Application of Shell and Tube Model Condenser on Alcohol Content
on the Arak Distillation Prototype Equipment
I Made Sudana, I Gede Nyoman Suta Waisnawa and I Made Rajendra
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bali State Polytechnic, Badung, Bali, Indonesia
Keywords: Nira, Heating, Distillation, Condenser, Shell and Tube, Arak.
Abstract: The process of making Balinese wine using a coconut sap distillation tool (tuak) into arak still uses the
traditional way with firewood, through a heating and cooling process of sap steam which is heated so that it
becomes arak with an alcohol content. The research method is the application of a shell and tube condenser
model in a distillation apparatus, where the condenser cooling water is circulated through a tube using cooling
water from the reservoir tube to release heat into the atmosphere. The results of the study at a reactor tube
temperature of 80°C, a condenser temperature of 40°C with an alcohol content of 25%, and a reactor tube
temperature of 85°C, a condenser temperature of 35°C with an alcohol content of 48%, and a reactor tube
temperature of 90°C, condenser temperature 35°C alcohol content of 46%. The highest alcohol content of the
distillation apparatus is 48% and the lowest alcohol content is 25%, while the volume of alcohol produced
increases with each heating of the reactor tube, this is influenced by the heating rate of the reactor tube and
the cooling temperature of the shell and tube condenser.
1 INTRODUCTION
Balinese wine is made by distillation from coconut
sap through a heating process and condensation of the
juice vapor which triggers the process of producing
alcohol with alcohol content. The tool for distilling
coconut sap into arak is still using the traditional
method with firewood.
The condenser is a very important cooling
component that functions to maximize the efficiency
of the cooler. In general, using a surface type
condenser (surface condenser), this type of condenser
is a shell-tube type in which cooling water is
circulated through the tube. Condensers usually use
circulating cooling water from the cooling tower to
release heat to the atmosphere, or once-through water
from the reservoir tube. (Ratnawati et al.,2018)
Shell and tube type heat exchangers are the most
widely used heat exchangers in various industries and
the simplest compared to other heat exchangers, this
is because:
a. It only consists of a tube and a shell, where the
tube is located concentrically inside the shell.
b. Ability to work in high pressure and
temperature.
c. Its ability to be used on one large volume
stream.
d. Its ability to work with working fluids that have
a large volume flow difference.
e. Available in various materials or materials.
f. Sturdy and safe construction.
g. Mechanically can operate properly and reliably
(high reliability).
h. Tube is called shell side
(Budi et al.,2018)
Arak Bali is one of the two types of traditional
Balinese drinks that are popular and favored by young
and old people. Besides drinking wine, it is also
commonly used as a means of offering in Hindu
religious ceremonies in Bali. Arak is a type of
fermented liquor containing 37%-60% alcohol (ethyl
alcohol) which has been known in Bali since ancient
times. Arak is generally made from palm wine by
distillation. Arak is divided into several grades of
alcohol content. For class one, the alcohol content is
between 35 and 40 percent, for class two the alcohol
content is 30 percent, while for class 3 the alcohol
content is 25 percent.
(Kadek et al.,2020)
The distillation method is usually taken if you
want to increase the alcohol content in the previous
fermented product which after being distilled to
separate the ethanol from the ethanol mixture, the
Sudana, I., Waisnawa, I. and Rajendra, I.
Application of Shell and Tube Model Condenser on Alcohol Content on the Arak Distillation Prototype Equipment.
DOI: 10.5220/0010943200003260
In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science (iCAST-ES 2021), pages 249-253
ISBN: 978-989-758-615-6; ISSN: 2975-8246
Copyright
c
2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
249
levels increase to a minimum of 29% and a maximum
of 50%, distillation is the easiest and most efficient
way to operate a solution consisting of components -
components with different boiling temperatures
(Ratnaningtyas et al.,2017)
Through research on the application of shell and
tube condensers in wine distillation equipment, it is
hoped that this can be one of the innovations in
developing appropriate technology to support home
industries, especially wine distillation.
2 RESEARCH METHOD
This research includes experimental research through
testing the shell and tube condenser distillation
apparatus with a reactor tube heater using an LPG
stove. Before carrying out the test (distillation
process), the coconut sap was treated with the sample
material by fermentation for 8 hours, so that the sap /
raw material for the sample to be tested included good
quality sap. Furthermore, testing was carried out on
the distilled wine to obtain the alcohol content.
2.1 Distillation Equipment Test
1. Setting the heating temperature on the reactor tube
with a Solenoid Valve Gas to regulate the flame
of the stove in order to get the desired temperature
in the reactor tube so that the temperature of the
palm wine heating can be adjusted and equipped
with a temperature detection device (thermo-
couple) to determine the temperature rate in the
process of heating palm wine in the reactor tube.
2. Setting the temperature of the cooling water in the
shell and tube condenser tube which distributes
the steam from the heating of palm wine in the
reactor tube to the condenser tube, to control the
cooling water, a Solenoid valve is installed. so that
the water temperature can be controlled.
3. Measurement of the percentage of alcohol
content. To get the alcohol content in the
distillation apparatus using an Alcoholmeter
measuring instrument, in this test using palm wine
fermentation for 8 hours at a heating temperature
of 80°C, 85°C and 90°C reactor tubes and shell
and tube condenser cooling temperatures of 30°C,
35°C and 40°C
2.2 Alcohol Level
The instrument used to measure alcohol content is an
alcoholmeter. Measurement of alcohol content was
carried out after each distillation and the
measurement was stopped when the measured
alcohol content was 90% (alcohol content according
to ASTM for liquid fuel) and the ethanol content was
94%. The measurement steps using an alcoholmeter
are to put 100 ml of distillate into a measuring cup,
then the alcoholmeter is dipped into the distillate. The
immersed boundary on the surface of the distillate
indicates the alcohol content of the sample being
tested. (IM Sudana et al.,2019)
2.3 Shell and Tube Condenser
This type of heat exchanger is one type of heat
exchanger which according to its construction is
characterized by a set of tubes mounted in a
cylindrical shell in which two types of heat exchange
fluids flow separately, respectively through the tube
side and the shell side. (Devia et al.,2018) As in
Figure 1.
Figure 1: Condenser Shell And Tube.
Condenser Tube cooling water volume
The condenser tube is 36cm high and 5,08cm in
radius as follows:
V= π ∙ r
∙ t (1)
V=2.917 cm
= 2,9 liter
Convective heat transfer in the reactor tube Is known:
𝑄
= Heat transfer rate (W/m
℃)
ℎ =
Convection coefficient (14 W/m
2 °
C)
𝐴
= Cross-sectional area
31,5 𝑐𝑚
= (0,035 𝑚
)
𝑇
= Tube outer wall surface temperature (30°C)
𝑇
= Fluid temperature (90°C)
𝑄
= ℎ (𝐴) ∙
(
𝑇
−𝑇
)
(2)
𝑄
= 26,46 𝑤/𝑚℃
So the heat transfer rate in the reactor tube is
26,46W/m℃
2.4 Shell and Tube Condenser
Distillation Working Principle
Arak distillation equipment using a Shell and tube
condenser is designed with a controlled heating and
cooling system, the heating system uses a gas stove
with a solenoid valve controlled by thermo control in
iCAST-ES 2021 - International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science
250
order to stabilize the temperature in the reactor tube
as a place for heating coconut sap. The reactor tube is
cylindrical in shape which is equipped with a conical
cap so that it can close the gap for steam exit from the
reactor tube so that the process of flowing steam to
the condenser tube is more optimal. When steam
flows from the reactor tube to the shell and tube
condenser tube, a condensation process will occur. In
the condenser the cooling system uses water which is
circulated using a pump equipped with a solenoid
valve controlled by thermo control, aiming to
maintain the temperature of the cooling system in the
shell and tube condenser to remain stable.
In this process, the steam will change phase to
liquid where the liquid is the result of the distillation
device, namely the wine that comes out dripping from
the condenser tube channel. The distillation apparatus
uses a shell and tube condenser as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Shell and Tube Condenser Distillation Equipment.
Information:
1. Stove Storage Rack and LPG Gas Cylinder
2. Reactor
3. Distillation pipe
4. Temperature Control Box
5. Reservoir (Cooling water)
6. Shell and tube condenser
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The process of distillation of coconut sap into arak is
carried out using a shell and tube condenser equipped
with cooling water temperature control, and heating
the reactor tube using a gas stove fueled by LPG.
3.1 Discussion
The results of the first test of the application of a shell
and tube condenser on a distillation apparatus for a
reactor tube heating temperature of 80°C with respect
to alcohol content with condenser temperatures of
30°C, 35°C and 40°C as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Heating reactor tube 80ºC.
The alcohol content of the shell and tube condenser
application after distillation was seen to decrease. A
drastic decrease occurred in the third distillation at a
condenser temperature of 40ºC with an alcohol
content of 22%. Based on the results of distillation, it
can be seen that the average alcohol content
decreased gradually by 5%, 6% and 7% this is
because at a temperature of 80°C the coconut sap in
the reactor tube has not experienced an increase in
evaporation.
1. Reactor Heating 85ºC to Alcohol Content
The results of the second test apply the shell and tube
condenser to the distillation apparatus for the reactor
tube heating temperature of 85°C to the alcohol
content with condenser temperatures of 30º C, 35ºC
and 40ºC as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Heating reactor tube 85ºC.
The alcohol content in the application of shell and
tube condenser distillation seems to have decreased.
Application of Shell and Tube Model Condenser on Alcohol Content on the Arak Distillation Prototype Equipment
251
A drastic decrease occurred in the second and third
distillations at a condenser temperature of 30ºC and
40ºC, while at a condenser temperature of 35ºC the
highest alcohol content was 55%. Based on the results
of three times distillation, it can be seen that there was
a decrease in the alcohol content not too large an
average of 6%, 4% and 5% this is because at the
heating temperature of 85ºC coconut sap has occurred
stable evaporation in the reactor tube.
2. Reactor Heating 90ºC to Alcohol Content
The results of the third test apply the shell and tube
condenser to the distillation apparatus for the reactor
tube heating temperature of 90ºC to the alcohol
content with condenser temperatures of 30ºC, 35ºC
and 40ºC as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5: Heating reactor tube 80ºC.
The alcohol content for the application of shell and
tube condensers seems to have decreased. A uniform
decrease occurred in the second and third distillations
at a condenser temperature of 30ºC and 40ºC, while
at a condenser temperature of 35ºC the highest
alcohol content was 54%. Based on the results of
three times distillation, it can be seen that there is a
decrease in alcohol content that is not too large an
average of 3%, 7% and 6% this is because at the
heating temperature of 90ºC coconut sap has occurred
too fast evaporation so that the alcohol content will
quickly decrease because it is approaching boiling
point of water
3. Effect of Reactor and Condenser Temperature on
Alcohol Content and Alcohol Volume
Based on the test results at reactor tube temperatures
of 80°C, 85°C and 90°C with shell and tube
condenser cooling temperatures of 30°C, 35°C and
40°C, it can be seen as Figure 6.
Figure 6: Effect of temperature on alcohol content and
alcohol volume.
Based on the results of graphic observations about
the effect of the 80°C reactor temperature and the
shell and tube condenser cooling temperature for
three times, the condenser temperature test of 30°C,
35°C and 40°C obtained a stable alcohol content of
25% while the alcohol volume continued to increase.
In testing the reactor temperature of 85°C and the
condenser cooling temperature of 30°C, 35°C and
40°C, the alcohol content increased by 48% at the
condenser temperature of 35°C, while the alcohol
volume continued to increase. For testing at a reactor
temperature of 90°C and condenser cooling at 30°C,
35°C and 40°C, the highest alcohol content was up
and down 46% and the lowest was 35%, while the
alcohol volume continued to increase.
The average alcohol content produced in the
application of the shell and tube condenser in the
distillation apparatus will be influenced by the
heating temperature of the reactor and the cooling
temperature of the shell and tube condenser.
(Mardiyah, 2017)
The highest alcohol content of the distillation
apparatus is 48% and the lowest alcohol content is
25%, while the volume of alcohol produced increases
with each heating of the reactor tube, this is
influenced by the heating rate of the reactor tube and
the cooling temperature of the shell and tube
condenser.
4 CONCLUSION
Based on the data analysis of the test results of the
shell and tube condenser application in the distillation
apparatus, it can be concluded that the alcohol content
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252
produced is influenced by the heating temperature of
the reactor tube and the cooling temperature of the
shell and tube condenser. The average alcohol content
of the highest distillation apparatus is 48% and the
lowest alcohol content is 25%, while the volume of
alcohol produced increases with each heating of the
reactor tube, this is influenced by the heating rate of
the reactor tube and the cooling temperature of the
shell and tube condenser.
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