The Impacts of Climate Change on Insects Abundance in Four Types

Climates

Hanshuo Shen

1,† a

, Sirui Wang

2,† b

, Xinyuan Wang

3,†,* c

and Kaiming Zhang

4,† d

VAIE Academy of Innovation an d Excellence, Suzhou, 215000, China

Hefei. No1. High school, Hefei, 230601, China

Life sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China

Zhengzhou Foreign Language School, Zhengzhou, 450001, China

†

These authors contributed equally

Keywords:

Climate Change, Insects Decline, Tropical Rainforest, Tropical Savanna, Polar, Marine, Environment.

Abstract:

Global warming has a negative effect on plants, animals, fungi in various ways. Owing to the critical benefits

insects produce, including food source, pollination, capture of pests and current environmental situation,

insect traits, it is necessary to reveal the impacts of climate change on insects in different climates. This study

investigates the impact of climate change in four climates (polar climate tropical rainforest climate, tropical

savanna climate and marine climate) on abundance of insects. According to the results, the tendency of

abundance declines dramatically, especially in tropical climate and marine climate. The reason why insects

are influenced by climate change are multiple, including offspring, genetic, behavioral, phenological and

environmental elements. These results shed light for severe insects abundance decrease in different climates,

which will continue to affect insects in the future, and it is of vital importance to pay attention to it.

1 INTRODUCTION

Global temperature rises drastically on account of

climate change, where the most obvious impact is the

decrease of the biodiversity around the world.

Previously, insects are the main factors in the life-

form chain. There is a general consensus among

scientists that the global climate is changing at an

unprecedented rate, with many regions experiencing

warming trends, frequent high temperature extremes,

and shifts in precipitation patterns (A Eskildsen, PCL

Roux, RK Heikkinen, TT Høye, WD Kissling, J

Pöyry, M Wisz, M Luoto 2014, Baranov, Viktor

2020). An increase of 0.61 °C in global average

temperature is recorded since the beginning of the

twentieth century (i.e., comparing the years 1850–

1900 and 1986–2005, 5–95% CI is 0.55–0.67 °C) (A

Eskildsen, PCL Roux, RK Heikkinen, TT Høye, WD

Kissling, J Pöyry, M Wisz, M Luoto 2014, Brooks

DR, Bater JE, Clark SJ, Monteith DT, Andrews C,

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8605-9780

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6061-0167

https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-8414-4508

https://orcid.org/ 0000-0003-3629-5990

2012). Besides, the predicted warming of 2–6 °C by

2100 (A Eskildsen, PCL Roux, RK Heikkinen, TT

Høye, WD Kissling, J Pöyry, M Wisz, M Luoto 2014,

C García-Robledo, C. S. Baer, 2021) has direly

increased the need to understand the impacts of

climate change. Without any doubt, plenty of species

will go to extinction in this dynamic process.

Insect abundance is an extremely plentiful or over

sufficient quantity or supply. Global warming ex-

panded the environment that are suitable for insects

to survive, i.e., it leads to pests’ survival rate increase.

Additionally, with the temperature increase, plant re-

production, and hence plant abundance, may also de-

cline as a result of decreased synchrony between

plants and pollinators. If, for example, some plants

are now flowering early relative to the timing of their

pollinators, as has been reported in some cases (Car-

paneto GM, Mazziotta A, Valerio L.Distrib. 2007,

Deepa S. Pureswaran, Alain Roques, Andrea Battisti,

2018), insect populations are particu-larly responsive

Shen, H., Wang, S., Wang, X. and Zhang, K.

The Impacts of Climate Change on Insects Abundance in Four Types Climates.

DOI: 10.5220/0011199900003443

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics (ICBEB 2022), pages 269-276

ISBN: 978-989-758-595-1

269

to climate change because of their sensitivity to tem-

perature, short generation times, and high flight ca-

pacity. Observations of insect herbivory on an oak

lineage during Quaternary climate change indicates

that there was higher damage during warm and wet

periods (A Eskildsen, PCL Roux, RK Heikkinen, TT

Høye, WD Kissling, J Pöyry, M Wisz, M Luoto,

Dirzo R, Young HS, Galetti M, Ceballos G, Isaac

NJB, Collen B., 2014,). Consequently, it caused some

insects species population decrease. Moreover, the

consequence of its increase causes the insect abun-

dance decline to a deadly level. With the loss of in-

sects’ habitats and the reduction of food source, the

diversity of insects decreased. At present, previous

researches mainly focus on general researches. How-

ever, there are few papers focus on particular climate

characteristics.

In the past, rich insect abundance brings plenty of

benefits to human. Flowering plants attract not only

bees but also predatory and parasitic insects that pri-

marily feed on plant-feeding insects and supplement

their diets with pollen and nectar. For instance, spe-

cific flowering plant species, including shrubby false

buttonweed (Spermacoce verticillata), partridge pea

(Chamaecrista fasciculata) and white Pentas lanceo-

lata attract the Larra wasp (Larra bicolor), a parasite

of mole crickets in the southeastern United States

(Doi, H., O. Gordo, and I. Katano 2008). Besides,

some other insects can provide food to other animals,

or some particular species can capture pests avoid the

damage of crops. To protect the insect species is a

meaningful and crucial way to protect the food source

of the crops, and it also keep the biodiversity in a high

level. If human beings do not pay enough attention to

the insect abundance decrease, when their population

decline to a warning level, it will cause harmful con-

sequence to ourselves and the whole earth ecosystem.

Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the insect abun-

dance. This study discusses and compares the effects

of insect abundance in different climates including

polar climate, tropical rainforest climate, tropical sa-

vanna climate and marine climate.

2 IMPACTS OF CLIMATES

This study discusses four different types, which are

polar climate, tropical rainforest climate, tropical sa-

vanna climate and marine climate, climates’ corre-

sponding effects to the insect abundance.

2.1 Polar Climate

Polar climate, mainly located in northern part of Eur-

asia, America and Antarctic, is the typical climate in

the high latitude zone. Opposite to tropical rainforest

climate, polar climate is featured with severe cold

temperature as well as desiccation. Compared to trop-

ical and temperate zone, insects biomass in polar area

is apparently less, but it makes up more than sixty per-

cent in terrestrial animal diversity (Adam G.Dale,

2020) and can obviously affect polar ecosystem in

different ways. Unfortunately, compared to plant and

vertebrate, research about insects in polar climate are

not extensive (Emma Coulthard, John Norrey, Chris

Shortall, W. Edwin Harrisb, 2019). The most com-

mon insect species in polar climate are flies and mos-

quitoes.

While global warming is happening everywhere

around the world, temperature in polar climate has

risen three times than that in other regions (Hulde´n

L, Albrecht A, Itamies J, Malinen P, Wettenhovi J,

2000), causing serious trouble to the local ecosystem,

including insects. Insects are the indispensable part of

the polar climate food web, influencing plants and

vertebrates in various ways (Field CB, 2014, Fonty E,

Sarthou C, Larpinz D, Ponge J 2009). Faced with ex-

treme climate change, plasticity may be the most im-

portant factor for insects to deal with variable thermal

conditions (Forrest, J. R. K., and J. D. Thomson,

2011).

Firstly, global warming may help some insects ex-

pand their range of movement. The main reason is

that some insects species have high thermal plasticity

to handle extreme temperature (Franzén M, Johan-

nesson M. J, 2007), e.g., between 1992 and

1999,2002 and 2009, the range of 56 species of Finn-

ish butterfly have moved 54.5km northward (Geena

M. Hill, Akito Y. Kawahara, Jaret C. Daniels, Craig

C. Bateman, Brett R. Scheffers, 2021). Biting insects

have also expand northward (Gillespie, Mak , et al.

2019). While change on the range of different insects

species is different, such kind of dramatic change like

Finnish butterfly does not happen frequently (Geena

M. Hill, Akito Y. Kawahara, Jaret C. Daniels, Craig

C. Bateman, Brett R. Scheffers, 2021).

In addition, climate change in polar area have re-

sulted in the decline of insect abundance. At Zacken-

berg, North East Greenland, from 1996 and 2014,

seven of the fourteen muscid species have been found

to have a dramatic decline in their abundance, some

even decline more than eighty percent (Field CB,

2014) as shown in Fig. 1. Climate change is also a

factor in the extinction of some butterflies and moths

ICBEB 2022 - The International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics

270

in Sweden and decline of macrolepidopterans in Fin-

land in the past 50 years before 2000 (Graham H.

Pyke, James D. Thomson, David W. Inouye, Timothy

J. Miller, 2016, Helen Nnoli, Rosina Kyerematen,

Samuel Adu-Acheampong & Julian Hynes, 2019).

Figure 1: Interannual variation in abundance of 5 muscid fly species(frequent flower visitors) caught in pitfall traps at Zacken-

berg. The size of the fly silhouette indicates body size of the species. Solid lines represent significant trends (p<0.05) while

dashed lines are non-significant (Field CB, 2014).

2.2 Tropical Rainforest Climate

Tropical rainforest climate, mainly located in Africa,

America and Asia, is one of the most frequent climate

in low latitude area, with apparently high average

temperature and high rainfall all year around. Tropi-

cal rainforest climate provides more than half of the

habitats for plants, animals as well as fungi. Insects

are one of the most critical parts of ecosystem and its

biomass is much larger than other animals in tropical

rainforest climate (Hodkinson, I. D. 2013). There are

various species of insects in the climate, mainly con-

taining aquatic insects, ants, beetles, bees, butterflies.

It is known that global warming has influenced

variety of species in many ways in different climates,

including plants richness, development and distribu-

tion as well as insect abundance, range, reproduction

and metabolic rate (Hulde´n L, Albrecht A, Itamies J,

Malinen P, Wettenhovi J, Hye, T. T, 2000, Jonathan

A. Walter, Anthony R. Ives, John F. Tooker, Derek

M. Johnson, 2018). However, most studies were car-

ried out in temperate zone and mid-to-high latitudes,

only few research cared about insects abundance in

tropical zone (Emma Coulthard, John Norrey, Chris

Shortall, W. Edwin Harrisb, 2019). Since tropical cli-

mate have a narrow range of temperature, animals es-

pecially insects, which are ectothermic organisms,

have more risks to be influenced by temperature rise

(Hulde´n L, Albrecht A, Itamies J, Malinen P, Wet-

tenhovi J, 2000, Koltz, A. M., L. E. Culler, 2021). It

is important to pay attention to those species with

higher risks in tropical climate since they play critical

roles in the whole rainforest ecosystems.

The impact of Global warming on insects in trop-

ical rainforest climate have been studied in some re-

gions, revealing that the general decline of insect

abundance in tropical rainforest climate. In Puerto

Rico’s Luquillo rainforest, global warming has

caused biomass of arthropods decline for over fifty

percents in the past thirty years, including walking

stick population and the canopy arthropods (Kris

Sales, Ramakrishnan Vasudeva, Matthew E. Dickin-

son, Joanne L. Godwin, Alyson J. Lumley, Łukasz

Michalczyk, Laura Hebberecht, Paul Thomas, Aldina

Franco & Matthew J. G. Gage, 2018) as illustrated in

Fig. 2. In La Selva, a lowland wet forest in Costa

Rica, the larvae of insects like Cephaloleia species

cannot develop as normal if temperature rise to more

than 30℃ (Lister, B. C. , A. Garcia, 2018), which

have existed in recent years and taken challenge to the

local insects species because of the excess of insects

species thermal limits. There must exist the decline of

insects abundance in other region in tropical rainfor-

est climate, but till now few studies have been con-

ducted.

The Impacts of Climate Change on Insects Abundance in Four Types Climates

271

A B

Figure 2: Trend lines of the abundance of canopy arthropods and walking sticks in the Luquillo forest from 1991 to 2011.

(A) Linear regression of the total number of canopy arthropods captured per foliage weight against the period when the

samples were taken. (B) Quasi-Poisson regression of total number of walking sticks against the period when the population

was sampled (Kris Sales, Ramakrishnan Vasudeva, Matthew E. Dickinson, Joanne L. Godwin, Alyson J. Lumley, Łukasz

Michalczyk, Laura Hebberecht, Paul Thomas, Aldina Franco & Matthew J. G. Gage, 2018).

2.3 Tropical Savanna Climate

The distribution area of this type is in the alternating

control area of equatorial low-pressure belt and trade

wind belt. Regional climate temperature is high. Low

rainfall and dry climate lead to a general decrease in

insect abundance.

Taking termite as an example, its abundance de-

clines in the Tropical Savanna Climate, which is a

warming climate is expected to increase the variabil-

ity of future precipitation on African savannas.

Therefore, some areas will get more rain and others

will get less. In the Kruger National Park in South

Africa, termites tend to nest in areas that are not too

wet or dry, but well drained on the slopes of savanna

hills across the border called seeplines. Seepline is

formed where groundwater flows through sandy po-

rous soils, and where clay is abundant. Generally,

woody trees prefer well-drained areas on hillsides,

while grass dominates the wet areas below. These

conditions can affect the growth of plants, which can

affect the entire local ecosystem. The researchers

considered the relationship between mound density,

size and location and vegetation type. The character-

istics of vegetation and termite mounds on dry, inter-

mediate and wet African savannas, and argued that

precipitation, altitude, hydrology and soil conditions

determine whether an area will be dominated by grass

or woody vegetation, as well as the size and density

of termite mountings. Besides of monitoring vegeta-

tion, the advantage of monitoring termite mounds is

that termite mounds are closely linked to soil and hy-

drological conditions, making it easier to map slope

leakage lines. In addition, vegetation cover varies

greatly between the dry and rainy seasons, while

mounds are unaffected by these fluctuations (M

Franzén, M. Johannesson, 2007).

2.4 Marine Climate

Marine climate is a combination of weather and at-

mospheric activities over many years on the ocean.

Atmospheric circulation facilitates the exchange of

heat and water between north and south or between

east and west, making the climate subject not only to

the nearby Marine environment, but also to other non-

marine environments. Some Marine insects have de-

clined in abundance.

Taking Shannon as an example, our analyses re-

vealed a decline in the total abundance of insects by

81.6% over the past 42 years (-477 individuals/year

slope estimator; Fig. 3a), whereas species richness

(Fig. 3b), Shannon’s diversity (Fig. 3c), and evenness

(Fig. 3d) increased in a nonlinear way: Initially all 3

metrics increased until 1989/1990 by 21.3%, 28.3%,

and 24.8%, respectively (seen from Fig. 3), and then

started declining by 10.5%, 4.3%, and 1.9%, respec-

tively. Our GLS models revealed that the decrease in

abundance is paralleled by increasing temperature.

The increases in Shannon’s diversity, species rich-

ness, and evenness are concomitant with increasing

temperature and changes in discharge pattern (Mat-

thew L. Forister, Emma M. Pelton, Scott H. Black,

2019).

ICBEB 2022 - The International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics

272

Figure 3: Changes in (a) overall abundance, (b) species richness, (c)Shannon’s diversity, and (d) species evenness of the

Breitenbach EPT community over time. (Matthew L. Forister, Emma M. Pelton, Scott H. Black, 2019).

Taking Chironomidae, Hydropsyche spp, Cloeon

spp, and Cheumatopsyche spp as examples, the re-

sults of the current study in 2013/14 shows that the

upper reaches of the river were dominated by four

groups of insects, the Chironomidae 22%, Hydropsy-

che spp. 10% Cloeon spp. 9%, and Cheumatopsyche

spp. 8%. From the results presented in article, the

abundance of aquatic insects has substantially re-

duced from an average of under 3,000 individuals per

square metre in 1970/71 to a little over 1,600/m2 in

2013/14, a reduction of 45%. Results of a one-way

ANOVA of insect records between the two studies

show no significant differences between diversity (P

< 0.05), but abundance was significantly lower in the

latter study (P < 0.001). The reduced abundance was

evident across all 10 months spanning wet and dry

seasons and most marked in the case of the dominant

families, Ephemeroptera, Diptera and Trichoptera. It

is suggested that reduced forest cover in the catch-

ment area of the river and reduced nutrient inputs,

combined with greater variations in flow swinging

from spates to quickly reduced flows, are responsible

for the reduced numbers of species, even as the di-

verse community of aquatic insects has been main-

tained. The altered conditions allow for shorter peri-

ods for insect populations to build up in stable condi-

tions between extremes of flow (McKinney, A. M., P.

J. CaraDonna, D. W. Inouye, B. Barr, C. D. Bertelsen,

N. M. Waser, 2012).

Reported faunal losses include aerial and ground-

dwelling insects, freshwater and terrestrial species,

and diurnal and nocturnal insects. Dirzo et al. ana-

lyzed more than 90 million occurrence records for

four orders of UK insects: Coleoptera, Hymenoptera,

Lepidoptera, and Odonata (Nicholls N. et al. 1996).

All four orders showed declines of 30–60% in occur-

rence frequencies over the most recent four decades.

For UK and Swedish Lepidoptera, similar rates of

loss have been documented for both butterflies and

moths (NSF News, 2010, Pamela H. Templer, An-

drew F. Schiller, Nathan W. Fuller, Anne M. Socci,

John L. Campbell, John E. Drake, Thomas H. Kunz,

2012). Dirzo et al. also found evidence of steep de-

clines among orthopterans. Brooks et al. (Peter, Wad-

hams, Timothy, M., Lenton, Carlos, M., Duarte, Paul,

Wassmann. 2012) concluded that three-quarters of

UK carabids censused in their study had undergone

The Impacts of Climate Change on Insects Abundance in Four Types Climates

273

population reductions of >30%. A similar rate of de-

cline was documented for dung beetles in Italy (Pyke,

G. H. , et al. 2016).

3 REASON

The abundance change in insects is a kind of direct

manifestation induced by the climate change. This

discussion talks about the reasons why the change in

climate can cause the change in insect abundance.

The offspring, genetic, behavioral, phenological, en-

vironmental factors are analyzed.

3.1 Offspring

The fertility of the insects, especially the male, would

be reduced because of the rising global temperature,

and it would also reduce the reproductive potential

and lifespan of offspring (Roslin, T., H. Wirta, T.

Hopkins, B. Hardwick,G. Varkonyi. 2013). The gen-

otypes that are the most heat stable is also always the

least fecund, i.e., selection for heat tolerance could

greatly reduce population sizes (Seebacher F, White

CR, Franklin CE. 2015). Additionally, the hotter cli-

mate can shorten development time, resulting in

smaller but hard-surviving individuals (Shah, A. A. ,

et al. 2020).

3.2 Gene

Under the circumstance of climate change, alleles of

insects will be hampered and lead to decreased fecun-

dity and reduced dispersal (Seebacher F, White CR,

Franklin CE, 2015).

3.3 Behavior

Camouflage or foraging time will be influenced since

insects have to do some particular posturing. For ex-

ample, some butterflies spread their wings to dissi-

pate heat, but it is easier for predators to find the

wing-stretched butterflies. Moreover, insects have to

spend more time as well as more energy in order to

thermoregulate or look for new optimal habitats (See-

bacher F, White CR, Franklin CE. 2015).

3.4 Phenology

Insect’s seasonal activity needs to change, and it will

be more difficult to get thermoregulatory behaviors to

synchronize (Srensen, M. H. , et al. 2019). It may

cause a mismatch. For instance, the growing program

of plants could be advanced, and the food supply will

be a problem if the larva is not born earlier.

3.5 Environment

Taking soil freezing due to lower snow cover during

winter will reduce the abundance of forest-floor ar-

thropods, including adult beetles (Su T, Adams JM,

Wappler T, Huang Y-J, Jacques FMB, Liu Y-S, et al.

2015). It is inferred that there is a kind of global trend

of the change in insect abundance. Walter et al.

(2018) argued that Time-series temporal trends and

externally forced periodic behavior have occurred

over many places (VASCONCELOS, et al. 2012). It

indicates that the dynamics of those insects were truly

affected by global change.

According to the study, the insect abundance has

declined in tropical savannas, marine areas, polar re-

gions, tropical rainforests. There are several climates

on the earth, e.g., tropical savannas, marine areas, po-

lar regions, tropical rainforests etc., but the mecha-

nism by which climate change affects the insect abun-

dance is difficult to relate to a specific climate system

for analysis. The global changes brought about by cli-

mate change are obvious and universal, e.g., more

CO2 and higher global temperature. These changes

are also universal and not limited to a specific place

or climate. Therefore, for insects, the decline of heat-

resistant genes and adult reproductive ability are uni-

versal. Only the environment change may be weakly

associated with the specific climate. There is univer-

sality of the changes and the reasons for the changes.

4 DISCUSSION

This study makes a prediction of the situation of in-

sect species in the future and argues the distribution

of insects will be wider, periodic actions of insects

will be earlier, and the total number of insects will be

less if the climate keeps changing in the future.

The factors that influence insect abundance are

more than climate change, such as habitat conversion,

homogenization, invasive plant species and fragmen-

tation, industrialization (Seebacher F, White CR,

Franklin CE. 2015). Climate change is just one of the

most influential ones. As the whole system works in

a very complex way, it makes sense that the acclima-

tion of insects will be different, and the response to

the change in insect abundance will be different as

well. All of those factors will affect the insect abun-

dance and our prediction of the situation of insect spe-

cies in the future. However, the associations that have

been documented between stressors and insect re-

sponses point to causal relationships even though our

ICBEB 2022 - The International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics

274

knowledge of the mechanisms that underlie them are

imperfect (Wagner, D. L., 2019), and it is still not

convincing to prove a one-size-fits-all response of in-

sects to global change. There might be some excep-

tions. One is that agricultural insects were more likely

to be declining, while forest insects were more likely

to be increasing (VASCONCELOS, et al. 2012). This

is because that insect pests erupt periodically. Alt-

hough the climate change dilute insects, the general

amounts of forests insects still rise up. However,

those agricultural ones are easier to be impacted by

climate change, so their abundance diminishes. As a

result, it is not objective and critical enough to assert

that all the insect abundances of the world will just

decrease, but it shows an overall downward trend.

In other words, there isn’t enough knowledge

about those factors. More scholars and volunteers are

needed to join, i.e., biologists and entomologists can

work out how these relative elements work and inter-

act with each other and finally affect insect abun-

dance at present and in the future.

It is concluded that in tropical savanna, marine ar-

eas, polar regions, tropical rainforest, the number of

insects is declining. It is believed that at present, the

insect abundance is changing worldwide, mainly be-

cause of climate change. The general trend of insect

abundance is decreasing, but there could be excep-

tions. We also suggest that insect abundance will keep

decreasing in the future. Since we haven’t known

enough about how homogenization, fragmentation,

industrialization, and other elements will work on in-

sect abundance, we are not sure about the future in-

sects’ circumstances. Nevertheless, there’s no doubt

that there is a change in insect abundance nowadays

and we need to pay attention to it.

5 CONCLUSION

Depending on the background of the earth current en-

vironmental situation, which including the warm and

cold cycle in the past; and compare to the previous

research, it is indicated that research need to focus on

particular climates. With the catastrophe caused by

global warming, two detrimental effects on insects’

abundance, concerning with insects survival rate and

the decline of pollinator, are proposed. Additionally,

because of the critical benefits which insect produce,

including food source, pollination and the capture of

pests, insects abundance in four different climate (po-

lar climate, tropical rainforest climate, tropical sa-

vanna climate and marine climate) are revealed.

In polar climate, mainly located in northern part

of Eurasia, America and Antarctic, some insects spe-

cies have high thermal plasticity to handle extreme

temperature, expanding their range of movement,

while some species abundance have decline because

of climate change. In tropical rainforest climate in

Africa, America and Asia, due to the narrow range of

temperature, it is easier for climate change to influ-

ence insects, which is ectothermic organisms and

causing sharp decline of insects abundance. The sa-

vanna climate distribution area is the alternating con-

trol area of the equatorial low pressure belt and the

trade wind belt. High regional oblique temperature,

low rainfall, and dry climate lead to a general de-

crease in insect numbers. Marine climate is the com-

bination of weather and atmospheric activity over

many years on the ocean. Atmospheric circulation fa-

cilitates the exchange of heat and water between north

and south, and between east and west, making the cli-

mate influenced not only by the nearby Marine envi-

ronment, but also by other non-marine environments.

The abundance of some Marine insects has declined

dramatically.

Climate change impacts insects by offspring, ge-

netic, behavioral, phenological and environmental el-

ements. It is proved that climate change has a signifi-

cant influence on insect abundance, and it will keep

its influence in the future. Contemporarily, although

there are a few exceptions that exist, the general num-

ber of insects decreases. Nonetheless, it is hard to pre-

dict the future situation of the number of insects be-

cause of the lack of study about the association be-

tween insects and climates as well as the complex

working system of habitat conversion, homogeniza-

tion and other factors that can affect insects. How-

ever, by analyzing the current situation, it is convinc-

ing that if the global temperature continues to in-

crease, the overall trend of insect abundance is to in-

crease. These results offer a guideline for the decrease

and downtrend of insects abundance which belong-

ing to different climate system, influenced by the cli-

mate change.

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