Restrictions of the Development of Sustainable Education
A. T. Bayakhmetova
1a
, L. T. Bayakhmetova
2b
and L. T. Bayakhmetova
2c
1
Kazakh-German University (DKU), Almaty, Kazakhstan
2
Agency of the Republic of Kazakhastan, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Keywords: Principal-Argent Problem, Problems of Sustainable Development of Education in Kazakhstan, Citation Index,
Wages, Human Behavior Model, Futurization of Education.
Abstract: The most suitable term characterizing the modern condition of Kazakhstan's science is the "transition period".
The first years of Kazakhstan's independence are marked by a bifurcation stage for Kazakhstan's science and
education. Reforms left a painful mark, breaking the continuity, the disappearance of some scientific schools,
and in general, leading to the disorientation of the sphere of science and education. The main issue is
considered, interrelation of two factors: citation index and salary. Due to the fact that most of the elderly age
group of scientists does not have the research tools, the model of the behavior of scientists did not change due
to erroneous signals from the leader - the Ministry of Education and Science of the country, the issue about
the multiplier effect of increasing the salary of scientists in the transition period for Kazakh science arises.
The study showed that in the period under consideration, the increase in wages is not a panacea for solving
the problem. The consequence of the policy pursued by the leader is the inability and unwillingness of
education to accept the ideas of futurization.
1 INTRODUCTION
The study of the interrelation of two factors, citation
index, and salary, showed its absence. In the context
of this issue, the well-known theories in economics,
which have not been confirmed in the applied field in
relation to the Kazakh sphere of science and
education, were considered. The explanation lies in
the time gap that was formed during the formation of
the country as an independent state. This period
destroyed the basis of the Kazakhstan's science. The
lack of continuity, the destruction of the scientific and
methodological approach in the broad sense of
science has led to a low level of citation of
Kazakhstan's scientific articles.
During the period of the first reforms, the
functioning chain of interrelation between science,
real sector, and economy was destroyed. This
interrelation is not restored, and the state of education
is aggravated by aggressively implemented
technological and social trends. Education is not able
a
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-1513
b
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9149-2439
c
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9149-2439
to respond quickly and adequately to the new
challenges of the time.
The solution is to implement the strategy of
futurization of education. The transition to the
designated vector is complicated by the lack of a
single vector for the development of science and
education. The lack of this understanding from the
leader leads to sending of wrong signals and, as a
result, to the formation of a flawed model of the
leader's behavior.
The increase in wages during the "transition
period" cannot be considered as the main motivating
tool for increasing the role of science in the economy
as a whole. The reason lies in the weak knowledge of
the research tools or in their complete absence, with
the exception of young scientists who were trained
and got their degrees abroad, who perfectly speak
foreign languages, whose number is not enough in a
general group of scientists in the country.
According to the Kazakhstani experts
(Periodicheskoye izdaniye Kursiv, 2018), there is a
"brain drain" in the country. One of the reasons for
the departure of qualified personnel from the country
548
Bayakhmetova, A., Bayakhmetova, L. and Bayakhmetova, L.
Restrictions of the Development of Sustainable Education.
DOI: 10.5220/0010671700003223
In Proceedings of the 1st International Scientific Forum on Sustainable Development of Socio-economic Systems (WFSDS 2021), pages 548-555
ISBN: 978-989-758-597-5
Copyright
c
2022 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
is the creation of a comfortable environment for
attracting talented people by the countries involved,
the second reason is the inability to apply the
knowledge gained abroad in Kazakhstan due to the
inability and unwillingness of the economy and the
environment to accept them.
There are lots of reasons that explain the outflow
of qualified people who are able to develop
technologies, help the state to develop the existing
potential, these the most significant reasons are:
corruption, poor quality of life, the culture of the
scientific environment, lack of investment
environment. It is impossible to commercially apply
the existing scientific developments, since the level
of industrial development is either not ready or
unwilling to accept them, and the mechanisms of the
investment climate are not worked out.
According to the Office of National Statistics of
the Republic of Kazakhstan, the share of domestic
R&D expenditures from the gross domestic product
in 2003 and 2004 was 0.25%, 2005 – 0.28%, 2017 –
0.13%, 2018 and in 2019 - 0.12%, according to
preliminary data in 2020 – 0.12%. This data shows
the need for a radical change in attitudes to science
and education. The problem lies not only in the lack
of funding but also in the competent management of
science funding in the country (Forbes Kazakhstan,
2019).
In modern Kazakhstani science, the level of
development of science is assessed by such indicators
as the number of articles and the publication of an
article in journals with a non-zero impact factor. What
can revive the country's science? What will save the
country in the future? What prevents us to improve
the quality of life of people? The answer lies in the
formation of global education and the advanced
development of science.
In the light of the changes taking place on a global
scale, the rapid development of technologies, the
ongoing changes in geopolitics make us think about
the future of the country. Many other questions led to
one of the solutions - science. An interesting aspect
of the issue under consideration lies in the plane of
the scientist's behavior. Are the two factors, citation
index and scientists' salary, related to each other?
The citation index of articles depends on the
relevance of the chosen topic, the outlined
methodology. What can serve as a nudging signal for
increased research interest? According to the results
of the conducted survey, the incentive to conduct the
study is the salary. The logic is that an increase in
wages will arouse interest in science, an influx of
young scientists to the field of science, not only
increase the number of published articles but also
have a positive impact on the research process, on the
citation index. In general, there will be a shift in
science, including through the interaction of the real
sector and science. At the same time, we should not
forget about the principal-argent problem, about the
context that contains information about salaries and
concepts of the internal labor market, which makes it
possible to assess not the place of work, but its
competence and skills.
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The study of the subject is based on a quantitative
research method. To confirm the assumption, the χ
2
criterion of independence between qualitative
(categorical variables) is applied. When verifying
independence, two factors were considered, each of
which has several levels. One sample is extracted
from the general population, and the values of
qualitative variables corresponding to different levels
of factors are placed in the cells of the contingency
table.
In the χ
2
criterion, the independence criterion of
the hypotheses is formulated as follows:
Н0: the two qualitative variables are independent
(i.e. there is no relationship between them),
Н1: the two qualitative variables are dependent
(i.e. there is the relationship between them).
In order to check independence, χ2 test statistics
are used and the testing procedure is as follows:
,
2
.
набл
, (1)
where
ji
ij
E
ij
E
ij
Y
набл
,
2
)(
2
.
,
,
- critical value of test statistics,
determined by the distribution tables χ2.
ij
Y
- the observed number of successes or
failures located in a particular factor cell at the
intersection of row i and the column j
Ri - (sum on the row i)
Cj = (sum on the column j)
n
j
C
i
R
ij
E
2.
Where Eij is the expected number of successes
and failures in a particular cell of the feature
conjugacy table, provided that the null hypothesis is
true. And there are v = (r – 1) (c-1) degrees of
freedom.
Restrictions of the Development of Sustainable Education
549
Assume that the significance level of the
hypothesis test is α = 0.05. Let's calculate the
expected values of the contingency table:
E
11
=(36*63)/94=24, E
12
=(36*27)/94=10,
E
13
=(36*4)/94=2, E
21
=(58*63)/94=39,
E
22
=(58*27)/94=17, E
23
=(58*4)/94= 2.
It is necessary to calculate:
ji
ij
E
ij
E
ij
Y
набл
,
2
)(
2
.
3.
37,3
2
2
)21(
17
2
)1715(
39
2
)3942(
2
2
)23(
10
2
)1012(
24
2
)2421(
2
.
набл
According to the distribution table χ
2
, given that
the significance level is 0.05, and the number of
degrees of freedom v=(3-1)*(3-1)=2 -
99,5
2,05,0
.
The conclusion is that salaries do not affect the
citation index. To check the hypothesis by
determining the probability p–value, which in the
case under consideration takes on a value equal to
0.19. Since p–value>α, it means that the null
hypothesis is accepted: two qualitative variables
(citation index and salaries) are independent. With p–
value = 0,19, which is higher than the value α = 0.05.
At the 5% significance level, the second test method
resulted in a p-value of 0.19, which also confirms the
hypothesis of independence of the citation index and
salaries.
Figure 1: Verification of the hypothesis
The next approach used to test hypotheses is two-
way ANOVA.
A comparison of several categories of scientific
publications was carried out, as well as an estimate at
what salary the largest number of scientific
publications with a non-zero citation index is
published. Does the difference in publication between
the three categories of journals depend on the salary
of the authors?
Table 1: Comparison of several categories in scientific publications,
their
assessment with the help of the two-way analysis
of variance ANOVA.
Citation
(
0; 0,50
)
Citation
(
0,51; 0,90
)
Citation
˃=0,91
Interviewee
Wages of
110000-189999
7 0 0 Res
p
ondent 1
5 1 0 Respondent 2
4 2 0 Res
p
ondent 3
4 2 1 Respondent 4
7 1 1 Res
p
ondent 5
Wages of
190000-270000
5 3 1 Res
p
ondent 6
8 2 2 Respondent 7
2 1 2 Res
p
ondent 8
3 1 1 Respondent 9
4 3 0 Res
p
ondent 10
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Table 2: Analysis of Variance Table (ANOVA): The result of a two-way analysis of variance for the number of scientific
publications.
Two-way analysis of variance with repetitions
TOTAL
Citation
(0; 0,51)
Citation
˃=0,90
Citation
(0,51; 0,90)
Total
Wages 110000-189999
Count 5 5 5 15
Amount 27 6 2 35
Average 5.4 1.2 0.4 2.333333
Dispersion 2.3 0.7 0.3 6.095238
Wages 190000-270000
Count 5 5 5 15
Amount 22 10 6 38
Average 4.4 2 1.2 2.533333
Dispersion
Total
Count 10 10 10
Amount 49 16 8
Average 4.9 1.6 0.8
Dispersion 3.655556 0.93333 0.622222
Dispersion analysis
Source of variation SS df MS F P-value F-critical
Sample 0.3 1 0.3 0.174757 0.679635 4.259677
Columns 94.46667 2 47.23333 27.51456 6.15E-07 3.402826
Interaction 5.4 2 2.7 1.572816 0.228105 3.402826
Within 41.2 24 1.716667
Total 141.3667 29
In order to analyze the results, the first step was to
check the existence of an interaction between factor
A (average salary of the author) and factor B
(category of scientific publication). In the case of a
significant interaction effect, further analysis is
limited only to the assessment of this effect. If the
interaction effect is not significant, we should focus
on the main effects - potential differences between the
level of average salaries (factor A) and the categories
of scientific publications (factor B).
To determine the presence of an interaction effect
at the significance level of 0.05, the following
decisive rule is applied: the null hypothesis of the
absence of an interaction effect is rejected if the
calculated value of the F-statistic is greater than 3.40
(cell G27), i.e. greater than the upper critical value of
the F-distribution. Since F=1.57 (cell E27) < FU=3.40
(cell G27), then the value of p is 0.23 (cell F27), the
hypothesis H0 is not rejected. Therefore, there is no
sufficient reason to say that the factors of salary and
the categories of publications interact with each other.
At a given significance level of 0.05, the basis for
checking the difference between the two levels of
average salaries of authors of publications (factor A)
is the following decision rule: the null hypothesis is
rejected if the calculated value of the F-statistic is
greater than 4.25 (cell G25), i.e. more than the upper
critical value of the F-distribution. Since F = 0.17
(cell E25) < FU = 4.25 (cell G25), and the value of p
= 0.68 (cell F25) and exceeds the significance level α
= 0.05, the null hypothesis is not rejected. Thus, there
is no sufficient reason to claim that there is a
significant difference between different average
salaries and the number of scientific publications with
a non-zero citation index published by the author.
At a given significance level of 0.05, the basis for
checking the difference between the categories of
scientific publications (factor B) is the following
decisive rule: the null hypothesis is rejected if the
calculated value of the F-statistic is greater than 3.40
(cell G26), i.e. greater than the critical F-distribution.
Since F=27.51 (cell E26)>FU = 3.40 (cell G26), and
the value of p is almost zero (cell F26) and less than
the significance level α = 0.05, H0 is rejected. Thus,
it can be concluded that there is a significant
difference between the number of scientific
publications published in scientific journals with
different citation indices. Testing the hypothesis in
Restrictions of the Development of Sustainable Education
551
the two ways described above led to the null
hypothesis: there is no interrelation between the
citation index and salaries.
3 RESEARCH RESULTS
Poor knowledge of research tools does not allow you
to have a high citation rate of scientific articles.
Articles must be interesting, relevant, and arouse
interest, including due to the research methodology
included.
The citation rate characterizes the level of
development of science, and the citation rate does not
depend on the salary amount. The quality of the
research is not closely related to the salary amount for
a number of reasons. Kazakhstani science is
undergoing a "transition period". At this period of
time, an increase in salary is not a panacea for solving
this acute issue.
The available research and works prove the
interrelation between salary and scientific activity of
scientists. A reasonable question arises. Why the
opposite result was obtained in Kazakhstan?
4 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
The first restriction is a weakness of the scientific
school. The second one is the lack of a constructive
understanding of the vector of development of
science and education in the regulator. R. Thaler in
his book "Misbehaving: The Making of Behavioral
Economics" (Thaler, 2016) writes: "The owner is
responsible for creating the problem to the same
extent as his subordinates". The theory of relations
between the principal and the agent sees the fault in
the weak level of development of science and the
principal itself - the regulator of the sphere of
education and science.
The lack of prospects also leads to the drain of
professionals. Over the past four years, the outflow of
qualified personnel has increased by 34 percent
according to IA "NewTimes.kz" with a reference to
Finprom. About 90 percent of those leaving
Kazakhstan are young people aged 25-35.
The third reason is the culture of the scientific
environment, paternalism. Young people who studied
abroad do not see themselves in science because of
the lack of prestige of scientific activity, the inability
to apply the acquired knowledge in the country, there
is no platform for applying knowledge, or there is an
element of unpreparedness of society.
Richard Thaler, a well-known scientist in the field
of behavioral economics, adheres to the position of
irrationality in human behavior. Irrationality is not
random or meaningless – on the contrary, it is quite
systematic and predictable. How to change the
behavior of an employee in the field of science and
education? How to encourage employees to do
science, publish cited articles?
To resolve the issues raised, the Ministry of
Education and Science should:
1. Develop a clear strategy for the development
of science, the policy should work ahead of the curve,
i.e. it should be based on a model of global education.
2. Clarifications on the need for changes in the
field of science and education.
3. The strategy must be formed with the
participation of representatives of research
organizations and universities. Otherwise, the
developed strategy will meet with resistance from
employees of the scientific and educational sphere.
Considering the nature of human behavior, R.
Thaler identified three barriers: limited rationality,
limited willpower, and limited self-interest (Thaler,
1980). During economic interaction, the choice of an
individual is influenced by such factors as altruism,
the desire for justice, compliance with generally
accepted norms of behavior, trust, reciprocity, and
much more.
In modern behavioral economics, it is proposed to
pay attention to the emerging institutional order.
According to S. Sunder (Sunder, 2002), it is necessary
to take into account the fact that individuals make
their choices within a certain institutional
environment, and its architectonics directly affect
both the decisions that are made by individuals and
the consequences of these decisions. The social
environment has a huge impact on an individual's
decision-making. The concept of emergence reflects
a situation in which, as a result of the strategic
interaction of egotistical individuals, an overall
positive effect suddenly appears. Efficiency is
necessarily the result of the interaction of institutional
rules with the actions of economic actors (Smith,
2002). The task of the institute is to create
prerequisites for individuals to unite for conducting
joint research, writing high-quality articles.
Efficiency is achieved only in the interaction of the
state, science, and the real sector.
The "endowment effect" of R. Thaler suggests
that people tend to value things that they already
have, significantly higher than exactly the same ones,
but which they do not yet possess (Thaler and Shefrin,
1981). The high self-esteem of the country's scientists
is proved by the presence of an academic degree. The
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criterion for success is to have an academic degree,
not a high degree of citation. In Kazakhstani society,
there is no such value as a high level of citation of an
article. However, in Kazakhstan, there are scientists
whose articles are published in scientific journals
with a high impact factor or who have high citation
rates. No additional allowances are provided for their
salaries. What is the driver? Such factors as altruism
and the desire for justice push scientists to conduct
high-quality research and publish their results.
The behavior of workers in the field of science
and education should be considered not from the
position of their rational behavior, but from the
position of the teachings of behavioral science. The
conclusions are as follows:
1. People often do not consider opportunity costs
in their actions. For example, learning a foreign
language. Proficiency in a foreign language increases
competitiveness, the ability to receive additional
payment for proficiency in a foreign language.
Knowledge of a foreign language gives other
advantages as well.
2. People do not know how to think in terms of
limiting values. The current decision must be defined
not by the past, but by the future result.
3. People attach importance to relative, not
absolute, values. For example, if a person earns $100
000 a year, then, as a rule, he or she feels quite
confident, living and working in almost any city in
any country in the world, for example, in New York.
However, everything changes if this person lives in a
prestigious area of New York, located on the
Manhattan Peninsula. Seeing his or her neighbors,
whose average earnings are in the millions of dollars
a year, over time, he or she begins to feel unhappy.
Today, teaching is well paid, but with the right policy
of the Ministry of Education and Science, doing
science can be more profitable than being limited to
teaching only. Restriction leads to a loss of time, loss
of existing skills, and not gaining new ones in the
process of research.
4. People think about justice, and therefore may
not behave rationally.
5. People are very short-sighted when dealing
with probable quantities.
6. Most people are overconfident in their
abilities. As noted above, the self-esteem of
Kazakhstani scientists is very high, and that the main
incentive for such an assessment is the achievement
of an academic degree. High self-esteem is explained
by the respondents' high level of qualification, huge
scientific experience. A smaller proportion of
respondents named the demand for the results of their
work as the main motive for their assessment. Having
a high level of qualification and the presence of a
large scientific experience, Kazakhstani scientists are
supposed to have high citation rates, however,
statistics show the opposite.
7. People only pay attention to facts that support
their own views. This feature of human behavior is
well described in the book "The Black Swan: The
Impact of the Highly Improbable" (Taleb, 2007). In
real life, there are so many different events happening
that it is not difficult to find those that support a
certain point of view and accept them as proof of that
point of view. For example, extremely hot summer is
seen as proof of the theory of global warming.
5 CONCLUSIONS
The nudging role should be performed by the
country's Ministry of Education and Science or the
Science Committee. Mechanisms of direct coercion,
such as dismissal in the absence of cited articles,
should not be used. It is necessary to create conditions
under which a person makes decisions that are likely
to be optimal from a social point of view. The
designer of the creation of conditions is the Ministry
of Education and Science of the country or the
Science Committee.
The endowment effect should also be kept in
mind. In many situations, the subjective justice of an
action depends not only on who helps or does harm
but also on how the problem is formulated. Perception
of justice is associated with the endowment effect.
The endowment effect is that all economic decisions
are made based on the assumption of the costs of an
alternative opportunity. Considering the salary
amount as an incentive to conduct research and
publish high-quality articles, it is taken into account,
but attention is drawn to the amount of money, which
may seem large or small, depending on the context.
People are overly self-confident, they have the
effect of false consensus and such a pronounced trait
as a deviation towards the status quo, as well as a
tendency to avoid risks.
In this regard, a number of recommendations is
suggested. But, initially, the principal-agent problem
should be emphasized again. It is wrong to blame
scientists for the poor level of development. The
principal is as responsible for the creation of the
problem as the agent. Yes, there are problems in
science, but it is primarily the Ministry to be blamed
for creating such a condition.
It is often assumed that the head of a Ministry or
a scientific organization or university has a wide
range of skills, a share of analytical abilities, and who
Restrictions of the Development of Sustainable Education
553
can hire professionals to help them. However, as the
importance of the management decision increases, the
tendency of managers to rely on analytical notes and
recommendations prepared by professionals
decreases. Therefore, the role of leaders should be
seen as managers with a broad outlook, scientific
taste, and a modern set of management tools.
It is the principal who must determine the object
of the desire, know the ways to achieve it, and
understand the system of evaluating the results.
A nudge can only be the second step. It is the
signal theory that contributes to the solution of the
issue in one action.
But before generating a signal, the following
should be taken into account. Firstly, the endowment
effect. All economic decisions are made based on the
assumption of the cost of an alternative opportunity.
Secondly, a person tends to overestimate the level of
his or her awareness. Thirdly, scientists do not
discount what they now have - an academic degree,
which over time can be estimated at half that.
Based on the listed properties, proceed to the
generation of a signal. But one should take seriously
the generation of this signal and think about the
incentives. This measure will allow scientists and
educators to review and understand their preferences.
There is a category of employees who are more
inclined to engage in science or teaching or can be
generators of ideas. There are teachers who are not by
nature generators of ideas, but perfectly possess a set
of tools for communicating information to students.
The following should be considered as a
motivational tool.
1. Economics. Despite the fact that the salary is
perceived by Kazakhstani scientists as low, however,
this does not guarantee that an increase in salaries will
lead to an increase in the citation. The amount of
money seems large or small depending on the context.
The main thing is to create conditions to do science.
First of all, it is an opportunity to sell scientific works
and developments. Ongoing research and
development can be sold if they are interesting and in
demand. This knowledge can be sold because it is
understandable and people like it. You can motivate
people to do science through an incentive system, i.e.
through bonuses for citation, for monographs, for
innovations, developments. It should be noted that the
average monthly nominal salaries of workers in
research activities are higher than the average level
noted for the country as a whole. Undoubtedly, at this
time period, when the gap is created, the impact of
salaries on the citation index is small. But it is worth
considering a reward system for ongoing research, the
results of which are reflected in publications with a
high impact factor. The state should encourage such
scientists in the form of scholarships or one-time
financial incentives.
2. Political Motivation. Under political
motivation, the authors of this article consider the
theory of signals. Send the necessary signal to the
scientific community, which should not consist in the
number of publications, but, for example, in the
citation. In this direction, it is necessary to increase
the requirements for the content of materials, review,
and export evaluation, in other words, to come to a
more thorough, rigid system of selection of scientific
papers. For this purpose, it is proposed to create an
association of editors and publishers of scientific
publications in the form of an export-consulting
center. Its tasks will include such issues as training of
domestic authors in the preparation of scientific
publications, professional translation into English,
German, Russian, and Chinese, the development of a
unified web platform for the websites of scientific
journals. Political motivation can also be viewed
through such a tool as “forcing” by giving signals. For
example, to increase the requirements for the
assignment of scientific titles, the quality of published
articles, i.e. to pay attention to the non-content part.
But no matter what harsh conditions are put forward,
the teacher, for example, will not do science, because
the latter will always calculate the costs. There must
be strict working conditions and requirements. Fear
of losing a job in the light of the ongoing global
changes in the world, the Fourth Industrial
Revolution, rising unemployment. It will force
scientists to pay attention not to salaries in the first
place, but to the preservation of their workplace.
3. The new behavioral economics proved that the
basis of the human behavioral model is not
rationality, but irrationality due to various facts,
including the inability of a person to work and process
big data, to make the right choice due to certain
restrictions. A person values what he or she owns.
The survey shows that in the Kazakhstani scientific
society having an academic degree is considered to be
an achievement. It is necessary to change the point of
value, show through nudge that an academic degree
is discounted and loses its value over time.
4. The next motivation is moral. The principal-
agent problem is covered here. One of the problems
of the decline of the moral climate is reduced to the
problem of the principal. The principal must know
that the object of desire, the solutions, and all of this
must be appropriate. The moral climate plays an
important role. Moreover, the data given above about
the population migration suggests that workers do not
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feel stable, there is a situation in socio-economic
terms in the country.
5. The next point is scientific curiosity. Only
scientific curiosity can motivate you to do science, the
desire to solve a problem that captured your
imagination. For this, it is necessary to create
conditions, namely: to create moral conditions, to
give them a sense of belonging. It is necessary to
eliminate corruption, nominate decent people, a
transparent system of management and remuneration,
create a competitive environment.
As the result of the study showed, for this period
of time (the last five years), the Kazakhstani scientific
community is only beginning to understand and is
inertly trying to adapt. The main problem of
Kazakhstani science is not salaries but socio-
economic conditions in which science finds itself.
There are still echoes of the reforms that took place in
the past. In this period of time, a lag was created when
a young generation of scientists did not mature and
the older generation did not raise them to replace
themselves. The conditions in the country do not give
the academic freedom that scientists need, the socio-
economic conditions of life in the country are a very
strong factor of influence. The recommendations
listed above will lead to the sustainable development
of education in the country.
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Periodicheskoye izdaniye Kursiv, 2018, P. 8
Smith, V. L. (2002). Constructivist and Ecological
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Sunder, S. (2002). Markets as Artifacts: Aggregate
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Taleb, N.N. (2007). Black Swan and Domains of
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