Effects of Corona Discharge on the Germination Characteristics of
Wild Pea Seeds in High Altitude Alpine Meadow
Fubao Jin
1,a,*
, Jinqiang Shi
1,b,*
, Shangang Ma
1,c
, Jiuxiang Xie
2,d
and Ning Xin
1,e
1
College of Water Resources and Electric Power, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
2
College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
Keywords: Electricity To Faint From Stress, Wild Pea Seeds, Electric Field Biological Characteristics, Germination Rate,
Germination Potential.
Abstract: The natural environment in the high-altitude areas of Qinghai Province is harsh, and the ecology of its alpine
meadows is seriously degraded. To improve the seeds and increase their germination rate, this paper took the
wild pea seeds widely distributed in high altitude and cold areas as the research object, built an experimental
platform for the biological characteristics of the electric field, and used a multi-needle circular electrode
corona field generator to pretreat the wild pea seeds. Explore the effects of corona electric field, temperature,
and humidity on the germination characteristics of wild pea seeds. By constructing a multi-needle circular
electrode corona model and simulating the internal electric field distribution, the analysis showed that the
spatial corona electric field had a consistent effect on wild pea seeds. The results of the study showed that
under the conditions of a temperature of 20 ℃ and a humidity of 40%, changes in the electric field had two
characteristics: promoting and inhibiting the germination of seed. The electric field generated by the applied
voltage of 15 kV promoted the germination of wild pea seeds. That helped break the shells of wild pea seeds
and increases their germination rate. While the electric field generated by the applied voltage of 9 kV had the
opposite effect. Seeds treated with an electric field generated by an externally applied voltage of 15 kV for 30
min, under the same humidity and different temperature conditions, had the highest germination potential and
germination rate at 25 ℃, and the lowest germination potential and germination rate at 15 ℃. Under different
humidity conditions of 20 ℃, the seeds treated with the same electric field had the highest germination
potential and germination rate at the humidity of 60%, and the lowest germination potential and germination
rate at a humidity of 95%. Through the research of this paper, the germination rate of alpine wild pea was
improved, so as to make efforts for low-carbon agricultural ecological protection in Qinghai, China and the
world.
1 INTRODUCTION
Qinghai Province is located in the high-altitude area
of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in my country. Due to
harsh natural environment factors such as high
terrain, low temperature, and strong sunlight, the
adaptability of alpine meadows to low temperature
has become weak, resulting in low seed germination
rates and even degradation.
At present, there are relatively few studies on the
seed germination behavior of alpine meadow plants
in high altitude areas, mainly from the conventional
methods of temperature, humidity and light to
explore the growth law of meadow seeds (XU, 2014);
(WANG, 2018); (CAO, 2018); (XU, DU, LI, 2013);
(MA, 2008). High-voltage corona field is an
important means to generate low-temperature
plasma, and it is also an important method for seed
treatment under the development of new agricultural
technology. The mechanism of this physical
mutagenesis technology is still unclear, but its
mutagenic effect is remarkable. Studies have shown
that the action of electric field promotes seed
germination and has the characteristics of enhancing
stress resistance (LING, JIANGANG, MINCHONG ,
2016); (XU, SONG, LUAN, 2019); (JIAFENG, XIN,
LING, 2014). Different types of electric field
treatment seeds also have a promoting effect, such as
high-voltage DC electrostatic field, AC high-voltage
pin-plate corona field and high-voltage pulsed
electric field (WANG, 2020); (LUAN, SONG, DU,
2019). Temperature and humidity as growth factors
Jin, F., Shi, J., Ma, S., Xie, J. and Xin, N.
Effects of Corona Discharge on the Germination Characteristics of Wild Pea Seeds in High Altitude Alpine Meadow.
DOI: 10.5220/0011193800003443
In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics (ICBEB 2022), pages 175-183
ISBN: 978-989-758-595-1
Copyright
c
2022 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
175
for seeds. Due to their own physiological
characteristics, there are differences in the optimal
germination temperature range for different seeds
(ZHAO, 2020); (YANG, DU, SHI, 2020). The
humidity aspect mainly focuses on the moisture in the
soil, or soaking and absorbing the seeds to meet their
demand for moisture (NOVIKOV, NOVIKOV,
ERMOLAEVA, 2015).
This paper takes the wild pea meadow seeds
widely distributed in Qinghai as the research object.
The seeds have a certain hard phenomenon and are
difficult to imbibe and germinate. In addition, the
harsh environmental factors in Qinghai also affected
the germination and growth of wild pea seeds. And
the current methods to improve the germination of
wild pea seeds are mostly mechanical breaking,
temperature adjustment and chemical reagent
treatment (WANG, WANG, CHAO, 2015); (LI,
2013); (YUAN, ZHANG, YUAN, 2018); (CHEN,
NA, WANG, 2017). There are few studies on the use
of electric field as a pretreatment condition to break
the hard seed of wild pea seeds. Therefore, the study
of corona discharge to solve the problem of hard seed
in the wild pea meadow seeds is beneficial to improve
its germination rate, thereby solving the local
meadow agro-ecological problem in Qinghai.
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Materials
The test material is wild pea seeds.
2.2 Construction of Test Platform
The test uses the device shown in Fig.1, which is
mainly composed of an AC test transformer T
(10kVA/100kV), a power frequency protection
resistor R (5kΩ), a coupling capacitor divider C
(500pF), and a high-voltage corona electric field
device. Connect and debug the electric field
biological characteristics experimental platform, so
that the seeds are processed by the high-voltage
corona electric field device through the circuit.
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of electric field biological experiment platform.
2.3 Consistency Analysis of Seeds
Affected by Corona Field
The multi-needle circular electrode is an important
device for treating seeds, which generates corona by
applying AC voltage. In this paper, a three-
dimensional model of the high-voltage corona device
is established and electric field simulation is carried
out. By simulating the electric field distribution
characteristics of the electrode space under the action
of a high-voltage AC power supply, the consistency
of the electric field on wild pea seeds is analyzed.
As shown in Fig.2(a), the high-voltage corona
electric field device is designed in a 1:1 ratio
according to the actual size, which is respectively the
upper plate electrode and the ground plate electrode.
The corona discharge it can produce is a self-
sustaining discharge phenomenon unique to
extremely inhomogeneous electric fields.
ICBEB 2022 - The International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics
176
(a) Corona electric field device (b) Simulation assistance
Figure 2: Corona electric field device and Simulation assistance.
Due to the complexity of the time-varying electric
field and the actual simulation results, this paper
selects 9-time nodes that are relatively uniform in the
power frequency cycle for electric field analysis. Due
to the circular symmetry of the needle-plate
electrode, to simplify the analysis and to take into
account the volumetric diameter of the wild pea
seeds, an auxiliary plane was chosen to be
constructed as shown in Fig.2(b) to analyze the
electric field intensity distribution cloud diagram at
the peak time of 0.0049938s, as well as the electric
field intensity on the auxiliary straight line based on
nine-time nodes, is analyzed. In Fig.2(b), the
auxiliary straight line a is positive from point A to
point B, and the parameter z is used to represent the
distance change from point A to point B. The
reference to the volume diameter of wild pea seeds of
5 mm makes the height of point B from the ground
plate electrode 5 mm. Since the small-angle 𝛼 is
about 5°, side a and side b can be approximately
equivalent. At the same time, the electric field
intensity on the straight-line a and the straight-line b
are also approximately equivalent accordingly.
Finally, the electric field intensity distribution on the
straight line a is equivalent to the intensity of the
electric field in the rectangular box further
characterizing the range of actual wild pea seeds
being affected by the electric field.
The simulation results at voltage values (3kV and
15kV) are shown in Fig.3. By analyzing the above-
mentioned electric field intensity distribution cloud
diagram at different voltages when the peak time is
0.0049938 s, it can be qualitatively observed that
nearly half of the space above the ground plate
electrode has the characteristics of uniform electric
field distribution. Since the AC voltage fluctuates
with time, and by observing the above electric field
intensity curves, it is found that the electric field
intensity tends to be roughly the same at each time.
As shown in Tab.1, the range of the drastic change
of the electric field intensity is about 22.5~27.5mm.
The corresponding difference between the maximum
and minimum values are respectively 0.02193
kV/cm, 0.04388 kV/cm, 0.06581 kV/cm, 0.08774
kV/cm, and 0.10968 kV/cm, which shows that the
maximum difference in electric field intensity is
about 0.1 kV/cm and the smaller values have less
influence on the results of the experiment. The
average electric field strengths at each voltage are
respectively 0.880 kV/cm, 1.760 kV/cm, 2.640
kV/cm, 3.520 kV/cm and 4.400 kV/cm.
Therefore, the range of electric field acting seeds
can be set to a cylindrical space with a radius of 25
mm and a height of 5 mm.
Effects of Corona Discharge on the Germination Characteristics of Wild Pea Seeds in High Altitude Alpine Meadow
177
(a) Electric field distribution at a voltage of 3 kV
(b) Electric field distribution at a voltage of 15 kV
Figure 3: The electric field distribution between the needle-plate electrodes at five voltage levels.
Table 1: Electric field intensity on the auxiliary line.
z[mm] 3kV[V/m] 6kV[V/m] 9kV[V/m] 12kV[V/m] 15kV[V/m]
0 87131 174262 261393 348523 435654
2.53 87177 174353 261530 348706 435883
5.06 87264 174528 261792 349056 436320
7.53 87454 174909 262363 349817 437272
10.05 88202 176405 264607 352809 441012
12.52 88721 177442 266163 354884 443605
15.05 89014 178028 267041 356055 445069
ICBEB 2022 - The International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics
178
Refer to Tab.1 (continued)
z[mm] 3kV[V/m] 6kV[V/m] 9kV[V/m] 12kV[V/m] 15kV[V/m]
17.52 89049 178099 267148 356197 445246
20.05 88815 177629 266444 355258 444073
22.52 88310 176621 264931 353242 441552
25.05 86856 173711 260567 347423 434278
2.4 Test Methods for Seed Germination
Characteristics
2.4.1 Corona Field Treatment and
Cultivation
Before the experiment, wild pea seeds with a uniform
particle size were laid on the bottom plate according
to the specifications with a radius of 25 mm and a
height of 5 mm. Each electric field treatment 150 wild
pea seeds, and the test voltage is 3 kV, 6 kV, 9 kV, 12
kV, and 15 kV. The treatment time was 30 minutes,
and the control group was not treated (only treated by
the electric field, and its temperature and humidity
were not controlled). Each group of experiments was
repeated three times. After the experiment, 150 wild
pea seeds were divided into three petri dishes with a
diameter of 9 cm and three layers of filter paper on
the bottom. The control and experimental groups
were placed in the same intelligent artificial climate
box The wild pea seeds were cultivated continuously
for 8 days at a constant temperature of 20 ℃, a
constant humidity of 40%, with sunlight and dark
time of 12 hours respectively, with a sunlight
intensity of 1200 LX and without placing a lid of a
petri dish. Wild pea seeds treated with an electric
field generated by an externally applied voltage of 15
kV for 30 minutes were placed in constant humidity
(RH 40%) and different temperatures (15 ℃, 20 ℃,
25 ℃, 30 ℃), and the same temperature (20 ℃) and
different humidity (40%, 60%, 80%, 95%)
environment for cultivation. The statistics of the wild
pea growth process began on the 4th day and counted
to the 8th day. The data of repeated tests are finally
averaged.
2.4.2 The Calculation Method of the
Germination Index of Wild Pea Seeds
Germination potential
%
=
𝐴
𝐴
× 100%
(1)
Where 𝐴
denotes the number of the germination on
the fourth day and 𝐴 represents the number of
experimental seeds of 50.
Germination rate
%
=
𝐴
𝐴
× 100%
(2)
Where 𝐴
denotes the number of the
germination, 𝑥 represents the number of days and 𝐴
represents the number of experimental seeds of 50.
3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Effect of Corona Electric Field on
the Germination of Wild Pea Seeds
The germination potential of wild pea seeds after
treatment with different voltages in the corona field
is shown in Fig.4.
As shown in Fig.4(a), the germination potential of
wild pea seeds was all inhibited after the action of the
electric field, showing a trend of decreasing and then
increasing with increasing voltage. The results show
that in the electric field from 0 kV (0 kV/cm) to 9 kV
(2.640 kV/cm), the increase in voltage (electric field
strength) will gradually strengthen the growth
inhibition of wild pea seeds. The effect was that the
strongest inhibition at 9 kV where the germination
potential was 4%, while the increase of electric field
from 9 kV to 15 kV made the inhibition of wild pea
growth weaker. This indicated that the difference in
the magnitude of voltage (electric field strength)
leads to different degrees of growth inhibition and the
electric field has different effects on the activities of
the correlated enzyme inside wild pea seeds.
As shown in Fig.4(b), the germination rate was
increasing with an increasing number of days at the
same voltage. The specific analysis resulted in the
following three points.
Effects of Corona Discharge on the Germination Characteristics of Wild Pea Seeds in High Altitude Alpine Meadow
179
(
a
)
The
g
ermination
p
otential of wild
p
eas
(
b
)
The
g
ermination rate of wild
p
eas
Figure 4: The germination of wild peas.
(1) The germination rate of wild peas in the
control group (without electric field treatment) was
about 60%, and the germination rate of wild pea seeds
at 6 kV (1.760 kV/cm) and 9 kV (2.640 kV/cm) was
significantly lower than that of the control group from
the 4th day to the 7th day. Although the germination
rate of both the electric field of 6 kV and the control
group was 62% on the 8th day, the overall showed an
inhibition of the growth of wild pea seeds by the
action of electric fields at both 6 kV and 9 kV. And
the inhibition was more pronounced at 9 kV, with the
germination rate of 50%, which was 10% lower than
the control group. This shows that the electric field at
9 kV (2.640 kV/cm) causes a severe inhibition
towards the germination potential of wild pea seeds.
Due to the complexity of the biological effects, an
electric field at 9 kV (2.640 kV/cm) reduces the
activity of the relevant enzymes inside the wild pea
seeds, which is detrimental to growth.
(2) Although the germination rates at 12 kV
(3.520 kV/cm) and 15 kV (4.400 kV/cm) were lower
than the control group on the 4th day, they were
higher than the control group on subsequent days.
Since the germination rates were the same on the 6th,
7th, and 8th day and were higher at 15 kV than at 12
kV on both the 4th and 5th day. Although both fields
promoted the growth of wild peas, the 15 kV field had
a better effect, with a germination rate of 76%, which
was about 27% higher than the control group.
Therefore, the electric field of 15 kV was effective in
promoting the enzyme activity and growth vigor of
wild pea seeds.
(3) During the germination process, different
voltage magnitudes can cause differences in wild
peas in the time to change from inhibition to
promotion by the electric field. On the 4th day, the
germination of wild pea seeds was all inhibited by the
electric field compared to the control group.
Compared to the growth on the 4th day, the change
from inhibition to the promotion of germination by
electric field treatment of 12 kV and 15 kV was only
1 day (on the 5th day). Their germination was higher
than that of the control group and more pronounced
at an electric field of 15 kV. The germination at the
electric field of 3 kV was higher than the control
group after 3 days (on the 7th day), while the
germination at the electric field of 6 kV was the same
as the control group on the 8th day. The germination
at the electric field of 9 kV was continuously
inhibited from day 4 to day 8 and was lower than that
of the control group. This shows that the difference in
electric field shortens the time to change from
inhibition to promotion by the electric field in the
growth of wild pea, with the shortest transition time
and most effective promotion at 15 kV (4.400 kV/cm)
and continued inhibition at 9 kV (2.640 kV/cm).
3.2 Effect of Temperature and
Humidity on Germination of Wild
Pea Seeds after Electric Field
Treatment
Wild pea seeds treated with an electric field of 15 kV
(4.400 kV/cm) for 30 min were placed at room
temperature (CK) and relative air humidity of 40% a
temperature of 20 ℃ with different temperatures of
15 ℃, 20 ℃, 25 ℃, and 30 ℃. Wild pea seeds treated
with an electric field of 15 kV (4.400 kV/cm) for 30
min were placed at room temperature (CK) and a
temperature of 20 ℃ with the different relative air
humidity of 40%, 60%, 80%, and 95%. The specific
ICBEB 2022 - The International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics
180
growth dates are shown in Fig.5(a) and Fig.5(b),
respectively.
3.2.1 Effect of Temperature on Germination
of Wild Pea Seeds after Electric Field
Treatment
The germination potential and germination rate of
wild pea seeds when incubated showed a tendency to
increase and then decrease with the increase of
temperature at 15 ℃, 20 ℃, 25 ℃, and 30 ℃. The
highest seed germination rate of 76% was achieved at
25 ℃, which was 6% higher than the control group
(which was only treated with an electric field without
controlling its temperature and allowed to grow under
natural conditions). And the highest germination
potential of 56% was also achieved for wild pea seeds
at this temperature, which was 8% higher than the
control group.
When the temperature increased to 30 ℃,
although the germination potential of the seeds was
higher, the germination rate was lower than at 20 ℃
and 25 ℃. This shows that high-temperature
conditions for a short period can promote the internal
physiological response of seeds and improve seed
vigor, but there is an inhibitory effect leading to a
decrease in seed vigor when exposed to high
temperature for a long period. The germination
potential of 32% of seeds at both 15 ℃ and 20 ℃ was
lower than that of 48% in the control group, but the
germination rate of 72% at 20 ℃ was higher than
both the germination rate at 15 ℃ and the
germination rate of 70% under the control group. At
the same time, the germination potential and
germination rate of seeds cultivated at 15 ℃ were
lower than those of the other groups, which indicated
that low temperature inhibited the activity of seeds,
resulting in a decrease in the germination rate of
seeds.
(a) The germination of wild peas at different temperatures (b) The germination of wild peas under different humidity
Figure 5: The germination of wild peas at different temperatures and humidity.
3.2.2 Effect of Humidity on Germination of
Wild Pea Seeds after Electric Field
Treatment
The germination potential showed a trend of
increasing, then decreasing, and finally increasing
again in the selected humidity range. The germination
potential of 36% at the relative humidity of 60% was
the highest, which was 10% higher than the 26% of
the control group. The germination potential of wild
pea seeds showed a trend of increasing and then
decreasing with increasing air humidity. And as
predicted by the germination potential, the highest
germination rate of 74% at the relative humidity of
60% was more suitable for the growth of wild pea
seeds.
Humidity will change the growth hormones inside
the seeds, as well as the activity of related enzymes
inside the seeds, and the increased concentration of
growth hormone will also help to promote seed
germination. As shown in Fig.5(b), the germination
potential and germination rate of wild pea seeds
under different humidity conditions were higher than
those of the control group. Compared to the
germination rate of about 60% without electric field
treatment (WANG, LIANG, WU, 2017), the
germination rate did not differ much and both
increased by about 10% within the relative air
humidity range of 40% to 80%, and the highest
germination potential of 36% and germination rate of
Effects of Corona Discharge on the Germination Characteristics of Wild Pea Seeds in High Altitude Alpine Meadow
181
74% at a relative humidity of 60%. This shows that
the increase in air humidity does promote the
germination of wild pea seeds, breaks the dormancy,
and reduces the hardening rate.
Proper air humidity can provide a better growing
environment for seed germination, soften the seeds
for water uptake, thereby increasing the activity of
relevant enzymes inside the seeds and promoting
germination. However, too high humidity will cause
seeds to become moldy and inhibit the internal
respiration of the seeds, while too low humidity can
make it difficult for seeds to absorb water and
germinate. The relative humidity of 95% certainly
promotes germination of wild pea seeds, but
excessive air humidity compared to 60% and 80%
will cause wild peas to mold, resulting in reduced
germination rates. Therefore, the relative air humidity
of 95% inhibited wild pea seeds germination most
significantly.
4 CONCLUSION
In this paper, corona field was used to treat wild pea
seeds in the high-altitude alpine meadow. Through
the study of its biological characteristics, the
conclusions are as follows:
(1) Different voltage (electric field strength)
magnitudes both promoted and inhibited seed
germination. The electric field of 15 kV (4.400
kV/cm) helped wild peas seeds to break their shells
and promote germination, with germination potential
and germination rate of 50% and 76%, respectively.
In contrast, the electric field at 9 kV (2.640 kV/cm)
inhibited germination, with germination potential and
germination rate of 4% and 50%, respectively.
(2) Wild pea seeds treated with an electric field of
15 kV (4.400 kV/cm) for 30 min are best suited for
germination at a relative air humidity of 40% and a
temperature of 25 °C, with germination potential and
germination rate of 56% and 76%, respectively. The
optimum relative air humidity for germination of wild
pea seeds treated with the same electric field at a
temperature of 20 °C was 60%, and the germination
potential and germination rate are 36% and 74%,
respectively.
(3) The difference in the electric field during
germination shortens the time for the effect of electric
field on wild peas from inhibition to promotion.
During the germination period from the 4th day to the
8th day, the shortest transition time and most
effective promotion were observed in the electric
field of 15 kV (4.400 kV/cm), and the inhibitory
effect persisted in the electric field of 9 kV
(2.640kV/cm).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work is supported by The Open Project of State
Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture,
Qinghai University (No. 2019-ZZ-13).
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