Preliminary Design of Micro Hydro Portable Screw Archimedes with
Transmission System in Small Irrigation Channel
I Kadek Ervan Hadi Wiryanta
1a
and Achmad Wibolo
2b
1
Politeknik Negeri Bali Badung, Bali, Indonesia
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indonesia
Keywords: Design, Micro Hydro, Screw Archimedes, Transmission.
Abstract: The purpose of this research was to find an optimum design of micro hydro screw Archimedes for use in small
irrigation channel. This type of turbine has advantages including low head, easy maintenance and friendly to
fish. From the design, the screw Archimedes turbines made with three screw blades, the thread range is 492
mm, the outer blade radius (Ro) is 112.5 mm and the inner radius (Ri) is 55 mm and uses materials from
stainless and has an inclination of 20°. The frame has a dimension of 1m long, 30cm wide, and 30cm high
using aluminium. The generators with an output of 0 – 24V, 3Ah battery capacity, and inverters with 500W.
The rotation speed and the power generate from screw Archimedes turbines will observed with the variation.
The test result showed that the screw Archimedes turbines work properly. The average rotation of turbine was
about 259.4 rpm and the average generator rotation are about 768.6 rpm. The power output that produces from
the system was about 27.37 Watt at 0.443 m
3
/s water debit.
1 INTRODUCTION
The development of new and renewable energy is
currently quite rapid. This is based on the awareness
of the fact that the main energy source so far, namely
fossil fuels is increasingly becoming scarce. New
sources of fossil energy such as petroleum, coal was
increasingly difficult to obtain. Some of the new and
renewable energy sources that are quite widely used
include solar energy, wind energy, water energy,
biomass, and so on, all of which are energy that will
never run out because they can be renewed naturally
and more importantly energy. The energy is
environmentally friendly because it produces low
emissions and produces fewer waste products that can
have a negative impact on the environment. (Garg
H.P, 1995).
Hydropower system was one of the commonly
renewable energy developed to produces electricity.
Hydropower has a different type of turbines that used
to generate electric power from the generator. A small
hydropower system usually known as micro hydro.
Micro hydro turbines also had many types of turbines,
which the most recently studied were the screw
a
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1501-569X
b
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7721-4037
turbines (screw Archimedes). Screw turbines have an
advantage of low head operated screw turbine (H
<10m) (Okot, 2013). Several studies on the
development of screw turbines (screw Archimedes
turbine) as a driving force for the generation of
electrical energy have been carried out. Other
experimental studies to optimize the design and
performance of the screw Archimedes turbine were
also carried out by optimizing the inner radius of the
turbine and the pitch ratio of the screw (Rorres, 2000).
Another method was carried out by Saroinsong, et al,
2016, by making a laboratory-scale screw turbine
from acrylic material with three turbine blades, a
blade tilt angle of 30° and a radius ratio of 0.54. The
results showed that the screw turbine performance
was maximized at low turbine shaft tilt, which
automatically resulted in a better turbine when
operating at low head and rotation. Many others
research about development of screw Archimedes
turbines also have been done, Lyon, M., 2013 made
experimental results report examining the
relationship between torque, rotation speed and
power. The laboratory screw maintained reasonable
efficiency over wide ranges of operating conditions,
Wiryanta, I. and Wibolo, A.
Preliminary Design of Micro Hydro Portable Screw Archimedes with Transmission System in Small Irrigation Channel.
DOI: 10.5220/0010942400003260
In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science (iCAST-ES 2021), pages 207-212
ISBN: 978-989-758-615-6; ISSN: 2975-8246
Copyright
c
2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
207
although distinct efficiency peaks were found to
occur. The screw Archimedes generator power output
identified changes over the varying of water level
outlet. Kumar, U., 2016 also had research about screw
Archimedes for used in India. The screw Archimedes
generator in Micro-hydro power plant At Kabitkhedi,
Indore, India was observed and the result showed that
The results show that significant potential exists for
energy recovery in the water industry, The water will
run straight through the turbine and back into the river
or stream to use it for the other purposes. This has a
minimal environmental impact on the local
ecosystem.
Another study on Archimedes screw turbines is
also carried out numerically. (Kotronis, 2016) has
carried out numerical model of the Archimedes screw
turbine by developing a mathematical model using
CFD by varying the geometry of the turbine, water
flow velocity, upstream and downstream water levels
of the turbine, and the efficiency of devices such as
gearboxes and so on. Waters S, et al, 2015 conducted
a review of the parameters for the optimization of the
Archimedes turbine screw using CFD. Various types
of applications (submerged, inclined and horizontal),
were investigated, because each application method
will generate electrical energy potential in different
ways. The ideal conditions for micro hydro power are
geographically an area that has river flows that flow
throughout the year with a slope angle that is not too
high, for example mountainous areas. Another
requirement is high rainfall throughout the year and
island areas with a maritime climate with high
humidity levels. Thus, Indonesia can be said to be
ideal to be a place for the development of this micro
hydro power.
Bali as a developed province in Indonesia with a
lot of rice field with traditional irrigation system
called “subak” has a great potential for micro hydro
system. Due to this situation in this research, there
will be develop an optimal design for micro hydro
screw Archimedes using small irrigational water
system that suit in Bali.
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The methodology in this research were divided into
two sections, the first was calculate and designing the
prototype model of screw Archimedes turbines based
on the topography of the irrigation channel, and the
second was build and test the screw Archimedes
turbines to find the performances.
3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The Archimedes screw type hydro power generator,
as described in the background, has advantages
compared to other turbine types. The working
principle of the Archimedes screw turbine is:
a. Water from the top end flows into the space
between the blade range (bucket)and out
from the bottom end
b. The gravity of the water and the difference in
hydrostatic pressure in the bucket along the
rotor pushes the screw blade and rotates the
rotor about its axis
c. The turbine rotor rotates an electric generator
which is connected to the top end of the screw
turbine shaft.
Before designing the optimum model for the
micro hydro, the first step was measuring the average
size of the irrigation channel.
Yes
N
o
Start
Design prototype of Micro
H
y
dro Power Model
Desi
g
n of screw Archimedes turbines
Build and fabrication of micro hydro power
screw Archimedes turbines
Experimental report
Testing of micro
hydro screw
Archimedes
Finish
iCAST-ES 2021 - International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science
208
Figure 1: Irrigation water channel in Gianyar, Bali.
Figure 2: Schematic of water irrigation.
The irrigation channel has a rectangular shape. The
dimension of the irrigation channel shown in table 1
below.
Table 1: Dimension of the irrigation channel.
No Irrigation
channel
𝒍
𝒎)
𝒘
(𝒎)
𝒕
𝒔
𝒅
𝒎
1 Banjar Sawan 0.42 0.09 4.46 5
2 Banjar Sawan 0.38 0.05 4.44 5
3 Banjar Taruna 0.48 0.07 5.12 5
From the measure of the water velocities, can be
obtain the debit of the water flow in the irrigation
channel.
I. Irrigation channel 1
𝑄𝐴 .𝑣
𝑄 0.038 𝑚
. 1.121 𝑚/𝑠
𝑄 0.043 𝑚
/𝑠
II. Irrigation channel 2
𝑄𝐴 .𝑣
𝑄 0.019 𝑚
. 1.126 𝑚/𝑠
𝑄 0.021 𝑚
/𝑠
III. Irrigation channel 3
𝑄𝐴 .𝑣
𝑄 0.034 𝑚
. 0.977 𝑚/𝑠
𝑄 0.033 𝑚
/𝑠
3.1 Design of Screw Archimedes
Turbines
The design of the screw Archimedes turbine was
developed using the optimal design by rores. Figure 3
shown two blade turbines made by rores
Figure 3: Two blade turbine.
The screw turbine which is designed based on the
potential of available water energy sources is as
follows:
• Head = 24 cm
• Debit = 0.043 𝑚
/𝑠
The tilt angle of the screw turbine that will be made
variable is from an angle of 20°, turbine shaft length
used are measure by:
𝐿 =
𝐿
24 cm
0.363970234
𝐿 65.939 cm 𝐿 660 𝑚𝑚
In determining the dimensions of this turbine blade,
the number of threads N is 3. Referring to table 2 for
N=3 is selected:
𝑁 = 3
𝜐
∗
= 0.2697
𝜌
∗
= 0.5357
𝜆
∗
= 0.2217
Preliminary Design of Micro Hydro Portable Screw Archimedes with Transmission System in Small Irrigation Channel
209
For the outer radius of the screw turbine Ro in the
design selected 10 cm, which is 20 cm in diameter.
As for the radius in the screw turbine Ri, the design is
based on equation:
𝑅
ρ
∗
𝑅
𝑅
0.5357 𝑥 10 cm
𝑅
5.35 𝑐𝑚
The range of the blade 𝛬 can be calculated. Because
the angle uses below 30 then the 𝛬 is:
𝛬 2.4𝑅
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜃 30
°
𝛬 2.4𝑅
𝛬 2.4 𝑥 10 𝑐𝑚
𝛬 24 𝑐𝑚
Table 2: Optimal Ratio Parameters of Archimedes Screw
for Various Numbers of Blades.
The length of the threaded blade (L) is calculated
using the Inventor engineering drawing software,
resulting in a blade span length of 43.2718 cm.
3.2 Design of Transmission System
In the designing of this micro hydro turbine, it was
decided to transfer the rotation from the turbine shaft
to the generator shaft using pulleys and belts. The belt
used is a V-belt, one of the choices for this belt is
because the V-belt has a smaller slip factor than a
rotating belt, the price is cheaper than a rotating belt
Figure 4: he length of the threaded blade, made with
Inventor.
and it is easier to find in the market. The ratio of
pulley was 1:3 in order to increasing the generator
rotation. The frame of the turbine designed based on
field surveys, most irrigation have a minimum width
of 35 cm and a depth of ±12 cm, the turbine design is
made as follows: length 1 m, height 30 cm, and width
30 cm.
3.3 Build and Test of the Micro Hydro
Screw Archimedes
Due to the detail geometry of turbine and screw that
has been calculated, then a design of micro hydro
system created using CAD. Detail of the CAD system
shown in Figure 5 below:
1. Screw 6. Pulley
2. Battery 7. V-belt
3. Bearing 8. Bucket
4. Generator 9. Chasing
5. Inverter
Figure 5: Design of micro hydro screw Archimedes.
iCAST-ES 2021 - International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science
210
From the geometry and design using CAD in Figure 5,
then the prototype of micro hydro power screw
Archimedes turbines was built and developed. The
rotor construction has 3 screw blades, the thread range
is 492 mm, the outer blade radius (Ro) is 112.5 mm and
the inner radius (Ri) is 55 mm and uses materials from
stainless. The frame has a dimension of 1m long, 30cm
wide, and 30cm high using aluminium. The generators
with an output of 0 – 24V, 3Ah battery capacity, and
inverters with 500 W power. The prototype of the
turbine shown in Figure 6 below:
Figure 6: Screw Archimedes micro hydro.
The micro hydro power that has been built then tested
in irrigation channel Voltage and current data were
measured using an AVO meter, the turbine and
generator rotation and were obtained using
tachometer. The result shown in table 3 below:
Table 3: Micro hydro test result (Q = 0.043 m
3
/s).
Time
(min)
Rotation (rpm) Output
Turbine Generator V
(Volt)
I
(A)
P
(watt)
5 258.3 769.5 25.6 1.8 27.65
10 269.2 783.6 26.31 1.13 29.73
15 257.9 762.4 25.42 1.08 27.45
20 249.9 753.9 24.1 0.99 23.86
25 261.7 773.8 25.84 1.09 28.17
Figure 7: Turbine rotation by time.
Figure 8: Power output by time.
Figure 7 and Figure 8 above showed that the micro
hydro screw Archimedes that has designed and build
can work properly. The micro hydro turbine can
rotate in the irrigation channel and produce enough
electricity. The rotation from turbine to generator
increased by the transmission system. It is significant
to increase the power output that generate by the
generator. The average rotation of turbine was about
259.4 rpm and the average generator rotation are
about 768.6 rpm. The power output that produces
from the system was about 27.37 Watt.
4 CONCLUSIONS
From the discussion above about the optimal design
of micro hydro screw Archimedes turbine for used in
irrigation channel has a 3 screw blades, the thread
range is 492 mm, the outer blade radius (Ro) is 112.5
mm and the inner radius (Ri) is 55 mm and uses
materials from stainless. The frame has a dimension
of 1m long, 30cm wide, and 30cm high using
aluminium. The generators with an output of 0 – 24V,
3Ah battery capacity, and inverters with 500 W.
From the test result, we can conclude that the micro
hydro screw Archimedes that has been build can work
properly and had an efficiency about 30%.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to acknowledge The Director
and Head of P3M State Polytechnic of Bali for
funding this research. Authors also likes to thanks full
to the research team and all the staff of Mechanical
Engineering Department of Bali State Polytechnic for
the support.
258,3
269,2
257,9
249,9
261,7
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
5 10152025
Rotation (rpm)
Time (min)
Q = 0.443 m^3/s
27,65
29,73
27,45
23,86
28,17
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
5 10152025
Power output
Waktu (menit)
0.043 m^3/s
Preliminary Design of Micro Hydro Portable Screw Archimedes with Transmission System in Small Irrigation Channel
211
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