The Vertical Farming Response to the Agricultural Tropical

Rainforest's Destruction

Xi Zhao

Ashland University, Ashland 44805, U.S.A.

Keywords: Tropical Rainforest, Deforestation, Agriculture, Vertical Farming.

Abstract: With economic development, agricultural expansion is gradually affecting the disruption of the tropical

rainforest ecosystem. This article summarizes that agricultural development poses varying degrees of threats

to the inorganic environment, organic environment, and climate change of tropical rainforests. To improve

efficiency, reduce pollution, and protect the tropical rainforest ecosystem destroyed by the development of

agriculture, this article proposes introducing vertical agriculture as a new agricultural production technology

into tropical rainforest areas. At the same time, combined with vertical agricultural technology in terms of

deforestation and pollution, the practical feasibility of replacing traditional agriculture with new technology

is discussed. The technology has advantages, including occupying less land area, being clean and organic,

saving water and energy, and being smart enough to achieve full control of crop planting efficiency. It

proposes possible solutions for mitigating the adverse effects to provide a direction/reference for the healthy

development of tropical rainforests. However, there are concerns about high costs, limited crop types, and

fewer employment opportunities. Therefore, scientific researchers must increase the application range of

this technology further and reduce costs.

1 INTRODUCTION

Currently, to develop the economy and improve the

poverty situation, expansion of agriculture in the

tropical rainforest is inevitable; however, this

development brings destruction to the tropical

rainforests, which would trigger serious

consequences. The tropical rainforests are vital to

the planet in many aspects. First, it is a colossal

carbon pool that stores a large amount of carbon on

the planet. Second, it could absorb a large amount of

carbon dioxide and release oxygen, regulating and

stabilizing the global climate. Third, it has the

richest biodiversity on the earth. Therefore, the

destruction of tropical rainforests will cause serious

consequences, such as breaking the carbon-oxygen

balance, exacerbating the greenhouse effect. It leads

to soil erosion and desertification of tropical

rainforests, leading to drought, high temperature,

and wildfire. It also destroys the habitats of animals

and plants, breaks the balance of the trophic cascade.

Furthermore, the production methods of traditional

agriculture are inefficient and have many impacts on

the tropical rainforest environment. Therefore, it is

imperative and urgent to develop an agricultural

technology that can improve production efficiency

while significantly reducing the impact on the

environment. Be advised that papers in a technically

unsuitable form will be returned for retyping. After

returned the manuscript must be appropriately

modified.

At present, there is a rare appropriate solution to

the destruction of tropical rainforests to develop

agriculture; a path that can lift local people out of

poverty and protect the rainforest environment at the

same time is still being explored. Some studies have

proposed using sociology theory and government

administrative means to interfere with rainforest

agriculture. For example, after experiments with the

theory of common-pool resources, it was found that

when the property rights of the land are fully granted

to the locals, deforestation can be effectively curbed

(Alencar, 2015). However, the implementation of

this measure is too much affected by human factors,

and it has certain obstacles to the local economic

development. Vertical farming is the practice of

growing crops on vertically stacked levels, vertically

inclined surfaces, or integrated with other structures,

such as skyscrapers, warehouses, or shipping

containers. The modern idea of vertical farming is to

1188

Zhao, X.

The Vertical Farming Response to the Agricultural Tropical Rainforest’s Destr uction.

DOI: 10.5220/0011382300003443

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics (ICBEB 2022), pages 1188-1194

ISBN: 978-989-758-595-1

use indoor breeding technology and controlled

environmental agricultural technology, in which all

environmental causes can be controlled. Compared

with traditional agriculture, vertical agriculture is

energy-saving, water-saving, fertilizer, herbicides,

and pesticides-free, pollution-free, clean, and

organic, with much less floor space, and has high

production efficiency. Therefore, it is of great help

to the condition of deforestation problem. However,

there is little relevant research yet, and vertical

farming technology is still an immature technology,

with the high cost and limited crops that can be

grown, so the solution proposed in this article has a

lot of research space.

This article summarizes the impact of

agricultural development on tropical rainforests from

the inorganic environment, organic environment,

and climate change. In addition, this artic proposes

possible solutions for mitigating the adverse effects

and discusses the feasibility of this technology to

provide a direction/reference for the healthy

development of tropical rain forests.

2 IMPACT OF AGRICULTURE

ON TROPICAL RAINFOREST

The tropical rainforests, also defined as lowland

equatorial evergreen rainforests, are mainly

distributed within 10 to 15 degrees on the two sides

of the equator, located mainly in western and central

Africa, southern and central America, and Malesian

botanical subkingdom. These areas have a typical

tropical rainforest climate, containing two sub-types:

rainy equatorial climate, controlled by the equatorial

low-pressure zone, and tropical oceanic climate

controlled by the humid trade wind. The main

characteristics of tropical rainforest climate include

high precipitation (around 60mm); High

temperature, and slight temperature variation. The

sun shines directly on the ground twice a year,

brings intense radiation and has little difference in

the day and night length. Most of the tropical

rainforests are distributes in developing countries.

The local people live their lives depending on the

exploitation and application of the rainforest

resources, usually with agriculture, which includes

cultivating crops suitable for growing in tropical

rainforests and rearing animals such as cattle.

Although agriculture could help reducing local

poverty, it could also bring serious harm to the

biophysical environment of tropical rainforests.

2.1 Impacts on the Inorganic

Environment

First, conventional agriculture inevitably uses

fertilizer to improve the survival rate of the young

crops or increase the crops' harvest. The rapidly

increased use of fertilizer in the rainforest areas

leads to a concerning consequence. Usually, the

crops can hardly absorb all the fertilizer; many

nutrients would be lost to the environment in several

ways. For example, if the rainwater flows through

the ground of the field, it would take the nutrient

into the physical environment of the rainforest

(Edwards, 1970). When the nutrients enter the water

body with the flow, it would have a chance to

produce a phenomenon defined as eutrophication;

The nutrient would harm the water quality by

triggering dense blooms of phytoplankton, reducing

the water's clarity, and producing a foul smell (D.

Pivoto, P.D. Waquil, E. Talamini, C.P.S. Finocchio,

V.F. Dalla Corte, G. de Vargas Mores). With the

outbreak reproduction of phytoplankton, the water

turns turbid and allows less light to penetrate

through. Meanwhile, the unwanted phytoplankton

consumes too much oxygen in the water, traps the

heat beneath the water's surface, makes the water

much warmer than clear ones, and changes the

water's chemical composition. Eventually,

eutrophication can cause considerable death of

aquatic and nearby terrestrial lives; The fertilizer

applied on the soil would decrease the pH level (H,

2005), disturb the soil enzyme activity and microbial

population (Rodriguez, 2004), and increase heavy

metal concentration (Chang, Chung, Tsai, 2020). In

Turkey, research has shown that after consistently

applying fertilizer for years to the tea plantation in

the province of Rize, soil acidification appears and

continuing to be more severe. 85% of the land has

been observed to decrease to pH 4 or below and

reach a critical level. Excessive fertilizer disrupts the

soil's balance of nutrients and negatively affects the

diversity of organisms like worms and soil mites (H,

2005).

Large-scale tropical rainforests have been

through slash-and-burn clearing, a way of

deforestation, to develop agriculture. Deforestation

leads to soil erosion, which would change the

tropical rainforest landscape, causing desertification

and high temperature. For example, the destruction

of primary forests of the Amazon region is rapid; In

2019, deforestation in Brazil, which contains more

than half of the Amazon Forest, spiked by around

30% to almost 10,000 km2. By 2020, Brazil's

rainforest has already shrunk around 15% compared

The Vertical Farming Response to the Agricultural Tropical Rainforest’s Destruction

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to 1970, and 19% of Brazil's Amazon tropical

rainforest's total area disappeared (Birkby, 2016).

Thus, deforestation making large land areas

vulnerable to erosion by wind, rain, and floods. In

addition, because tree roots hold the soil together

and retain water in the ecosystem, deforestation and

subsequent erosion cycles will destroy habitats.

Although agriculture replaces forests with crops, the

foundations of non-native plants such as cotton and

soybeans cannot keep rainforest soil in place. Once

the plant cover disappears, there will be no roots to

fix the soil during heavy tropical rains, and then

wash away the topsoil and regenerate nutrients

needed for future vegetation. As a result, the

deforested rainforest soil becomes dry and lacks

nutrients because there is no longer vegetation to

keep water and nutrients in place. Furthermore,

heavy rains have eroded the soil, and the eroded

sediments can even change rivers. For instance, the

Yangtze River in China has accumulated much

sediment due to deforestation (Liu, 2007). However,

the Yangtze River is not located in a tropical

rainforest region, and the geomorphological

principle remains the same. Another kind of

landscape changing is desertification, a possible

consequence of erosion caused by deforestation.

When plant cover is lost to the critical level, erosion

will take over (Jing, 2018), and the previously dense

rainforest can turn into an arid desert.

2.2 Impacts on the Organic

Environment

Agriculture expansion profoundly impacts the

biological environment of tropical rainforests, from

the most micro-ecological environment to the most

macro-ecological environment.

Soil organisms are one of the most diverse

biological communities on the planet (Baragwanath,

2020), and it is the same in the tropical rainforest.

Bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and algae constitute

the soil microbial community. They carry out

oxidation, nitrification, ammonification, nitrogen

fixation, sulfidation, and other processes in the soil

to promote the decomposition of organic matters in

the soil and the conversion of nutrients. Thus, the

soil microbial community is the most fundamental

part of the ecological cycle. However, overusing

fertilizer causes heavy metal concentration in the

soil, which has adverse effects on the activity and

the amount of soil microbial community. Heavy

metal ions can inhibit micro-organisms; Various

metabolisms denature proteins, inhibit cell division

or make cells; The membrane ruptures change the

specificity of the enzyme, destroys cell function and

the DNA structure (Benke, 2017). Thus, the

activities and population size of soil microbial

communities of the tropical rainforests were reduced

and destroyed. This phenomenon would directly

impact the upper niches of biology.

Applying herbicides and pesticides to enhance

the crops' efficiency in conventional intensive

agricultural production activities is very common.

However, herbicides and pesticides have intense

negative impacts on the organisms in the tropical

rainforests. Pesticides and herbicides may affect

micro-organisms populations, directly or indirectly

of soil invertebrates by limiting their living

essentials (L. Gibson, T.M. Lee, L.P. Koh, B.W.

Brook, T.A. Gardner, J. Barlow, C.A. Peres, C.J.A.

Bradshaw, W.F. Laurance, T.E. Lovejoy, N.S.

Sodhi), affect plants and animals at different

nutritional levels. For example, there are numerous

insects, spiders, ticks, earthworms, nematodes, and

other invertebrates in tropical nature. At the same

time, pesticides and herbicides have significant

direct elimination effects on these animals' growth,

reproduction, and survival. Thus, the loss of these

arthropods would lead to the loss of upper predators,

like birds and frogs; In the same way, the loss of

secondary consumers would cause the loss of top

predators. Therefore, pesticides and herbicides will

change the species composition and structure of

tropical rainforest organism communities and reduce

the tropical rainforest biodiversity (L.R. Vargas

Zeppetello, L.A. Parsons, J.T. Spector, R.L. Naylor,

D.S. Battisti, Y.J. Masuda, N.H. Wolff).

Studies have shown that deforestation has

adverse effects on tropical biodiversity and primary

forests are no substitute for maintaining tropical

nature biodiversity (SharathKumar, Heuvelink,

Marcelis, 2020). Nonetheless, agricultural

deforestation, for example, the slash-and-burn

clearing and the cut-down clearing, also changes the

ecological environment of the tropical rainforests by

destroying the habitat, breaking the food web, and

reducing biodiversity. For instance, only 40% of the

forest-based plant and insect species could also be

found in the tropical rainforest conventional cocoa

plantation (Chislock, Doster, Zitomer, Wilson,

2013). With the significant area loss of habitat, a

large scale of organisms is suffering local extinction.

Numerous species, even some top predators, for

example, the tiger, which used to spread widely over

Asia, have been observed gradually functional

extinct. Tigers have only been found in just 7% of

their original geographical distribution range (P.

Shukla, J. Skea, 2019).

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2.3 Impacts on Global Climate

A large scale of deforestation on tropical rainforests

would directly cause the phenomenon of global

warming. In 2019, the IPCC issued a report about

climate and land, pointing out the causal relations

between tropical rainforests and global cycles of

energy, water, and carbon. This report indicates that

tropical deforestation is one of the climate change

issues threatening the most prominent land-based

carbon pools on earth (Savci, 2012). For example,

from 2003 to 2018, deforestation in Southeast Asia

reached 11% of the total area of tropical rainforests.

Furthermore, studies have shown that 65% of areas

where the temperature has risen by 5 °C have

experienced deforestation. The same thing happens

in Amazon; 5 ◦C has risen, while deforestation is

just 4% of the total rainforest area. Study shows that

this warming amount is nearly equal to around a

hundred years of greenhouse gas emission induced

climate change (Gbarakoro, 2013).

3 VERTICAL FARMING

Vertical farming is a plantation way to grow

considerably more crops in the same area than

traditional, horizontal farming. The types of vertical

farms model have different shapes and sizes, from

simple two-story or wall-mounted systems to large

warehouses with several stories high. Vertical farms

can be divided into hydroponics, air cultivation, or

fish and vegetable symbiosis to provide nutrients for

plants. The advantages of this technology are

abundant. Multiple combinations of AI, artificial

light, sensor monitoring, climate control systems,

and other facilities and tools make agriculture

controllable. Crops are stacked in layers or rows,

sometimes up to 20 to 30 feet tall. All vertical farms

use LED lights to create a specific lighting scheme

for each plant, thereby providing green plants with

the precise spectrum, intensity, and frequency

required for photosynthesis. Several key factors

determine the feasibility of a vertical farm. First, the

physical layout: Indoor farming aims to maximize

the output efficiency per square meter, which is the

source of the vertical tower structure. Second, the

lighting: Lighting optimization for crop growth in

vertical agriculture usually involves growing lights

and natural light. Professional technology such as

rotating beds improves the efficiency of the light

source and can meet the needs of different crops.

There are three different indoor agricultural systems

models: hydroponics, aeroponic, and fish and

vegetable symbiosis. In hydroponics, crops are

grown in nutrient-rich water basins, and water is

recycled, increasing efficiency and reducing water

consumption. In addition, hydroponic agriculture is

scalable in scale and cost, which is very suitable for

farmers' production goals and needs. It includes drip

irrigation, deep water cultivation, ebb and flow,

nutrient film technology, and a wick system.

Aeroponic agriculture uses regular timers (no soil,

sunlight, or water) to frequently spray crops with

nutrient-based mist. Then, Aeroponics delivers

nutrients directly to plant roots to save water and

reduce labor-intensive. Scalability is another great

advantage of this method, as crops can be harvested

easily without the need for soil. Fish and vegetable

symbiosis is a closed-loop food production system;

aquaponics is the practice of cultivating fish and

plants simultaneously. Fish provide nutrients and

beneficial bacteria to plants, and plants filter water

for fish. Thus, the fish and vegetable symbiosis

creates a high-yield and balanced ecosystem with

many benefits, including water-saving methods. As

is shown in Fig.1, the vertical farms work in a clean,

energy-saving, orderly and smart environment. LED

lights to provide suitable light while the water

supplements and nutrients solutions are under

culture beds, and air conditioners maintain the air

cycle system in the vertical farm. All these factors

are controlled precisely by the AI system, and solar

panels and storage batteries provide electric energy.

Figure 1: The mechanism of vertical farming (W. Abtew,

A.M. Melesse, 2016).

First, since this vertical farming requires the

accurate control of light, water, temperature, and

humidity, this technology was combined with smart

farming in AI to realize efficient, eco-friendly

production. Researchers use artificial intelligence to

coordinate the whole vertical farming lab and

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simulate the natural growing environment of the

crops—smart farming, including incorporating

communication technologies and information. The

smart farming producing system uses

communication technologies, the internet of things,

cloud computing technologies, robots, machinery,

equipment, and sensors (Laurance, Sayer, Cassman,

2014). Vertical farming could be a solution to

tropical agricultural deforestation. Second, it allows

less land use since it is skyward; Only a tiny amount

of land would be required for growing the crops.

This means slash-and-burn deforestation is

unnecessary. Third, vertical farming is eco-friendly

and allows a reduction or total abandonment of

chemical pesticides and herbicides (Z. Atafar);

workers need to be disinfected before working,

which means less harmful bacteria, plant viruses,

and pests would have a chance to go into the lab.

Moreover, since vertical farming is also soilless

cultivation; the culture medium is organic and eco-

friendly, such as coconut shells, the nutrient supply

of crops comes from the environmentally friendly

organic nutrient solution. Some soil-borne crop

diseases, insect pests, or weeds do not happen in the

lab, which means chemicals like pesticides and

herbicides no longer need to be applied. Thus,

environmental contamination, for example, the

waterbody and the soil contamination caused by

fertilizer, pesticides, and herbicides mentioned

above, would not appear. Last, the energy and

resource consumption of vertical farming is small.

The power that vertical farming labs use could be

solar energy, considered as clean and safe energy,

and reduce carbon emissions significantly. Highly

efficient Light-Emitting Diodes are used in most

vertical farms, and only the red and blue light bulbs

are needed, the most beneficial for optimizing plant

growth, ad eliminating other light waves helps

reduce energy costs by 15% (Z. Atafar). The water

applied in the vertical farm is also recyclable; even

the humidity in the atmosphere in the lab would be

collected and reused, which means the

eutrophication is not going to happen in the natural

environment. Fig. 2 is the plant phenotype with

desirable attributes for vertical farming. Vertical

farming provides high-quality crop productions,

while the processes of growing the crops are high

efficiency.

Figure 2: Ideal plant phenotype with desirable attributes for vertical farming.

In contrast, vertical agriculture also has its

limitations. Initially, vertical farming requires

considerable financial investment, such as patents,

researches, developments, equipment, and AI

technology expenses. However, tropical rainforest

agricultural deforestation usually happens in

developing countries, and less capital could be

applied to the vertical technology. Furthermore,

since vertical farms widely use AI technology,

practices like breeding, watering, temperature, and

humidity control can all be coordinated by

computers and operated by robots, fewer jobs could

be offered to the poverty. Thus, developing vertical

farms is counter to the original intention of tropical

rainforest agriculture. The needs, which are tackling

poverty and livelihood issues, have not been met, so

the problem cannot be solved unless the process of

vertical farming replacing the traditional horizontal

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farming in tropical rainforests becomes an

international cooperating project. Furthermore, in

vertical farming projects, there is necessary to

provide services with a supply of skilled labor or

scientific resources workers with a university

education certification. However, in most tropical

agriculture deforestation areas, people have fewer

chances and financial aids to accept higher

education. Third, vertical farming technology has

focused on some specific species of crops. Current

models of vertically grown crops are high value, fast

growth, small area, and fast turnover species. For

example, leafy greens are trendy as a vertical

farming crop because they provide a premium profit

margin (Abtew, Melesse, 2016), such as lettuce,

basil, and a few "salad" crops. Fourth, slow-growing

vegetables and grains are not so profitable that

commercial crops have not been introduced into the

vertical farming system (Z. Atafar). However, in

tropical rainforest agriculture, the crops grown in

tropical areas are usually banana, cocoa, rice, oil

palm, etc.; all of these crops are still have not been

studied as vertical farming growing crops.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Most tropical rainforests are distributed in

developing countries, which means that the

developing economy by cutting down tropical

rainforests and expanding agriculture is inevitable.

To realize the conservative practices of the tropical

rainforest, finding a new method of developing

agriculture is becoming urgent. This article discusses

the impact of agricultural development on tropical

rain forests and the global climate, such as

eutrophication of tropical rain forests, soil heavy

metal pollution, and reduction of biodiversity.

Excessive carbon emissions caused by deforestation

and the development of agriculture will destroy the

global carbon and oxygen balance, intensify the

greenhouse effect and affect the global climate. This

article proposes that vertical agriculture may be one

of the solutions to this problem. Vertical farming

saves most of the water, land, and energy in growing

crops, and it is also clean and organic. Meanwhile, it

allows less environmental contamination and carbon

emission. However, the technology currently has the

following problems: the cost is higher than

traditional agriculture, the crops grown are limited to

salad vegetables, and there are no growing tropical

crops. Furthermore, with artificial intelligence

technology and robots in vertical farms, locals rarely

have a working chance. Although there are some

concerns, there is much space for more research in

this area.

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