𝑖𝑑
∗
𝑥
∗
⊕𝑎
,
𝑟
∗
=𝑥
∗
⊕𝑦
, 𝑡𝑖𝑑
∗
ℎ𝑖𝑑
∗
⊕𝑡
,𝑟
∗
Checks 𝑡𝑖𝑑
?𝑡𝑖𝑑
∗
Picks a new 𝑘
Computes 𝑎
𝑖𝑑
⊕ℎ𝑘
,𝑘
,
𝑏
=𝑘
⊕𝑎
⊕𝑘
𝜂=𝑟
⊕𝑎
, 𝜇=𝑟
⊕𝑏
𝛽ℎ𝑎
⊕𝑏
𝑘
ℎ𝑖𝑑
,𝑟
,𝑥
,𝑎
,𝑏
Stores the session key 𝑘
<𝛽, 𝜂, 𝜇>
<𝛽, 𝜂, 𝜇>
𝑎
𝑟
⊕ 𝜂, 𝑏
𝑟
⊕ 𝜇
𝛽
∗
ℎ𝑎
⊕𝑏
Checks 𝛽
∗
? 𝛽
𝑘
ℎ𝑖𝑑
,𝑟
,𝑥
,𝑎
,𝑏
Replaces (𝑎
, 𝑏
) with (𝑎
,𝑏
)
Stores the session key 𝑘
Figure 2: Cryptography part of M. Koya and Deepthi P. P
scheme.
Session 1
N HN
<𝑡𝑖𝑑
, 𝑦
, 𝑎
, 𝑏
, 𝑡
>
<𝛽
, 𝜂
, 𝜇
>
Adversary intercepts and saves: 𝑎
, 𝑦
,𝜂
, with :
𝑦
=𝑎
⊕ 𝑖𝑑
⊕ 𝑟
𝜂
=𝑟
⊕
𝑎
Session 2
N HN
<𝑡𝑖𝑑
, 𝑦
, 𝑎
, 𝑏
, 𝑡
>
<𝛽
, 𝜂
, 𝜇
>
Adversary intercepts 𝑎
and computes :
𝑟
=𝜂
⊕𝑎
𝑖𝑑
=𝑦
⊕𝑎
⊕ 𝑟
Figure 3: Node spoofing attack in M. Koya and Deepthi P.
P scheme.
second session. Each session consist on the
requesting authentication message sent from N to
HN and responding message sent from HN to N.
Figure 3 presents the steps performed by adversary
Cryptanalysis of an Anonymous Mutual Authentication Protocol for Wireless Body Area Network
131
to steal the node identity id
N
, the exponent i of each
parameter represents the actual session; for example:
𝑎
represents the parameter 𝑎
used in the first
session.
4 SECURING M. KOYA AND
DEEPTHI P. P SCHEME FROM
NODE SPOOFING ATTACK
In this section we present our solution followed by a
security analysis. From the session 2 in Figure 3, the
adversary has obtained the identity id
N
of node N
since it can computes the parameter r
N
. Hence, we
propose a method to prevent the adversary to obtain
this parameter. So, we modify the scheme in Figure
2 in such a way we preserve the security of the
scheme and prevent the adversary from computing
r
N
. The modification is done at HN and begin once
HN authenticates N, i.e 𝑡𝑖𝑑
== 𝑡𝑖𝑑
∗
. HN picks a
new 𝑘
like in the original scheme, it computes: 𝜂
ℎ𝑘
,𝑘
and 𝜇𝑘
⊕𝑘
. Then HN
computes: 𝑎
𝑖𝑑
∗
⊕ 𝜂, 𝑏
𝑎
⊕ 𝜇 and 𝜂
𝜂⊕ 𝑥
∗
.Next, HN pursuits the same operations of
the original scheme. When N receives the message
< 𝛽, 𝜂, 𝜇 >, it computes: 𝑎
𝑖𝑑
⊕ 𝜂⊕𝑥
and
𝑏
𝑎
⊕ 𝜇 , and follows the sequence of
operations of the original scheme. Figure 4 shows
the improved scheme.
So, the new quantities add in our solution are the
values of 𝜂 and 𝜇. Next we concentrate our security
analysis only for theses quantities and we show how
they protect the M. Koya and Deepthi P. P scheme
from the node spoofing attack without affecting the
security of the original scheme. Parameters likes
𝑡𝑖𝑑
, the timestamp 𝑡
and 𝛽 are not considered as
there is no impact of our modification on that
parameters.
From the scheme description in Figure 3, we
know that 𝑥
is the same as 𝑥
∗
of course when HN
authenticates N. We name the quantity ℎ𝑘
,𝑘
:
𝑥
and we analyze the proposed solution in Figure 4
for two sessions.
In the first session, adversary intercepts the
communication between N and HN and obtains the
following quantities𝑦
𝑥
∗
⊕𝑟
, a
N
and b
N
. For
the communication from HN to N, adversary
obtains: 𝜂𝑥
⊕𝑥
∗
and 𝜇𝑘
⊕𝑘
.
So, the adversary obtains 𝜇 𝑘
⊕𝑘
from
our scheme as the same as in the original scheme by
xoring 𝑎
with 𝑏
of the next session since, both
parameters are sent in clear from N to HN. Also
from Figure 3, 𝜇 does not contribute in the identity
spoofing attack hence, there is no impact on the
security of the original scheme.
N SN HN
<𝑖𝑑
, 𝑎
, 𝑏
> <𝑖𝑑
, 𝑎
, 𝑏
> <𝐾
>
Generates biokey 𝑟
Generates timestamp 𝑡
Computes 𝑥
=𝑎
⊕𝑖𝑑
𝑦
=𝑥
⊕𝑟
𝑡𝑖𝑑
=ℎ
𝑖𝑑
⊕𝑡
,𝑟
<𝑡𝑖𝑑
,𝑦
,𝑎
, 𝑏
, 𝑡
>
<𝑡𝑖𝑑
,𝑦
,𝑎
, 𝑏
, 𝑡
>
Checks validity of 𝑡
Computes 𝑘
∗
𝑘
⊕𝑎
⊕𝑏
𝑥
∗
= ℎ𝑘
,𝑘
∗
, 𝑖𝑑
∗
𝑥
∗
⊕𝑎
,
𝑟
∗
=𝑥
∗
⊕𝑦
, 𝑡𝑖𝑑
∗
ℎ𝑖𝑑
∗
⊕𝑡
,𝑟
∗
Checks 𝑡𝑖𝑑
?𝑡𝑖𝑑
∗
Picks a new 𝑘
Computes 𝜂=ℎ𝑘
⊕𝑘
𝜇𝑘
⊕𝑘
𝑎
=𝑖𝑑
∗
⊕ 𝜂, 𝑏
=𝑎
⊕ 𝜇
𝜂= 𝜂 ⊕ 𝑥
∗
, 𝛽 ℎ𝑎
⊕𝑏
𝑘
ℎ𝑖𝑑
,𝑟
,𝑥
,𝑎
,𝑏
Stores the session key 𝑘
<𝛽, 𝜂, 𝜇>
<𝛽, 𝜂, 𝜇>
𝑎
𝑖𝑑
⊕ 𝜂⊕𝑥
, 𝑏
𝑎
⊕ 𝜇
𝛽
∗
ℎ𝑎
⊕𝑏
Checks 𝛽
∗
? 𝛽
𝑘
ℎ𝑖𝑑
,𝑟
,𝑥
,𝑎
,𝑏
Replaces (𝑎
, 𝑏
) with (𝑎
,𝑏
)
Stores the session key 𝑘
Figure 4: The improved scheme.
To following quantities resume what the
adversary can obtain from the first session.
𝑦
𝑥
∗
⊕𝑟
𝑎
𝑖𝑑
⊕𝑥
∗
𝑏
𝑎
⊕𝑘
⊕𝑘
𝜂𝑥
⊕𝑥
∗
𝜇𝑘
⊕𝑘
We observe that all security parameters are
protected with XOR operation, also when adversary
tries to xor 𝜂 with the other parameters it must fails
to isolate any parameter. The adversary can do the
following computations: 𝑦
⊕ 𝜂= 𝑥
⊕𝑟
, 𝑎
⊕
𝜂=𝑖𝑑
⊕𝑥
,𝑦
⊕ 𝜂⊕𝑎
=𝑖𝑑
⊕𝑟
.
In the second session, adversary obtains:𝑦
𝑥
⊕𝑟
, 𝑎
, 𝑏
, 𝜂𝑥
⊕𝑥
, 𝜇𝑘
⊕
𝑘
. The sign new is about all new parameters
picked for the second session.
For the quantity 𝜇𝑘
⊕𝑘
the result of
security analysis is the same like in the first session.
The following quantities resume what the
adversary can obtain from this session.
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132
𝑦
𝑥
⊕𝑟
𝑎
𝑖𝑑
⊕𝑥
𝑏
𝑎
⊕𝑘
⊕𝑘
𝜂𝑥
⊕𝑥
𝜇𝑘
⊕𝑘
Like in the first session, all security parameters
are protected with XOR operation, also when
adversary tries to xor 𝜂 with the other parameters it
must fails to isolate any parameter. If the adversary
combines the parameters of both sessions, he can’t
isolate any parameter so, the xor of 𝜂 of both
sessions equals: 𝑥
⊕𝑥
∗
hence, there is no way
for adversary to reach neither 𝑥
nor 𝑥
∗
.
From the above analysis, our modification
preserves the security of the M. Koya and Deepthi P.
P scheme and prevents adversary to get the identity
𝑖𝑑
of sensor node.
5 CONCLUSION
Anonymous mutual authentication and key
agreement scheme is a key issue in wireless body
sensor network, all researches in this area propose a
strong and lightweight solutions. This paper
analyzes the M. Koya and Deepthi P. P scheme and
shows that it is venerable to sensor node spoofing
attack. In fact, we have proposed a security
countermeasure. In the future, we will continue to
explore and resolve the security problems in
WBAN.
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