Research of Optimized Fertilization Technology of Tarrocco Blood

Orange based on Integrated of Water and Fertilizer

Quan Chen

1,2 a

, Wenjing Zhang

1,2 b

, Jinhui He

3,* c

, Jiequn Ren

1,2 d

and Yi Yang

1,2 e

Chongqing Three Gorges Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wanzhou 400401, Chongqing, China

College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou 404020, Chongqing, China

Plant Protection and Fruit Tree Technology Popularization Station in Wanzhou District of Chongqing, Wanzhou 404155,

Chongqing, China

Keywords: Fertilization Technology, Tarrocco Blood Orange, Integrated of Water And Fertilizer.

Abstract: To evaluate effects of integrated water and fertilizer and screen the optimal application amounts and styles

of chemical fertilizers, a field experiment was conducted for 9-year-old Tarrocco blood orange on ‘Carrizo’

citrange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.]×Citrus sinensis Osbeck] rootstock during 2019-2020. The

experiment had 8 fertilization treatments. The control trees were hole fertilized one time a year by broadcast

application (CK). The results showed that, within a certain range, in the same fertilizer, CF or WFs, WFCs

processed larger fruit, higher yield and quality, and late-ripening than traditional fertilization or single

water-soluble fertilizer. And the differences between WFCs and CK were significant(P<0.01). Analysis of

comprehensive benefit showed that WFCs had an important role in improving fruit quality and economic

benefit. WFC3 showed the highest price, fruit production value, economic benefits in all treatments.

Economic benefits was reached at 117151.46 yuan/hm

, increased 189.93% of CK. And the differences

between WFC3 and the other treatments were significant(P<0.05). Therefore, the precise and green

fertilization scheme of Tarrocco blood orange in Three Gorges Reservoir Region was water-soluble

fertilizer (different ratio of N, P

, K

O) 3-4 times (0.67kg every tree in all) a year, including 2 times in

July and August, and according to fruit size, one time (1.23kg every tree) compound fertilizer applied in

time after raining in August, which showed the green and efficient benefit.

1 INTRODUCTION

Tarrocco blood orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck)

is the advantageous and characteristic citrus industry

in Three Gorges Reservoir Region which was

planted 33000 hm

. Tarrocco blood orange has a

long maturity period, and they are normally

harvested from January to March. Among various

citrus, blood orange is regarded as a unique species

because of anthocyanin accumulation (Rapisarda

2001), which brought high economic benefit to fruit

farmers in this area. However, after years of

development, long-term application of chemical

fertilizer in old orchards led to soil consolidation and

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4363-8998

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0239-2602

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4089-9167

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5460-8757

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0809-7663

acidification, lower organic matter, insufficient soil

nutrients or lack of some elements bringed to

element deficiency, and fruit quality has shown a

downward trend. At the same time, affected by the

market impact of other hybrid citrus cultivars, the

overall economic benefits have declined.

In China, chemical fertilizer accounts for more

than 20% of the agricultural cost, and China's annual

chemical fertilizer application amount is 43 million

tons, ranking first in the world (Yang 2011).

However, increasing the input of chemical fertilizer

does not continuously improve yield. On the

contrary, unreasonable or excessive chemical

fertilizer will cause a series of problems, such as

decrease of fruit quality, increase of production cost,

and aggravation of environmental pollution (Li

2008). Water-soluble fertilizer technology has the

advantages of improving utilization rate of water and

fertilizer, improving fruit quality and yield, reducing

agricultural costs and reducing environmental

402

Chen, Q., Zhang, W., He, J., Ren, J. and Yang, Y.

Research of Optimized Fertilization Technology of Tarrocco Blood Orange based on Integrated of Water and Fertilizer.

DOI: 10.5220/0011213100003443

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics (ICBEB 2022), pages 402-410

ISBN: 978-989-758-595-1

 2022 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reser ved

pollution (Megh 2015). The technology has been

adopted in apple (Sokalska 2008), citrus (Mongi-

zekri 1992), pear (Quiñones 2007), grape (Hu 2016)

and other fruit trees in foreign coun-tries. Fruit trees

in China are mainly in apple (Zhou 2015), grape (Du

2008), citrus (An 2007), banana (Li 2014), pear

(Wang 2015), jujube (Chai 2012), kiwi (Hong 2011)

and blueberry (Zhang 2010) in the semi-arid areas of

central and western China. Lizhong Xia et al. (Xia

2012) showed that appropriate use of drip irrigation

fertilization could help improve water and fertilizer

utilization rate. The utilization rate of citrus fertilizer

was about 25%-35% by using traditional fertilization

method, and more than 20% citrus fertilizer was

saved by using water and fertilizer integration. An

Huaming (An 2007) showed that water and fertilizer

integration could significantly improve yield and

single fruit weight of Ponkan. Wang Qiaoxian

(Wang 2013) studied that soluble sugar and titratable

acid contents of pear increased significan-tly after

water and fertilizer was treated by half, which might

be because integrated water and fertili-zer improved

utilization efficiency of fertilizer, which was

consistent with An Huaming's results. Xu Shujun et

al. (Xu 2008) found that drip irrigation fertilization

could significantly reduce fruit cracking rate of

citrus, and increase fruit weight and large-fruit rate.

At present, most studies of water-soluble

fertilizer are focused on the utilization efficiency of

water and fertilizer. And most of them were focus on

the effects of a single factor (Xu 2021). In addition,

Many studies were performed in arid and semi-arid

areas, mainly on the yield, quality and benefit of

grain and vegetable crops (Shen 2007). However,

there are few studies on the technology strategy of

combine of water-soluble fertilizer and soil fertiliz-

ation in late-maturing citrus in mountainous and

hilly areas of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. This

study chose Wanzhou District in Chongqing City

which is in the central of Three Gorges to study the

effects on Tarrocco blood orange under different

models of fertilizer, so as to screen out the best

fertilization style and amount and provide references

for quality and efficiency improvement of Tarrocco

blood orange.

2 METHODS AND MATERIALS

2.1 Experimental Location and Plant

Material

The field experiment was conducted for Tarrocco

blood orange on ‘Carrizo’citrange [Poncirus

trifoliata(L.)Raf.]×Citrus sinensis Osbeck] rootstock

during 2019-2020 in Yongsheng Village, Ganning

Town, Wanzhou District, Chongqing City (108°15

'35.98 "E, 30°40' 22.65" N) at an altitude of 395m.

Tarrocco blood orange is for 9-year-old, and the

growth is uniform. The planting density is 3m×5m.

2.2 Fertilizers

Happiness coming a Large number of Water soluble

fertilizer with N:P:K =34-10-10 (HLWN), N:P:K=

10-50-10 (HLWP), and N:P:K=12-6-42(HLWK),

produced by SICHUAN SHIFANG YIDA CHEMI-

CAL.CO.,LTD. Yanyangtian compound fertilizer

(N: P:K=15-15-15, YCF) produced by Shandong

Red Sun A Kang Chemical Co., LTD.

KH2PO4(N:P: K=0-52-34) produced by SICHUAN

VOLVO Che-mical Co., LTD.

2.3 Treatments

The experiment had 8 treatments WF1, WF2, WF3,

WFC1, WFC2, WFC3, CF (Table 1). The control

trees were hole fertilized one time a year by

broadcast application (CK).

Thirty trees were selected in each treatment, and

each tree was a plot. There were 30 replicates in

each treatment. A total of 240 trees were tested. Set

up a protection row between each processing. Water

and fertilizer integration facilities were installed in

the test area, and each plant was fitted with 4

droppers with a water yield of 3 L/h

-1

. The tip of the

dropper was fixed near the canopy drip line.

Table 1: Field trial fertilization scheme.

Treat Time(day/month)

Fertilization Amount(kg/tree)

N P

WF1

14/4, 22/5 0.1 HLWN

123 161 150

25/6, 27/7, 21/8, 27/9, 27/10 0.05 HLWP, 0.05 HLWK

WF2

14/4, 22/5 0.2 HLWN

246 320 300

25/6, 27/7, 21/8, 27/9, 27/10 0.1 HLWP,0.1 HLWK

Research of Optimized Fertilization Technology of Tarrocco Blood Orange based on Integrated of Water and Fertilizer

403

WF3

14/4, 22/5 0.25 HLWN

335 470 440

25/6, 27/7, 21/8, 27/9, 27/10 0.15 HLWP, 0.15 HLWK

WFC1

14/4 0.1 HLWN

123 161 150

27/7, 21/8

0.05 HLWP, 0.05 HLWK,

0.02 KH

Broadcast after raining in

August

0.45 YCF

WFC2

14/4 0.2 HLWN

246 320 300

27/7, 21/8

0.1 HLWP, 0.1 HLWK, 0.05

Broadcast after raining in

August

0.9 YCF

WFC3

14/4 0.25 HLWN

335 470 440

27/7, 21/8

0.15 HLWP, 0.15 HLWK,

0.12 KH

Broadcast after raining in

August

1.23 YCF

Hole fertilization in 14/4,

15/9, 15/11

1.0 YCF 450 450 450

CK 15/11 2.0 YCF 300 300 300

2.4 Collection of Samples and Data

Determination

At different times, a total of 4 fruits were randomly

collected along the central, southeast and northwest

directions of each tree and mixed into one sample. A

total of 30 samples were harvested of each treatment

and then transported to the laboratory in Chongqing

Three Gorges Academy of Agricultural Sciences

(Chongqing, China). All fruit were rinsed in tap

water. After air drying, the fruit were divided into

two groups randomly. Transverse diameter, longitu-

dinal diameter, pericarp thickness, single fruit

weight and yield of one sample were measured. The

four azimuth points on the equatorial plane of each

fruit was measured by CR-10 hand-held colorimeter

developed by Minolta of Japan and calculated ratio

of red to yellow (a/b) for fruit colour. Total soluble

solid (TSS) was determined by PAL-1 digital

glucostat (ATAGO, Japan) after juice extraction.

The titratable acid (TA) was determined by NaOH

neutralization titration method and calculated solid

acid ratio (TSS/TA). Vitamin C (Vc) and anthocy-

anins were respectively determined by 2, 6-dichloro-

phenol sodium titration method and spectrometric

method. All experiments were performed in twice

from 2019 to 2020.

2.5 Fruit Grading and Benefit Analysis

According to the appearance and quality, the fruits

of each treatment were divided into special grade,

first grade and second grade according to the market

habits. The classification standards refer to Table 2.

Then, the price of three grades is investigated, and

the sales price and production cost of different

treatments are calculated as the basis for benefit

analysis.

Sales price=∑(price of each grade×ratio of each

grade).

Table 2: Classification standard of Tarrocco blood orange.

Index

Special grade First grade Second grade

Transverse diameter 70mm-80mm 65mm-75mm 65mm-70mm

Appearance and

pulp

Fruit surface is coloring

with rose red above 20%,

pulp with rose red

Fruit surface is coloring

with rose red in 10%- 20%,

pulp with rose red

Fruit surface is coloring

with rose red under 20%,

pulp with rose red

Fruit-shape Neat, regular shapes

Slightly less neat,

regula

shapes

No obvious malformed

fruit

Fruit surface

Very clean, smooth, oil

cells fine, no spots

Less clean and smooth,

the oil cells is a little fine,

with some spots

With a large amounts of

spots

ICBEB 2022 - The International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics

404

Total Soluble Solid ≥11.5% ≥11% ≥10.5%

Solid acid ratio ≥11 ≥10 ≥9.5

Others

Rich flavor, tender slag,

thin skin, aromatic

With flavor, tender slag,

thin skin, aromatic

With flavor

2.6 Statistical Analysis

The database was analyzed by IBM SPSS 16.0

(New York) and and Microsoft Excel using

one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and

Tukey’s HSD post hoc test for means

separation. The data are means of 30 replicates

in twice.

3 TEST RESULTS

3.1 Effect of Different Fertilization

Treatments on Appearance of

Tarrocco Blood Orange

There were significant differences in appearance of

Tarrocco blood orange after different fertilization

treatments (Fig.1). In terms of transverse diameter,

compared with CK (69.42mm), WFC3 was the

largest, with an average of 76.95mm, followed by

WFC2 (74.08mm), and the lowest average was WF1

(71.43mm). The overall performance was WFC3>

WFC2>WF3>WFC1>CF>WF2>WF1>CK.There

was significant difference between WFC2 and WF2,

WF1, WFC1, CF (P<0.05). The longitudinal diam-

eter showed the same trend, the difference was not

significant between WFC3 and WFC2, but extre-

mely significant between WFC3 and other treatm-

ents (P<0.01). There were also extremely significant

differences of single fruit weight between WFC3

and all other treatments (P<0.01). WFC3 got the

highest yield and maximum fruit weight, WFC2 was

the second and reached the extremely significant

differences with other treatments (P<0.01) (Fig.1

left).

The results showed that 3 times of water-soluble

fertilizer and compound fertilizer once in the fruit

expansion period could guarantee the nutrition of the

tree, and the yield increase was the most significant.

However, 7 times in a year, 0.1kg water-soluble

fertilizer each time could not meet the nutrition of

the trees and showed that the fruit size was smaller

than other treatments. At the same amounts of

fertilizer, divided into three times of water-soluble

fertilizer and one time of compound fertilizer, fruit

size were extremely significant different. Among all

treatments, WF1 and WF2 had the lowest amounts

of fertilizer, and CF had the highest amounts.

However, WFC3 got the optimal fruit size and yield,

and CF only got the fifth in all tests. WFC1 and

WF1, WFC2 and WF2, WFC3 and WF3 had the

same amounts of nutrition, but WFC1, WFC2 and

WFC3 decreased times of water-soluble fertilizer

and increased compound fertilizer which could

effectively add fruit size and yield (Fig. 1 left).

Figure1: Effect of different treatments on fruit size (left) and pericarp thickness (right) of Tarrocco blood orange.

The pericarp thickness of WFC3 was the highest

(3.25mm), and then was the WFC2. WF1 was

1.34mm, which was the lowest among all treatments

(Fig.1 right). Combined with Fig.1A, the result

showed that the greater the single fruit weight, the

greater the peel thickness.

Research of Optimized Fertilization Technology of Tarrocco Blood Orange based on Integrated of Water and Fertilizer

405

3.2 Effects of Fruit Quality of Tarrocco

Blood Orange Under Different

Fertilization Patterns

Different quality indexes were tested at different

times (Fig.2), and the results showed that TSS in

WF1, WF2 and WF3 were slightly lower on January

, both below 11%, while TSS in other treatments

were above 11%, and WFC3 was the highest. By

March 20

, TSS of all treatments reached more than

12%, and WFC3 and CF reached more than 13%.

The CK had a certain increase in the three detection

times, but was not obvious. The results indicated

that TSS of treatments with water-soluble fertilizer

were lower in the early stage and higher in the later

stage, while the treatments with compound fertilizer

accumulated higher TSS in the early stage and the

accumulation rate was slower in the later than that of

the pure water-soluble fertilizer treatments.

Regardless of WFCs, WFs or CF treatments, the late

TSS were all accumulated to more than 12%

(Fig.2A).

On January 20

, the TA content of WF1, WF2,

WF3 and WFC1 were significantly higher than that

of other treatments. As times go on, the TA content

of the treatments gradually decreased. Till March

, the TA content of WFC3 was the lowest 0.59,

and that of WF1 was the highest 0.81, CK was

0.7(Fig. 2B). TSS/TA also showed the similar trend

with TSS of which WFC3 was the highest on March

, while CF remained a steady level (Fig. 2C).

The a/b value of different treatments increased

with the extension of time. On January 20

, reaching

0.78 of CF and CK, and was mainly rose red on fruit

surface. The other treatments were below 0.5,

indicating that the colour of fruit surface was mainly

orange at this time and the second color transform-

ation was not sufficient. By March 20

, a/b of all

treatments were above 0.8, indicating obvious rose

red of fruit surface (Fig. 2D).

Above results indicate that WF1, WF2, WF3 in

the early days, performed high TA, low TSS, fruit

colored slowly. And after less water-soluble

fertilizer input, more compound fertilizer input, the

overall trend was characterized by mature earlier,

TSS accumulation and red-turning were faster, faster

drop acid.

There were differences of Vc in treatments,

among which the difference between WFC3 and

WFC1 was not significant, and the other treatments

were extremely significant (P<0.01). There was no

obvious difference in juice yield. WFC2 had the

highest anthocyanin content (43.6 mg/kg), while the

CK had the lowest (29.76 mg/kg). There were

significant differences(P<0.01) between treatments

Figure 2: Effects of citrus quality of different treatment.

ICBEB 2022 - The International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics

406

Figure 3: Effects of citrus quality of different treatment on March 20

and the CK. But there was no significant difference

among the treatments, which was indicating that

increasing the amount of fertilizer could increase the

accumulation of anthocyanin in different degrees,

but the difference was not significant (Fig.3).

3.3 Economic Benefit of the

Treatments

The results suggested that special grade ratio of

WFC3 and WFC2 were the highest in all tests which

respectively reached 47.9% and 46.1%, while the

first and second grade ratio of CK were up to 40.2%

and 38.3%. By the price, WFC3 was 4.24 yuan/kg,

which was 1.3 times of CK. The special grade ratio

and price of WF1, WF2 and WF3 as a whole were

lower than WFC1, WFC2, WFC3 and CF (Table 3).

The results showed that compound fertilizer could

increase the proportion of special grade ratio

effectively on the basis of applying proper amount

of water-soluble fertilizer. In terms of input cost, CK

was the lowest, and CF was the highest. Input cost

of CF is 3.02 times of CK and 1.21 times of

WFC3(Table 4). For economic benefit, there were

significant differences (P<0.05) between

Table 3: Fruit Radio and price of different grades.

Treatment

Ratio of each grade (%)

Price of each grade

(yuan/kg)

Price

(yuan/kg)

Special

grade

First

grade

Second

grade

Special

grade

First

grade

Second

grade

1 30.5 30.8 28.7 6 3 2 3.32

2 30.5 31.5 38 6 3 2 3.53

3 41.7 32.1 26.2 6 3 2 3.98

4 31.1 34.2 34.7 6 3 2 3.58

5 46.1 32.4 21.5 6 3 2 4.16

6 47.9 33.1 19.0 6 3 2 4.24

7 31.2 32.2 36.6 6 3 2 3.56

CK 21.5 40.2 38.3 6 3 2 3.26

Research of Optimized Fertilization Technology of Tarrocco Blood Orange based on Integrated of Water and Fertilizer

407

Table 4: Input cost for each treatment of different fertilization patterns(yuan/hm

·year).

Treatment Fertilizer

Pesticide

and

Material

Irrigation

equipment

depreciation

Labor Total cost

1 4326.3 2500.0 2250.0 13750.0 22826.3

2 8652.6 2500.0 2250.0 13750.0 27152.6

3 12391.5 2500.0 2250.0 13750.0 30891.5

4 2590.5 2500.0 2250.0 20500.0 27840.5

5 5181.0 2500.0 2250.0 20500.0 30431.0

6 7279.8 2500.0 2250.0 20500.0 32529.8

7 4950.0 2500.0 2250.0 29750.0 39450.0

CK 3300.0 2500.0 500.0 6750.0 13050.0

Table 5: Economic benefits one year.

Tre

atm

ent

Yield

(kg/hm

)

Fruit production

value

(yuan/hm

)

Economic benefit

(yuan/hm

)

Increase in

economic

Benefits (%)

1 23977.8±2420.0

79798.1±8053.7

56971.8±8053.8

40.99

2 28116.0±660.0

99390.1±2333.1

72237.5±2333.1

78.77

3 30696.6±2200.0

122448.7±8775.8

91557.2±8775.8

126.59

4 30907.8±770.0

110866.3±2761.9

83025.8±2761.9

105.47

5 32194.8±1287.0

134187.9±5364.2

103756.9±5364.2

156.78

6 35244.0±1540.0

149681.3±6540.4

117151.5±6540.4

189.93

7 28822.2±1100.0

102866.4±3925.9

63416.4±3925.9

56.94

CK 16387.8±1870.0

53457.0±6099.9

40407.0±6099.9

the treatments. The WFC3 treat got benefits of 2.9

times of CK, and increased 189.93% than CK.

However, WF1 (incre-ased 40.99%) was the lowest

in all treatments and followed by CF and WF2. In all

treatm-ents, the total fertilizer input of CF was the

highest, followed by WFC3 and WF3, and WF1 and

WFC1 were the lowest (Table 5). The results

indicated that the fertilization mode of compound

fertilizer combined with water-soluble fertilizer

played an important role in improving fruit quality

and economic benefits.

4 DISCUSSION

Fertilization management should provide

supplementary nutrients according to the cha-

racteristics of fertilizer requi-rements in different

citrus peri-ods (Tan 2019). If water and fertilizer are

not reple-nished in time, it is easy to cause weak

growth, low fruit setting rate, poor quality and low

yield (Yang 2014). Conventional fertilization had

problems of low fertilizer efficiency and large labor

consumption (Lu 2016). Yield and economic

benefits of integrated water and fertilizer treatment

were significantly higher than those of CK. Deep

application of 40 cm water and fertilizer is the best

pattern to improve mango yield, quality and

economic benefit (Liu 2021).

There were some researches shown that the

integration of water and fertilizer can not only save

water and fertilizer, but also increase production and

improve quality. It is an important means to develop

fruit industry in mountainous and hilly areas of the

ICBEB 2022 - The International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics

408

Three Gorges Reservoir area. The average water

requirement for citrus annual growth was 1187.0mm

(Tan 2019). Although annual rainfall in Three

Gorges Reservoir area of Chongqing is more than

1200 mm, there was regular extreme high tempera-

ture or drought in summer and autumn. Which

leaded to shortage of water in flower bud

differentiation phase, and autumn- shoot delayed and

not mature, affecting the yield and bring serious

losses.

This experiment was conducted based on

different amounts and types of fertilization. It was

found that combined fertilization with water and

fertilizer could not only effectively solve the drought

problem from July to September, but also improve

the yield, quality and benefit of citrus. The fruit and

economic traits of different treatments were

significantly different from those of ck. This

experiment was only carried out for two years, and

there was no statistical information of nutrient

elements in fruit and tree body, which was needed

further research.

5 CONCLUSION

In this study, the fruit appearance, quality and

economic benefit of Tarrocco blood orange were

analyzed in different models, and the conclusions

are obtained as below:

(1) The results indicated that, in the same

fertilizer, the water-soluble fertilizer and compound

fertilizer treatments (WFCs) proce-ssed larger fruit,

higher yield, better quality and late-ripening than

traditional fertilization or single water-soluble

fertilizer.

(2) Analysis of comprehensive benefit show-ed

the scheme of Tarrocco blood orange in Three

Gorges Reservoir Region was that water-soluble

fertilizer (different ratio of N, P

, K

O) 3-4 times

(0.67kg every tree in all) a year, including 2 times in

July and August, and according to fruit size, one

time (1.23kg every tree) of compound fertilizer was

applied in time after raining in August, which

increased 189.93% in economic benefits than CK.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research was funded by Science and

Technology Research Program of Chongqing

Municipal Education Commission (Grant

No.KJ202101254125241), the first batch of state

major hydraulic engineering construction funds

(Three Gorges follow-up work) in 2022 (No. 500101

2022FA00001).

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