Application and Development Prospect of Degradable Biomaterials in

Fruit and Vegetable Packaging

Li Dan

1,a,

†

, Zhang Chunhong

1,b,

†

, Wu Zihui

2,c

, Li Zhonghua

1,d

, Liu Lin

1,e

and Zhang Fuli

1,f,

Naval Characteristic Medical Center, China

University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, China

tzz8806@126.com

Correspondence author’s

†

These authors contributed equally

Keywords: Polylactic Acid (PLA), Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA), Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), Whey Protein,

Carboxymethyl Cellulose, Chitosan.

Abstract:

In this paper the biodegradable packaging materials newly developed in the international food industry in

recent years were summarized, and the food development field was sorted out and the international

development direction was speculated. Besides, the materials of polylactic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, poly (3-

hydroxybutyrate), protein and coating materials were treated respectively.

1 INTRODUCTION

In the past half century, plastic has been widely used

in manufacturing packaging materials because of its

excellent performance and convenient production.

The food industry has a huge demand for packaging

materials based on petroleum derivatives. However,

due to the excellent stability of plastics, it is difficult

or takes a long time for traditional plastics to be

degraded except incineration. With the development

of technology and abundant food, many

biodegradable materials have come out one after

another. In this paper, new biodegradable materials

which can be used in food packaging in recent years

are collected and sorted out. Biodegradation will

eventually degrade organic materials into carbon

dioxide and water, or anaerobic state containing

methane, but no toxic residues remain. This article

will focus on polylactic acid (PLA), polyvinyl

alcohol (PVA), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), protein

and plant starch.

2 POLYLACTIC ACID (PLA)

MATERIAL

Polylactic acid is a transparent hydrophobic material

with good mechanical properties, which is produced

by polymerization of lactic acid. Lactic acid is a

renewable carbohydrate produced by fermentation of

bacteria (Lactobacillus) (Garlotta, 2009); (Shirai,

2013). Its moisture resistance and gas resistance are

slightly worse than PET material (Huneault, 2007).

Polylactic acid monomer is nontoxic and can be

safely used as food packaging material, However, due

to its high cost, high brittleness (Shirai, 2013); (Lu,

2009); (Koh, 2018) and poor heat resistance and

impact resistance (Sun, 2018), it is best to blend with

other polymers or nanoparticles to overcome its

shortcomings. Starch, nano-cellulose and chitosan

are also renewable resources, which can be blended

with polylactic acid to reduce costs, improve its

mechanical properties and barrier properties, and

produce environment-friendly food packaging

materials. However, because starch, cellulose and

chitosan are hydrophilic materials, the interfacial

tension between incompatible polymers will greatly

affect the mechanical properties. Therefore, blending

polylactic acid with hydrophilic polymers will lead to

the decrease of tensile strength and elongation.

(Huneault, 2007)

Dan, L., Chunhong, Z., Zihui, W., Zhonghua, L., Lin, L. and Fuli, Z.

Application and Development Prospect of Degradable Biomaterials in Fruit and Vegetable Packaging.

DOI: 10.5220/0011206400003443

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Biomedical Engineer ing and Bioinformatics (ICBEB 2022), pages 331-341

ISBN: 978-989-758-595-1

331

The solution is to chemically modify the surface

of incompatible polymer blends (such as branching

and cross-linking, etc.), which will significantly

improve the mechanical, thermal and barrier

properties of PLA blends. Different methods will be

described below.

2.1 Chemical Modification and

Blending of Polylactic Acid and

Starch

Table 1 lists the methods and effects of preparing

polylactic acid blends in recent years from starch

branching method, polylactic acid branching method,

crosslinking modification method, esterification

modification method and plasticizer Faroe.

Table 1: Modification Methods of Polylactic Acid and Starch.

Type Method Effect Literature

Preparation

of polylactic

acid blend

from starch

Zhilian

The starch surface was modified by

grafting bio-based ester epoxidized

itaconic acid (EIA) or bio-based ether

epoxidized cardanol (Epicard) onto the

starch surface by twin-screw extruder.

The hydrophilic starch changed into

hydrophobic starch, and the angle

increased from 44 degrees to 100 degrees.

And the tensile strength is improved from

35mpa to over 50mpa.

Maleic anhydride was grafted onto PLA

and corn starch by one-step

compatibilization process.

Chemical bonding exists between PLA

grafted with maleic anhydride and starch,

which increases the interfacial bonding

force between PLA and starch and

improves the compatibility between PLA

and starch.

Grafting 2- ethylhexyl acrylate onto the

surface of cassava starch to improve the

hydrophobicity of starch and the

interfacial adhesion between PLA and

starch, and then preparing films by

solvent blending and casting.

Without reducing the thermal stability of

PLA, the elongation and toughness of the

coating prepared by grafting starch (90:10)

and polylactic acid (PLA) were

significantly improved.

Preparation

of polylactic

acid blend

branching

polylactic

acid

Maleic anhydride (MA) was grafted onto

PLA with free radical initiator to

improve interfacial adhesion. Firstly,

polylactic acid was grafted with maleic

anhydride, and then the grafted

polylactic acid was blended with wheat,

ea and rice starch.

The tensile strength of grafted PLA/ starch

blend is twice as high as that of

unmodified PLA/ starch blend. The

elongation at break of grafted PLA/ starch

blends is 100-200%, while that of

unmodified PLA/ starch blends is 5-20%.

Three-step synthesis. I: They salivate

some hydroxyl groups of starch to

protect them. II: They grafted the rest

hydroxyl groups in amylose onto

polylactic acid as initiator. III: They

removed the protective effect of

sialylated groups in amylose.

The article did not mention 10

Cross-linked

modified

starch

The hydroxyl groups of wheat starch

were crosslinked with citric acid to form

ester groups, which were then blended

with polylactic acid by extruder.

Compared with unmodified polylactic

acid/starch blend, adding acidic acid can

reduce water vapor transmission rate by

80% and oxygen transmission rate by

90%.

Acetic acid modified polylactic

acid/starch blend

The film is softer and the tensile strength

reaches 41mpa, which is the same as that

of pure PLA

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332

The PLA/ tapioca starch blend was

prepared by using methylene diphenyl

diisocyanate (MDI) as crosslinking

agent (interfacial compatilizer) to

crosslink starch with PLA. The mixture

was

ared b

melt blendin

at 190℃.

With MDI added, the tensile strength of

PLA/ starch /MDI blends increased from

25.1mpa of PLA/ starch blends without

MDI to 42.6MPa.

Esterified

modified

starch

PLA/ starch blends were prepared by

esterifying corn starch with maleic

anhydride. PLA/ esterified starch blends

were produced by twin-screw extruder,

and then the subsequent films were

ared b

extrusion moldin

After esterification, the hydrophobicity of

PLA/ esterified starch was improved, and

starch esterification treatment made PLA/

esterified starch have better fluidity and

processability.

Use

plasticizer to

increase

interfacial

adhesion

Flexible film of PLA/ starch was

produced by using plasticizer adipate or

citrate.

The film containing adipate has better

elongation (148%), lower Young's

modulus (3.8MPa) and lower tensile

strength (0.9Ma).

2.2 Polylactic Acid Packaging Material

Reinforced by Nano Cellulose

Nanocellulose CNC, a low-cost, renewable,

degradable, high-strength and rigid material, has been

used to improve the mechanical and barrier properties

of biodegradable food packaging materials. (Yu,

2014) It can be extracted from wood or non-wood

materials by acid hydrolysis. (Mokhena, 2018)

However, due to the incompatibility between the two

materials due to their hydrophilicity, it is difficult to

disperse them into PLA matrix. For this reason,

scientists have tried many methods, which will be

described in Table 2.

Table 2: Finishing table of polylactic acid reinforced by nano cellulose

Intensifier

Modifier/solubili

Proportion or dosage Effect Literature

CNC

Maleic anhydride

grafted

PLA(PLA-g-

MA)

5%CNC and 5%PLA-g-

The tensile strength of PLA increased

from 22.4MPa to 60.3MPa, and the

tensile modulus increased by 40%

(Ghasemi,

2017)

CNC

Stearic acid 1% modified CNC

The tensile strength and elastic modulus

of PLA/CNC film increased by 40.03%

and 55.65%

(Lijie,

2018)

Cellulose

nanofiber

(CNF) and

bacterial

cellulose

(BC)

Propyl 3-

(trimethoxysilyl)

methacrylate

1% and 10% of modified

CNF were added to self-

reinforced PLA to obtain

SR-PLA/modified CNF

hybrid membrane

Adding 1% modified CNF into PLA

resulted in the tensile strength of the film

eing 4, 10 and 16 times higher than that

of self-reinforced PLA/1% unmodified

CNF blend, self-reinforced PLA and

pure PLA, respectively

(Somord,

2018)

CNC

NCFHL with

high lignin

content

10%NCFHL

Tensile strength of PLA/NCFHL

membrane increased by 111%, modulus

of PLA/NCFHL membrane increased by

88%, and water vapor permeability

decreased by 52% compared with pure

PLA

(Nair,

2018)

2.3 PLA Was Blended with Chitosan

by Chemical Modification

Like nano-cellulose, chitosan is also a biodegradable

material, which is produced by the deacetylation of

chitin (CHOUWATAT, 2010), and has good

mechanical properties and selective permeability to

gases. However, its hydrophilicity makes its moisture

resistance poor (Suyatma, 2010), and it is difficult to

disperse into hydrophobic PLA matrix. At present,

one research direction is to increase the

hydrophobicity of chitosan, for example, chitosan

reacts with sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (DSS) to

increase its hydrophobicity, and the modified

Application and Development Prospect of Degradable Biomaterials in Fruit and Vegetable Packaging

333

chitosan has good compatibility with PLA.

(CHOUWATAT, 2010) Another direction is to graft

PLA directly onto chitosan, and p-toluenesulfonic

acid can be used as catalyst to graft PLA directly onto

chitosan; PLA can also be grafted onto chitosan by

open loop method with triethylamine as catalyst.

Both methods can improve the flexibility of chitosan

chain. (Suyatma, 2010) Another research direction is

to directly prepare PLA/chitosan mixture, mix

chitosan/PLA at a ratio of 10% without adding

plasticizer, and then extrude them into particles in a

twin-screw extruder. Then, the granules were pressed

at 190℃ for 4 minutes at 7.5 tons to form a film. The

mechanical properties (tensile strength and

elongation at break) of PLA/chitosan film were

improved. However, due to the interfacial tension

between PLA and chitosan, this improvement is

limited. (Claro, 2016)

3 POLYVINYL ALCOHOL

MATERIAL (PVA)

Polyvinyl alcohol has a simple carbon chain and a

series of hydroxyl groups. And its performance is

mostly related to its structure. Polyvinyl alcohol

(PVA) is one of the most common polymers, which

is non-toxic, highly crystalline, hydrophilic,

biodegradable, tasteless and has excellent film-

forming ability. Although its structure brings good

hydrogen bond formation ability, its defects are

limited barrier property, thermal stability and

relatively high cost. (Tânase, 2015) Because of its

crystal structure and close connection between

molecules (Rahman, 2010), the water permeability is

relatively high, but the water resistance is poor. The

experimental results show that the starch /PVA blend

membrane has good water resistance, and the water

retention rate is nearly 20% higher than that of pure

PVA membrane. (Mathew S, 2018) Chitosan /PVA

plays an obvious role in the preservation of apples,

and there is no sign of degradation during storage.

(Yun, 2017)

4 POLY

(3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE)

(PHB)

Polyhydroxyalkanoic acid (PHA) is a natural

polyester produced by microorganisms, and poly (3-

hydroxybutyrate) (PHBs) is the main representative

of PHA family. PHB can accumulate in the cytoplasm

of cells, and the size of PHB particles is about 0.5

microns. If the growth environment is suitable, cells

can produce PHB up to 90% of their stem cell weight.

(Coskun, 2019)

Bacillus is the best flora for

producing PHB by using cheap agricultural residues

such as sugarcane bagasse, and the best pH value and

temperature are 7 and 37℃, respectively, and

incubation time is 48h at 150 rpm. (Getachew, 2016)

This is conducive to reducing costs, reducing

environmental pollution and solving the treatment of

agricultural wastes. As a packaging material, PHB

has excellent mechanical and physical properties due

to its crystallinity, and also has good air permeability

and plasticity. (Iopp.org. Bioplastics in Food

Packaging, 2019)

Haugaard et al. compared cups

made of PHB and high density polyethylene (HDPE).

PHB and HDPE have similar effects in preventing

food quality changes. (Rydz, 2018) Table 3 lists a

variety of exploration work on PHB modification at

present.

Table 3: Synthetic application form of PHB.

Type Material Effect Literature

It is

synthesized

from two

completely

degradable

materials

PLA/PHB, 75: 25, not

recommended

PHB can be used for crystallization of polylactic acid to obtain

higher barrier performance and better mechanical resistance.

However, for PLA/PHB film, it is necessary to add plasticizer,

which will reduce the improvement effect of the film.

(Marina,

2017)

PCL/PHB, 75: 25, not

recommended

It can't be mixed by physical method, so free radical initiator

DCP/BIB needs to be added. In addition, PHB degrades during

processing and reacts with free radicals.

(Przybysz,

2018)

CF/PHB

Melting samples show that high CF leads to lower melting point

and lower melting point viscosity of PHB. The crystallinity and

transmittance of all PCL/PHB samples are lower than those of pure

PHB samples, but the transparency is high.

(Tănase,

2015)

ICBEB 2022 - The International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics

334

Other methods

Optimization of PHB

electrospun fiber

If the sample is cooled slowly during isothermal annealing at

160℃, the morphology of the barrier will be denser and its

performance will be improved. The optimized PHB electrospun

fiber shows good self-adhesion performance, which is helpful to

realize the whole bio-based multilayer film as a functional bio-

ased adhesive.

(Cherpinski

a, 2017)

PHB and Silver-based

Nanocomposites

Oxygen permeability is reduced by about 56%

(Rydz,

2018)

PLA and PHB/PBAT

The mechanical properties of the blends will increase the

elongation at break and decrease the elastic modulus and tensile

strength. At the same time, it is helpful to the compatibility between

PLA and PHB.

(Ma, 2017);

(Vinicius,

2018)

Lactic acid oligomer

(OLA)/ carvacrol and

PLA/PHB blends

With the addition of OLA, the compatibility between OLA and

PLA/PHB matrix is high, and the PLA/PHB film is easy to change

from rigidity to toughness with high crystallinity.

(Armentano,

2015);

(Burgos N,

2017)

PHB/ rapeseed oil

It changes the thermal properties of the films, such as melt

crystallization and delayed cold crystallization.

(Cláudia,

2017)

5 DEGRADABLE PLASTIC

WRAP MADE OF PROTEIN

Protein is also a biodegradable biomaterial, which

can not be used in practical production because of its

high cost and low production efficiency. However,

considering its potential value, it can be divided into

plant protein and animal protein. Plant proteins

include soybean protein, corn protein and wheat

protein, which will be described in Table 3. Animal

proteins are mainly casein, collagen and gelatin,

which will be described in Table 4. (Sorrentino,

2007); (Zhao, 2008) protein from different sources

have different structures, properties and film-forming

conditions, so the films finally formed by them are

quite different. Compared with the vegetable protein

composite membrane, the animal protein composite

membrane has stronger oxidation resistance and

bacteriostasis.

Table 4: Arrangement table of plant protein materials.

Protein

type

Advantages Disadvantage

Available

additives

Effect Literature

Soybean

protein

Strong adhesion, adhesion,

film forming, water

absorption and fat

absorption; The content in

plant mother is high

The mechanical

properties and

heat sealing

properties are not

ideal

Starch

nanocrystals

To improve the physical and

mechanical properties of the

film

(González,

2015)

Cloisite-

Na+

suspension

and glycerol

The tensile strength of nano-

composite films without

ultrasonic treatment and after

ultrasonic treatment increased

23% and 47%, res

ectivel

(Dean, K,

2005)

Corn

protein

High tensile strength, good

water resistance and good

heat sealing performance

Poor strength and

high brittleness,

and corn gluten

owder is also the

main source of

animal feed

TiO2

The tensile strength of the

composite membrane is the

highest, reaching the maximum

value of 14%, which has a

certain antibacterial effect

(John,

2002);

(Cuq,

1998);

(Shukla,

2001);

(Chen,

2011)

Application and Development Prospect of Degradable Biomaterials in Fruit and Vegetable Packaging

335

Wheat

gluten

protein

High tensile strength, good

water resistance and good

heat sealing performance

Poor solubility in

water, the main

food source

Water-

ethanol

solution

Poor water vapor barrier ability,

but they are a very effective

oxygen barrier.

(Zhang,

2010);

(Mojumdar,

2011)

Wheat

gluten

protein

Homogeneity, transparency

and strong mechanical

strength

Anaphylactogen

Used in

multi-layer

packaging

materials

(Krochta,

1994);

(Gennadios,

1993

)

Table 5: Arrangement table of actin materials.

Mechanical

roperties

Oxygen

resistance

Moisture

resistance

Special performance

Optical

ropert

Packaging

applications

Literature

Lactalbumin Good Good Good

Natural antibacterial

property

Transparent

Coating of fresh

cheese

(Erdohan,

2010); (Wagh,

2014);

(Sabato,

2001);

(Sullivan,

2011); (Di

Pierro, 2011

)

Casein Good Good Good Not mentioned Colorable

Coating of fresh

cheese

(Sullivan,

2011)

Collagen General Good Good

Prevent oil migration

and inhibit microbial

roduction

General

Suitable for food

ackaging with high

fat content

(Iahnke, 2015)

Gelatin

It increased

with the

increase of

protein

content

General

increased

with the

increase

of protein

content

Edible and

hygroscopic

General

Food with low

moisture content

(Karim,

2009);

(Gómez-

Guillén, 2011)

6 EXPERIMENTAL COATING

OF PLANT EXTRACTS

Biodegradable packaging materials for fruits and

vegetables can be simply divided into coating and

laminating according to their functions. All the films

mentioned above are covered with film, and the

coating is a coat that comes into direct contact with

products, and its application is mainly in fresh-cut

fruits. This kind of film can not only be

biodegradable, but also reach the level of direct

consumption. Packaging of plant extracts has the

characteristics of antibiosis, moisture resistance and

gas insulation. This chapter describes CMC coating

and chitosan coating.

6.1 Coating Film based on CMC

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a natural

cellulose, which is widely distributed in nature and

has abundant sources. For example, rice stubble, an

agricultural waste, has a high content of

carboxymethyl cellulose, which can be combined

with rice straw microcapsule powder to make a film

(CMC-MP film), which can effectively maintain the

quality of oily food such as green tea. (Rodsamran,

2018) In addition, it is a good trend to convert some

wastes into useful packaging materials, and the

specific application of CMC is described in Table 6.

The evaluation of fruit CMC packaging is mainly

based on the following factors.

First of all, the easiest way to measure the water

barrier function is to find out the weight change of the

control group, because the water activity of fruits is

really high, and compared with metabolism,

oxidation and browning, water transfer plays the most

important role in the weight change. However, for

some foods with low moisture content, such as green

tea, packaging is to prevent moisture from entering,

and color is a better way to show moisture. The

increase of water content in green tea may be related

to non-enzymatic browning reaction and higher

degree of lipid oxidation

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336

The second factor is antioxidation, that is, the

function of gas barrier. Odor score can be used as a

measurement method, and the increase of lipid

oxidation will increase the odor score. (Rodsamran,

2018) Many fruits contain various natural

antioxidants, such as CMC-Ag film protecting

ascorbic acid in kinnor fruit (Shah, 2015), and total

phenol content (TPC) of green tea packaged with

CMC-MP film (Rodsamran, 2018). SOD, CAT and

POD are antioxidant enzymes, and their activities in

packaging products are directly related to oxidation.

(Chen, 2017)

Another factor is tensile strength, which is

completed by Design Expert (version 10.0.3.1).

(Belan, 2018)

Table 6: Coating research table of CMC.

Types of food Packaging type

Material

characteristics

Measurement items Result Literature

Citrus fruit

(Kinnor fruit)

CMC and guargum-

based coating of

carboxymethyl cellulose

containing nano silver

Antioxidant

activity

Total soluble solids

(TSS), total sugar,

reducing sugar, fruit

weight, acid and total

henol

After applying the coating,

the fruit of Kinnor can be

preserved for 4 months at

4℃ and 2 months at 10℃

(Shah,

2015)

Green tea CMC and straw extract

film

Anti-lipid

oxidation

Total phenol content Based on the total phenol

content, the shelf life of

green tea with CMC-MP film

at 25°C is 110 days

(Rodsamr

an, 2018)

Xinyu orange CMC membrane

(containing impatiens

balsamina extract,

0.07% citric acid, 0.5%

sucrose ester, 1.0%

calcium propionate and

0.5% glycerol)

Antioxidant

activity;

Bacteriostasis

(fungi, mold)

Sense organ

Delaying maturity and

prolonging postharvest life;

Store at 5℃ for 100 days

(Chen,

2017)

Strawberry Garlic essential oil -

CMC film

Antibacterial

and

antioxidant

Weight loss rate; Rot

index; Breathing

intensity; Soluble

solids; Anthocyanin

content; Titrable acid;

Vitamin C content;

Malondialdehyde

content

Significantly reduce the

weight loss rate (P<0.05),

respiratory intensity, decay

index, the increase of

malondialdehyde and the

decrease of soluble solids,

anthocyanins, titratable acid

and vitamin C of strawberry

during storage

(Kang,

2016)

The last factor is antibacterial and antifungal

effects. Traditional coating methods are useful but

time consuming. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase

(PAL) is the key enzyme of phenylpropanoid

metabolism, which is involved in enhancing disease

resistance. CHI and GLU are called pathogenic

related proteins, which have been proved to play an

important role in plant resistance to fungal diseases.

(Chen, 2017)

6.2 Coating Film based on Chitosan

Besides carboxymethyl cellulose, chitosan is also an

important material for biodegradable packaging.

Studies have shown that chitosan has the ability to

inhibit the growth of various microorganisms.

Chitosan contains positively charged amino groups,

which interact with negatively charged microbial cell

membranes, resulting in leakage of microbial protein

and other intracellular components. (Tian, 2019) The

evaluation of chitosan packaging is mainly based on

the tensile strength of antifungal function of

moisture-proof, antioxidant, antibacterial,

antibacterial and other factors. The specific

application is described in Table 7.

Chitosan packed with plant extracts has a good

inhibitory effect on microbial growth, such as the

inhibitory effect of chitosan and grapefruit seed

extract on Salmonella in cherry tomatoes (Won,

2018), and the compound of chitosan and laurel

extract can reduce the growth of mold, yeast and

mesophilic bacteria in cashew nuts. (Azimzadeh,

Application and Development Prospect of Degradable Biomaterials in Fruit and Vegetable Packaging

337

2018) Plant extracts are usually rich in flavonoids,

organic acids, polyphenols and antibiotics, which

help to kill many fungi and bacteria. (Tian, 2019)

Chitosan packed with plant extracts also has good

antioxidant function. Chitosan and ginkgo seed

explorer extract kept the high level of antioxidant

enzymes in ginkgo seeds.

(Tian, 2019)

The

pomegranate peel extract coating keeps high content

of ascorbic acid, total phenol and total flavonoids.

(Nair, 2018).

Chitosan packed with plant extracts has no

prominent moisture-proof function, and its tensile

strength needs further study.

Table 7: Research progress table of chitosan coating.

Types of

foo

Packaging type

Material

characteristics

Measurement items Result Literature

Mature

ginkgo

Ginkgo exocarp

extract/chitosan

coating

Fresh

Antioxidant enzyme

activities of

peroxidase and

superoxide dismutase

Coating group was significantly

better than control group

(Tian, 2019)

Green

pepper

Chitosan/Bamboo Leaf

Extract Coating

Fresh keeping,

antibacterial

1) Quality and color;

2) Phenolic substance

content, carotenoid

and reducing ability;

3) Microbial activity

1) After 21 days of storage, the

fruit lost 30% weight and

changed color by 15%. 2) The

content of phenols, carotenoids

and reducing ability increased

by 18%; 3) The microbial

activity decreased by 85%.

(González-

Saucedo,

2019)

Cucumber

seedlings

Chitosan/Osmanthus

fragrans extract

Antibacterial Microbes and Senses

There is a significant difference

in 30 days at 27 degrees

(Azimzadeh,

2018)

Tomato

cherry

Chitosan/grapefruit

seed extract coating

Antimycotic Microbes

28 days at 10℃ is significantly

different from unpackaged, but

there is no significant difference

between single chitosan and

added extract

(Won, 2018)

Strawberry

Chitosan/Natamycin

Coating

Antibacterial Microbes and Senses 40 days at 4 degrees

(Duran,

2016)

Strawberry

Chitosan/peony extract

coating

Antibacterial Microbes and Senses 16 days at 4 degrees

(Pagliarulo,

2016)

Guava

Chitosan/pomegranate

peel

Fresh

Keywords Vc, total

phenol, total

flavonoids,

antioxidant activity,

The above indexes decreased by

29%, 8%, 12%, 12%(DPPH)

and 9%(FRAP) in 20 days at

10℃

(Nair, 2018)

Blueberries

Chitosan coating with

blueberry leaf extract

Bacteriostasis

Fruit weight; Ph;

Total soluble solids

of titratable acid;

Rate of decay; Total

phenol content; Free

radical activity

The higher the addition amount

of blueberry leaf extract, the

better the anti-rot effect of

blueberry. During the 35-day

observation period, 8% and 12%

addition amount had certain

inhibition effect on fruit rot.

(Yang,

2014)

Papaya

fruit

Chitosan propolis Antibacterial Colony diameter

It was significantly smaller than

the control group on the 8 th da

(Barrera,

2015)

7 CONCLUSIONS

At present, the biodegradable materials that can be

popularized are PLA and PHB, both of which can use

microorganisms as production raw materials. It is

estimated that many scientists are trying to find the

most efficient production strains and breeding

environment. At present, there are strains that can

store 90% of the autogenous dry weight of master

batch. If they are continuously popularized, it is likely

to reduce their production costs. After many years,

when petrochemical resources are exhausted, it is

likely to be the main source of plastics. However,

PVA material is too expensive and not suitable for

ICBEB 2022 - The International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics

338

packaging. The coating material is still in the

laboratory stage, which needs to coat the products one

by one, and its long drying time makes it difficult to

mass produce, while the plastic source based on

protein will greatly reduce the existing grain reserves.

To sum up, PLA and PHB materials may have a

breakthrough one after another due to the focus of the

scientific community.

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