Effect of Covid-19 on the Tourism Industry:
Opportunities and Threats in Covid-19 Era
Angelos Ntalakos
1
, Dimitrios Belias
1a
, Athanasios Koustelios
1b
and Nikolaos Tsigilis
2c
1
Department of Business Administration, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Geopolis, 41500, Greece
2
Department of Journalism and Mass Media Communication,
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Egnatia 46, Thessaloniki, Greece
Keywords: Covid-19, Tourism Industry, Impact, Opportunities, Threats.
Abstract: Covid-19 pandemic has been spread rapidly world-wide during the last two years. Apart from the negative
results in the health department – 290.959.019 confirmed cases and 5.446.753 deaths as at 4 January 2022
(WHO, 2022) – coronavirus pandemic creates a global negative impact on trade and economic world, causing
problems, including unemployment and poverty. Unfortunately, one of the major economical markets that
was heavily “injured” is the Tourism Industry. More than 100.8 million of people, working in the hospitality
industry, have lost their jobs in the last two years (Statista, 2021), whereas a lot of businesses (such as hotels,
restaurants, café-bars and airlines) are close to bankrupt. The aim of the current paper is to study the
relationship between Covid-19 and its effect on the tourism sector. The methodology which will be used is
literature selection of papers, studies, articles, journals retrieved from online bibliographic databases (such as
Science Direct and Google Scholar). Finally, although there is a serious number of threats due to the decrease
on the tourist industry, there are a lot of opportunities which could come up (for the tourism sector) after
Covid-19 era. Both of them will be investigated in the current paper.
1 INTRODUCTION
Covid-19 pandemic has been changing the world’s
economy during the last two years. One of the
economic sector that was mostly hurt by the
coronavirus pandemic, is the tourism industry. Due to
the worldwide rapid spread of the Covid-19
pandemic, there has been a rapid increase in
cancellations of trips, flights, holiday reservations,
and hotel and restaurant reservations because of the
insecurity that was created on travellers (Jim, et al.,
2021). In order to prevent the spread of the pandemic
some measures were taken by a lot of governments
worldwide. For example: the introduction of national
and international travel restrictions, the closing of
border gates mutually in many countries, the use of
quarantine practices, and the cancellations of events.
As a result, all these measures have negatively
affected the national as well as the international
a
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3409-6875
b
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0318-2183
c
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2388-959X
tourism industry and have brought tourism activities
to a halt (Baum & Hai, 2020).
Although there is no doubt that Covid-19
pandemic has brought a large financial decline to the
tourism industry, it challenges scholars to investigate
the opportunities that could arise for the hospitality
field. Developing ecotourism, establishing health and
safety travel and hospitality protocols not only for the
travellers but also for the employees, training
managers and employees, developing the use of
technology and robotics for the hospitality and travel
industry, could be some of the positive aspects that
can be brought into surface after Covid-19 era.
The main purpose of the current study is to
investigate the effects of Covid-19 pandemic on the
tourism industry not only on a global level but also
focusing on the effects on European region. In
addition, Covid-19 era brings the necessity to
investigate how the hospitality and the travel section
can benefit from all this damaging situation.
Ntalakos, A., Belias, D., Koustelios, A. and Tsigilis, N.
Effect of Covid-19 on the Tourism Industry: Opportunities and Threats in Covid-19 Era.
DOI: 10.5220/0011065200003206
In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Finance, Economics, Management and IT Business (FEMIB 2022), pages 107-114
ISBN: 978-989-758-567-8; ISSN: 2184-5891
Copyright
c
2022 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
107
This paper is a literature review which will
examine the current research findings, through a
selection of papers, studies, articles retrieved from
online bibliographic databases. Finally, this study
hopes to give the trigger for future research in the
field of the tourism industry.
2 COVID-19 IMPACT ON THE
TOURISM SECTOR
(WORLDWIDE)
Apart from the general economical market, Covid-19
pandemic has led tourism industry on a huge
decrease. The rapid spread of the virus has forced
many government policies to adopt strong
containment, often referred to as lockdown. Hale et
al. (2021) introduced a measurement (Containment
and Health Index – CHI) of intensity of closure and
containment policies (for example school closings,
restaurant dining closings, stay – at – home measures)
and policies towards disease surveillance (for
example testing and contact tracing). Figure 1 shows
CHI measure by country on the first day of each
months. As anyone can notice in a few months the
world had changed and intensive policy responses
had become a global phenomenon (Hale et al., 2021).
Figure 1: CHI by country on the first day of each month.
The colour scale bar indicates the CHI score, from <20
(pale yellow) to >80 (dark red) (Hale et al., 2021).
These restrictions have caused the breaking of the
links of tourism industry, including: transportation,
hospitality or hotel businesses, tourist attractions,
café – bar and restaurants, travel agencies etc.
(Universitas Terbuka, 2021). As a result a lot of
million people working in tourism industry have lost
their jobs unexpectedly (100.8 million worldwide).
Figure 2, shows the millions of jobs per continent that
have been lost during 2020. The biggest damage has
been caused in Asia Pacific region with almost 63.4
million of jobs loss, followed by Europe with 13
million of jobs loss (Statista, 2021).
Figure 2: Million of employment loss in tourism industry
by region, due to Covid-19 pandemic worldwide in 2020
(Statista, 2021).
Although is it not the first time that the world
experiences a pandemic outbreak during the last 20
years (SARS 2004 and Ebola 2014) (Khan, Janjua &
Yu, 2020), it is the first time that the tourist sector
seems to deal with this amount of financial decline.
According to Behsudi (2020), tourism – dependent
countries will likely feel the negative impacts of the
crisis for much longer than other economies. Contact
– intensive services key to the tourism as well as
travel sectors are disproportionately affected by the
pandemic and will continue to struggle until people
feel safe to travel again (Behsudi, 2020). Similarly,
Rahman et al. (2021) researched the effect of Covid-
19 on tourist’s travel risk and management
perceptions. The findings of their study indicated that
Covid-19 has affected tourists’ travel risk and
management perceptions and its impact on risk
management, service delivery, transportation
patterns, distribution channels, avoidance of
overpopulated destinations, hygiene and safety. From
tourists’ point of view, coronavirus pandemic has
created tourists’ health anxiety and reduce their travel
plans for destinations (Rahman et al., 2021). In
addition, Ulak (2020) argues that global mobility has
spread the pandemic to all countries and for that
reason the tourism intention among the global tourists
has dropped significantly for safety and healthy
related reasons. Hoque et al. (2020) discovered that
tourists were extremely cautious when making
travelling plans during outbreaks of the pandemic.
According to these scholars, psychological impacts of
Covid-19 pandemic on tourist’s travel intentions and
experiences seems to be their major concern.
Another threat that was created by Covid-19
pandemic is the decline of the gross domestic product
(GDP). More thoroughly, there are a lot of studies
(Ongan & Demiroz, 2005; Selimi, Sadiku & Sadiku,
2017; Dash, Tiwari & Singh, 2018) explain the
positive impact of the tourism sector on the
FEMIB 2022 - 4th International Conference on Finance, Economics, Management and IT Business
108
worldwide economy. Figure 3 shows that tourism
industry contributes around 10% on average on the
worldwide GDP during 2000 – 2019. However,
because of the coronavirus pandemic, travel and
tourism sector contributed to global GDP only by
5.5%. In other words, travel & tourism sector
contribution to GDP dropped by the staggering 49.1%
compared to 2019 (WTTC, 2021; Statista 2021b).
Figure 3: Total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) generated
by the tourism industry worldwide from 2000 to 2020
(Statista, 2021b).
In order to understand the enormous drop of the
contribution of tourism sector to GDP, figure 4
exhibits the contribution of travel & tourism industry
to a) GDP and to b) employment, by region in the year
2020. More thoroughly, in 2019 tourism industry has
a positive contribution to GDP of every region from
6.9% (in Africa region) to 14.1% (in Caribbean)
(WTTC, 2021). However, Covid-19 pandemic has
caused the huge drop of the contribution of tourism
industry to GDP in every region. This fall ranges from
-41.1% (Latin America) to -58.0% (Caribbean).
One of the major sector of the tourism industry
that was “injured” the most due to Coronavirus
pandemic is airline industry. Airline industry remains
fragile and one of the biggest casualties of the global
pandemic (Sun, Wandelt & Zhang, 2020). According
to Xuan et al. (2021) air traffic declines due to social
isolation, and travel restrictions have grounded two-
thirds of commercial airlines. Because of this
uncertain situation, 7.5 million flights are cancelled;
and customers demand refunds. According to
International Air Transport Association (IATA) all
the member countries lost $230 million on average
per day and halve annual revenues from $838 million
to $419 in 2020 – this is the largest decline in the
recent history of aviation (IATA, 2020).
Figure 4: Contribution of travel industry to GDP. Regional
overview 2020 (WTTC, 2021).
It is worth saying that in the first months of the
pandemic, there was an 80% reduction of passengers
compared to 2019 (ICAO, 2020). It is predicted that
air traffic should be back to the pre-Covid-19 position
in 2024 (IATA, 2020).
3 COVID-19 EFFECT ON THE
TOURISM INDUSTRY IN
EUROPE
Europe’s Travel and Tourism Sector came front with
the biggest economic collapse of the last decades, due
to Coronavirus situation (SchengenVisaInfo, 2021).
According to the World Travel and Tourism Council
(WTTC, 2021b), in Europe, Tourism Industry
contribution to GDP has fallen by 51%. In other
words, travel contribution to overall GDP in Europe
fell from a 9.5 share in 2019 to 4.9 in 2020.
In addition, employment in tourism fell by 9.3%.
As a result 3.6 million lost jobs in Europe, a loss
which could have been worse if European
governments had not supported employees by
introducing job retention schemes to save millions of
jobs under threat (European Parliament, 2021).
Moreover, international tourism arrivals of 2020 in
Europe dropped by 70% compared to those of 2019
(European Parliament, 2021). The highest reductions
were caused in Central/Eastern Europe (74.9%),
followed by Northern Europe (73.4%) and South
Mediterranean Europe (72.4%), while results in
Western Europe were less severe (56.2%) (UNWTO,
2021). Figure 5 diagram shows the international
tourist arrivals in Europe from January 2019 to
September 2021. As anyone can notice April 2020
has the largest decrease in the last 3 years. However,
in 2021 there is an increase in the international flights
(compared to 2020) and hopefully the prediction of
IATA, that the air traffic should be back in its earlier
position in 2024 (IATA, 2020b), seems to be an
Effect of Covid-19 on the Tourism Industry: Opportunities and Threats in Covid-19 Era
109
optimistic scenario. Last but not least, domestic travel
in Europe has been increased from 55% in 2019 to
69% in 2020.
Figure 5: Change in international tourist arrivals in Europe
duo to COVID-19 pandemic from January 2019 to
September 2021 (Statista, 2022).
As far as the accommodation is concerned, there
has been a significant lower occupancy. More
specifically, the average occupancy rates in hotel in
Europe in 2020 were 33.1% which means that they
were 54.2% lower than the average occupancy rate in
2019. As a result, hotels were forced to reduce price
so as to stimulate bookings (STR, 2021). The
Average Daily Room Rate was 93.34 Euro in 2020,
which is 18.2% lower than in 2019. Due to the drop
in occupancy and prices, there was also a reduction in
the revenues per available room to the amount of
62.5% in comparison to 2019 (STR, 2021). Actually,
the revenue per available room in 2020 (30.86 euro)
was the lowest on record (STR, 2021). Similarly,
hospitality sector (food and beverage facilities,
culture and leisure and sport activities) had also a
significant drop. More thoroughly, food and
beverages services revenues were dropped by 30% in
2020 compared to 2019 (Eurostat, 2022). Also, the
number of employees in food and beverage services
in 2020 was 16% lower than the number of employees
in 2019. Furthermore, culture and creative industries
in Europe has a huge drop due to Covid-19 pandemic.
More specifically, 31% of the revenues in culture and
creative industries were lost in 2020. Performing arts
revenues had an enormous drop (90%) as well as
music events (76%) (European Parliament, 2021) As
far as the museums, half of the European museums
reported a drop in visitors between 25% to 75%, even
though they had re-opened to the public after the first
wave of 2020 (NEMO, 2021). Finally, travel agencies
and tour operators had a huge drop (71%) in 2020 in
comparison to 2019 (Eurostat, 2022). According to
Eurostat, there was a 63% drop in employees from 2.7
million workers in 2019 to 1 million workers in 2020.
4 OPPORTUNITIES FOR
DEVELOPMENT ON TOURISM
AFTER COVID-19 ERA
4.1 Ecotourism
Although Covid-19 pandemic has serious negative
effects on world’s economy as well as the worldwide
health system, there seem to be a positive effect on
the environment due to the rapid fall of the air
pollution. More specifically, airline industry is
responsible for 2.5% approximately of the Global
CO
2
emission, as well as a small amount of the
increase of the temperature worldwide (Tabushi,
2019). Because of the massive lockdown a lot of
airlines grounded their air crafts, which had as a result
the reduction of air-pollution (Khan, Janjua & Yu,
2020). Moreover, due to the lockdown situation (less
transportation pollution), the concentration of NO
2
emission in the air has been rapidly decreased not
only in highly industrialized countries but also in
most European countries (Khan, Janjua & Yu, 2020).
This fact can give a chance for all countries and
members of them to be environmentally “awaken”.
Covid-19 pandemic has caused a decline in
ecotourism visitation, upsurge in poaching
incidences, global economic downturn and increased
intensity of lobbying for further international hunting
and wildlife trade bans (Mudzengi et al., 2021). In
order to develop ecotourism after Covid-19 era,
Mudzengi et al. (2021) suggest the following
strategies that should be adopted in a long term basis:
broadening livelihood options, promoting domestic
visitation, aggressive marketing, capacity building,
lobbying for government support, promoting
effective stakeholder interactions, and developing an
international hunting code of ethics.
On the same point of view, after Covid-19 era
gives a great opportunity for investment in green
infrastructure. As an example, the European Green
Deal which was established by European
Commission before Covid-19 pandemic, can be used
after Covid-19 era. Its plan is to turn Europe into the
first “climate-neutral” continent by 2050 through a set
of measures to reduce Europe’s emission of
greenhouse gases (Ec.Europa, 2021). The aim of the
European Green Deal is to invest in greening the
existing tourism infrastructure (attractions,
accommodation capacities, leisure, meeting venues,
mobility) in combination with the renovation and the
improvement of energy efficiency and clean energy
transition in Europe (Europe’s renovation wave)
(Energy. Europa, 2021). As a result, this will guide to
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110
more sustainable buildings, creation of new jobs,
improvement of the life quality of the local
populations (renovation should consider both the
needs of tourists and locals), reduction of carbon
emissions, and shift to energy – efficient sources
(Tourism Manifesto, 2021).
4.2 Increasing Traveller’s Trust
As it is already said, Covid-19 pandemic has caused
insecurity, fear, uncertainty to a lot of tourists
worldwide. As a result tourism revenues have been
dramatically decreased. One of the major topics that
concerns the scholars of the Tourism Management is
“How can we increase traveller’s trust?”.
In order to make tourists feel more secure and
safe, the member countries of the European Union
have established a healthy protocol for travellers.
This consists of the following elements:
EU Digital Covid Certificate: EU Digital Covid
Certificate has been operating since 1
st
July
2021. It is used as proof that a person: a) has
been fully vaccinated against Covid-19, b) has
recovered from Covid-19, c) has a negative test
result. The aim of EU Digital Covid Certificate
is to facilitate travelling among EU citizens.
This certificate is issued by national authorities
and travellers holding it are exempted from
quarantine and testing upon arrival in EU
countries, unless emergencies related to variants
require more strict protocols (Ec.europa,
2021b).
European Digital Passenger Locator Form
(dPLF). It is used by public health authorities in
order to collect travel data and personal
information for the traveller. The aim of dPLF
is to facilitate contact tracking if a person is
exposed to the Covid-19 virus (Euplf, 2021).
National Health pass (green pass). This is an
extension of the EU Digital Covid Certificate.
The national health passes are used for access to
venues, leisure activities and facilities. In most
countries it is used for enter to restaurants
(indoor), theatres, cinema, gym, indoor sport
centres, concerts, sport events, museums and
cultural sites (Euronews, 2021).
European Tourism COVID-19 Safety Seal. The
basic use of the European Tourism Covid-19
Safety Seal is to outline a model for standardised
health and safety protocols in the tourism services
(Ec.europa, 2021c).The main purpose for this
safety seal is to increase traveller’s trust, improve
safety protocols and harmonize them in tourism
businesses (European Parliament, 2021). This
stimulates a new era for safety travel.
All these measures will probably stay in force and
continue to develop during the following years, so
as to help travellers to regain their trust in travel
as well as to enhance safety perceptions when
booking and when visiting a destination
(European Parliament, 2021), not only for the
Covid – 19 era, but also for future reference.
4.3 Organizational Culture and
Leadership
Organizational culture of a hospitality business
consists of the setting of values, rules and priorities
that are followed by the personnel and all the
individuals who are involved in it (Belias et al., 2017;
Belias et al., 2015; Belias et al., 2016).
Organizational culture is a valuable factor in
tourism industry, and it plays an important role in
employee behaviour and organizational outcomes
(Taha & Espino-Rodriguez, 2020). So it is important
for an organization to adjust its organizational culture
due to the changes of the external environment such
as the crisis of Covid – 19 pandemic. Leaders play
one of the most important role in the changes of
culture which caused by the coronavirus pandemic.
According to the research of Brown et al., (2021)
leaders should evaluate which cultural adaptations
that have emerged in their organization since the
pandemic are functional and can be a source of
strength and innovation for the future. For example,
managers should continue communicating with
employees in a very frequent way (Brown et al.,
2021). Similarly, Ngoc Su et al. (2021) suggest that
frequent communication and interactions between
management and employees was a key element which
provided mutual benefits both for business and
employees.
Another important element that management
should focus on is the safety of employees regarding
Covid-19 virus. A tourism business (such as a hotel)
should emphasize on training the employees to
comply with the safe health protocols for their own as
well as the customers’ safety (Lai et al., 2020). Also,
Coban and Ozel (2021) suggest that managers should
be trained and be prepared for scenario crisis, such as
Covid-19 pandemic.
Last but not least, according to Belal (2021),
management should take actions for things to be done
that it would not be so easy to be done when a
hospitality business, such as a hotel, is fully operated.
For example improve the skills of the employees. As
a result, employees would gain more skills in
Effect of Covid-19 on the Tourism Industry: Opportunities and Threats in Covid-19 Era
111
different positions as well as it would reduce their
sense of work insecurity (due to lockdown) as they
would feel a part of the hotel business.
4.4 Technology and Robotics
Despite of all the negative impacts, Covid-19
pandemic could be used as an opportunity for the
development of technology and robotics that can be
used in the tourist sector. Robotics applications in the
hotel and tourism industry may be a desirable
investment for start-up companies and
entrepreneurship (Belias, 2019). Some of the robots
(machines which have been designed to automatically
perform specific tasks accurately) (Revfine, 2021)
which can be used in the tourism industry are the
below: a) Robot Concierge and reception, b)
Automatic machine for self check in-out, c) Robot
assistants for hotels and airports, d) Robot in travel
agencies, e) Chatbots for flight or hotel booking, f)
Security robots for airports, g) Automatic machines
for drinks and meals
Some of the benefits that the robots have are the
following: reduction of labor costs, improvement of
guest experience (Ivanov & Webster, 2017),
improvement of the quality of service of hotels
(Parasuraman et al., 1991) and performing simple
routine tasks and reducing the workload of the
reception (Belias, 2019). Apart from the above
advantages, one of the greatest benefit of the use of
robotics in Covid-19 era, is their contactless function,
without the necessity of human interaction between
the employee and the costumer. This may increase the
sense of safety and secureness that the travellers may
feel when they visit their tourist destinations.
5 CONCLUSIONS
Covid-19 pandemic has one of the most negative
impacts on the tourism industry during the last
decades. The reduction of the world’s GDP due to the
fallout of the revenues of the tourist industry, the
reduction of the flights, the millions of jobs lost and
the fear and insecurity in the travellers decision to
organize a trip, are some of the major threats that
coronavirus pandemic has caused to the worldwide
tourism sector. However, we should try and have an
optimistic point of view of this unfortunate situation.
We should try and see the opportunities that can arise
in order to develop tourism economy. Some of them
are: investment in ecotourism, establishing health and
safe protocols in travel and hospitality businesses,
training managers and employees in crisis situations,
developing robotics’ applications in the tourism
industry. These opportunities may lead tourism to a
new innovation era.
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