Research of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Implementation

of Work in Electrical Distribution Network in Bali Area

I G. Wahyu. A. Kurniawan

, I Ny Mudiana

, I Md Budiada

and I G. K. Abasana

Politeknik Negeri Bali, Department of Electrical Engineering, Bukit Jimbaran, Badung, Bali Indonesia

Politeknik Negeri Bali, Electrical Workshop Team, Bukit Jimbaran, Badung, Bali Indonesia

Politeknik Negeri Bali, Power Electrical Labs, Bukit Jimbaran, Badung, Bali Indonesia

Keywords: Occupational, Safety, Health, Hazards, Personal, Task, Environment and Organization.

Abstract: This study conducted a study on the implementation of occupational safety and health (OSH) on the work of

the electricity distribution network. The study was conducted by descriptive explanative method, where the

data is obtained from the results of surveys, interviews, questionnaire filling and measurement. The sample

was determined purposively by 18 workers. Data analysis is done with statistical calculations and discussions

on prevalence. The results showed that in addition to electrical hazards there are still many sources of hazards

that can cause accidents and diseases due to the electricity distribution network. Hazards can come from

personal, task, organizational and environmental factors. Identification of the dangers of personal factors is a

heavy workload, forced attitudes, unnatural positions in work and excessive use of muscle power.

Environmental factors show exposure to very hot temperatures, very bright light and noise disturbances.

While from the task factor can be found problems in standard of operating and procedure, the use of

tools/materials work, fitting the work to the workers and supervision of the implementation of work. All

factors that have potential to cause accidents and occupational diseases must be controlled so that the work

can be done safely, comfortably, healthily, effectively and efficiently.

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Occupational safety and health issues are still very

high in the world, according to the ILO every year

2.78 million workers die from occupational

accidents/occupational diseases. Nationally BPJS

Indonesia recorded 173,105 cases in 2018 both

occupational accidents and occupational diseases.

While the dominant work accident occurred in

electrical work, namely cases of electrocution as

many as 78 cases, hit by objects as many as 59 cases,

fell as many as 51 cases

(Lidya, 2020).

Various OSH problems that arise in the work of

the power grid, such as accidents due to work,

occupational diseases, environmental problems,

fitting between workers and their work, and many

more problems related to occupational safety and

health that can decrease the degree of health,

productivity and ultimately decrease the level of

welfare and quality of life of workers in electricity

distribution network. For this reason, research is

needed on the implementation of OSH on the work of

the electricity grid.

1.2 Research Issues

a) What is the source of hazard causes of accidents

and illnesses due to working conditions on

electricity network?

b) How much workload (heavy physical work and

long working time) due to working on electricity

network?

c) How much is the level of awareness of workers to

the factors of occupational safety and health in the

work of electricity network?

1.3 Research Objectives

a) Identify sources of occupational injury/illness that

must be controlled immediately.

b) Obtain measurable data on the source of accidents

and illnesses due to poor working conditions,

physical environment, workstations and work

organization.

Kurniawan, I., Mudiana, I., Budiada, I. and Abasana, I.

Research of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Implementation of Work in Electrical Distribution Network in Bali Area.

DOI: 10.5220/0010944300003260

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science (iCAST-ES 2021), pages 291-297

ISBN: 978-989-758-615-6; ISSN: 2975-8246

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

291

c) Physical workload and subjective worker

complaints due to harsh working conditions and

regular and long-time work schedules.

d) Determining the level of awareness of workers

and companies to the factors of occupational

safety and health (OSH).

2 RESEARCH METHODS

This research conducted a study on the

implementation of occupational safety and health

(OSH) on the work of the electricity distribution

network. The study was conducted by descriptive

explanative method, where the data is obtained from

the walk through of surveys, literature study,

interviews, questionnaire filling and measurement.

The determination of research samples is done by

means of purposive samples of 18 workers where

samples are selected from the population based on

criteria and conditions that are in accordance with the

purpose of this study. Data analysis is done with

statistical calculations and discussions on prevalence.

The research flow can be seen in the figure 1 below:

Figure 1: Research flow diagram.

Research done on work in electrical distribution

network PT. PLN (Persero) in Bali area, on April-July

2021.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Personal Factor

3.1.1 Research Subjects

The study subjects numbered 18 people, male and

physically, mentally and socially healthy. age range

between 20-25 years as many as 8 people (44%), 25-

30 years of 6 people (34%) and the age range of 30-

35 years as many as 4 people (22%). High school

education equivalent to 9 people (50%), Diploma of

8 people (44%) and Bachelor's Degree level of 1

person (2%). 8 unmarried subjects (44%) and 10

married (56%). working period of less than 2 years as

much as 3 people (17%), between 2-5 years of 4

people (22%), working period of 5-10 years of 8

people (44%) and a working period of over 10 years

of 3 persons (17%).

3.1.2 Body Mass Index (BMI)

From the results of the measurement of height and

weight of the study subjects, it can be calculated the

BMI of each subject. The BMI of the subject can be

seen in the table 1 below:

Table 1: BMI data of research subjects.

BMI in the normal category is in the range of 17-

25. Some subjects are likely to experience chronic

energy deficiency as their BMI approaches 17.

Chronic lack of energy at work can cause decreased

work concentration, loss of work arousal, fatigue and

pain (Skirbe, 2003).

While BMI above 25 is very risky to high blood

pressure as well as obesity. In subjects with a BMI

above 25, they were at 2.5 times more risk of having

musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) compared to

subjects with a BMI below 20 (Drøyvold et al, 2005).

3.1.3 Heart Rate Pulse

According to Grandjean, (1993) Workload can be

determined by taking measurements on the subject's

pulse at rest and at work. The higher the pulse of

work, the heavier the workload carried by workers.

From the results of the study, the workload of the

subject was categorized as heavy because it was in the

range of 100-150 pulse per minute (ppm). The results

of the subject's pulse measurement can be seen in the

table 2 below.

Table 2: Heart Rate Pulse Measurement.

Body data Average standard

deviation

minimum maximum

Height

(

)

167.1 7.66 153.50 182.30

weight

(

60.37 6.17 50.20 72.50

Body mass index

21.56 2.50 17.96 25.11

Pulse Rate Average Standard deviation minimum maximum

resting pulse rate (Ppm) 71.92 1.23 69 73

working pulse rate (Ppm) 120.03 7.84 109 146

working pulse (Ppm) 51.93 2.12 39 62

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Heavy workloads come from basic workloads and

additional workloads. Heavy workloads can lead to

rapid fatigue, complaints on muscles and injuries to

parts of the body that are exposed to continuous

workload.

By using the pulse data in the table 2 above, it can

be calculated %CVL (Percentage of Cardiovascular

Load). %CVL can be used to determine

the level of

fatigue experienced by the subject in

carrying out

his work. The subject's %CVL calculation result is

average of 63.65%. This is categorized as a very

laborious job and it is recommended to work a short

time or work alternately.

3.1.4 Work Body Posture

Body Posture is how workers carry out their work in

a good body attitude, natural and comfortable body

position so that the work can be done well and

smoothly without causing complaints to the body and

other limbs.

From the results of the walkthrough survey, the

attitude/position of the body while working is usually

less noticed because it is concentrated in the work

process, so that sometimes it gives rise to unnatural

posture/position, forming a forced attitude, working

too long on the electric pole let alone without

scaffolding or good footing. This is reinforced by the

results of filling out questionnaires as shown in the

table 3 below.

Table 3: Forced/unnatural Attitude.

From the table 3 above it can be known that the

dominant attitude of forced labor is up and down the

electric pole, working on the pole with a position of

drifting/hanging, movement on the pole. 39%

worked in an underground sitting/squatting position,

83% stood up, 72% did work with a sitting, squatting

and standing position as per circumstance/need,

61% worked by bending/twisting the wrist, 67%

worked by holding the elbow away from the body,

22% grabbed something behind the body, 72%

worked while moving/walking, 56% worked

something that was higher than the shoulders, 67%

worked with a bent neck, 28% used fingers to work

without the help of work tools, 78% worked at

height / on poles, 94% worked without tables and

chairs because working outdoors, 50% worked with

legs not stepping on the ground/floor because

working on poles.

Forced labor attitude and working conditions

with unnatural body positions such as bowing during

work, squatting and working hanging on poles is a

poor work attitude to work, if this is done

continuously for a long period of time will cause

symptoms, disorders and pain in some parts of the

body. Table 4 below showed some of the subject’s

complaints about the work of the electricity grid.

Table 4: Subjective worker complaints.

The subjective complaints above arise as a result

of heavy workloads and are carried out with the

wrong attitude of work, unnatural body positions and

done by forced attitude (Wijesuriya et al, 2007).

3.1.5 Use of Muscle Power

The use of energy and muscle in work is largely

determined by the weight of workload received by

workers. The heavier the workload, the more energy

is needed to move the muscles in the body. In addition

to workload, the use of muscle and power can also be

caused by the way of work, body attitude of working

time, unnatural body movements, reach and distance

with the body, problems of excess weight and weight

of tools/materials and equalization of workload on the

body. If the use of energy and muscles is done

excessively and not in accordance with the ability and

unbalance to the workload proportionally it will cause

abnormal/unnatural body movements, the body forms

a forced attitude so that it becomes quickly tired, pain

in the limbs, feeling pain in the muscles can even be

a trigger for the onset of work accidents (Kogi et al,

2003).

No. Questions

Sample

(persons)

Answers (%)

Yes No

Working in a squatting position 18 39 61

Working in a standing position 18 83 17

Working in a sitting, squatting and standing

position alternately

72 28

Work by bending/twisting wrist 18 61 39

Keeping elbows away from body 18 67 33

Reaching for something behind your body 18 22 78

Working while moving/walking 18 72 28

Doing something in a different place height

above your shoulders

56 44

Working with a flexed neck 18 67 33

10.

Using fingers to work/without tools 18 28 72

11.

Working at heights 18 78 28

12.

Working using a desk and bench 18 6 94

13.

Working with your feet on the ground

correctly as on the floor

18 50 50

No. Questions Sample

Answer (%)

(persons) yes

1 Do you feel tired all over your body? 18 11 89

2 Do you have a headache? 18 11 89

3 Do you feel stiff in your shoulders? 18 50 50

4 Do you have back pain? 18 50 50

5 Do you feel thirsty? 18 83 17

6 Do you feel dizzy? 18 11 89

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Table 5: Results of the muscle power use questionnaire.

Observations through walkthrough survey

showed that the dominant work and requires

relatively large exertion of muscle power is the

activity of lifting and transporting manually, up and

down electric poles, working on poles with

emergency footstools (without scaffolding),

assembling and installing tools and work materials,

tidying tools, materials and work without

workstations (tables, chairs and workspaces). This is

reinforced by the questionnaire data in the table 5

above.

From the use of energy and muscles in the above

work it will have an impact with the emergence of

some complaints in some parts of the body, especially

in muscles that get heavy categorized work pressure.

The muscles that are prone to excessive muscle

stretching so that there are disturbances are on the

shoulders, upper and lower arms, wrists, back, waist

and buttocks. The impact of such a situation is the

onset of a collection of symptoms or syndromes

related to pain in the back, waist and back of the body

or called

musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs).

This is in accordance with the results of the

analysis of filling out the muscle complaint

questionnaire as presented in the table 6 below.

Table 6: Nordic Body Map Questionnaire Results.

3.2 Environments

The working environment conditions intended here

are factors derived from the work environment

around the workplace that becomes a source of

hazards as the cause of accidents or occupational

diseases either directly or indirectly. Sources of

hazards derived from the workplace environment

such as: noise, vibration, light intensity, temperature,

humidity, wind, rain, lightning, chemicals, dust,

smoke, steam, gas, infrared, ultraviolet, etc. The

impact that can be caused from the source of harm

that comes from the work environment varies,

ranging from long-term and instantaneous effects,

there is an additional workload on the body, exposure

that exceeds the threshold value, accumulation of

harmful substances in the body. All of these impacts

can lead to job disruption, injury, illness, poisoning

and decreased productivity.

Table 7: The Working Environmental data.

The table 7 above shows that high heat exposure

and the intensity of sunlight are very prominent, as

work is done outdoors. WBGT values and light

intensity need attention because they are already

outside the allowable threshold value. For work

performed continuously for 8 hours, the WBGT

threshold value is for workloads in the weight

category is 25

C, while the measurement results show

that the average WBGT value is 29.28

C and the

very high light intensity

2100 lux (NSA, 2004). In

addition, noise is also close to the recommended

threshold for working value of 85 dBA. Noise in this

research site also reduces hearing to communicate,

according to Grantham, (1992) 80 dBA noise levels

are no longer appropriate for communication or

coordination. When working with the above

conditions will trigger an increase in blood pressure

and pulse, loss of work motivation and early fatigue

that ultimately decreases work productivity.

3.3 Task Factor

3.3.1 Operational and Procedure Standards

Standard of Operating Procedure (SOP) is a

document related to the procedure performed

chronologically to complete a job that aims to obtain

the most effective work from workers at the lowest

cost.

SOP in question is a guideline for the

implementation of Occupational Safety and Health

No. Questions

Sample

(persons)

Answers (%)

Yes No

Does the job feel hard for you? 18 33 67

Do you feel that your energy is still

lacking when workingwhen working?

28 72

Do you pay attention to your

posture/body position work?

60 40

Holding things/loads with limbs? 18 17 83

Is the load being lifted heavy? 18 44 56

Reaching tools/materials out of reach? 18 11 89

Lifting and placing something under

your knees?

89 11

Using finger clips with pressure? 18 72 28

lifting and carrying tools/materials

manually/without tools?

89 11

No. Type of Complaint

Sample

(persons)

Answer (%)

pain No

1 Left/right shoulder 18 89 11

2 Upper/lower arm 18 83 17

3 Wrist 18 78 22

4 Back 18 72 28

5 Waist 18 78 22

6 buttocks 18 61 39

No. Variabel Average Standard

Deviation

maximum

1 Air Humidity (%) 80.33 1.16 86.45

2 WBGT (

C) 29.28 1.91 31.52

3 Light intensity (Lux) 790 260.50 2100

4 Noise level (dBA) 70.16 8.07 90.1

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(OSH) that can be a reference by anyone involved in

the work of the electricity network both as workers,

supervisors and responsible for project / work

activities (Deskya, 2018).

Table 8: SOP work manual.

From the table 8 above shows that almost half of the

sample doubted about the importance of SOP and

OSH in the workplace. Where 39% said there is no

work manual, 44% said the manual is not in

accordance with its work, 39% consider SOP has not

applied the principles of OSH and 44% claim to have

not followed the rules of OSH on the SOP. Workers

who do not apply SOP in carrying out their work will

have a 6 (six) times greater risk of accident compared

to workers who comply with SOP in carrying out their

work (Putri et al, 2017).

3.3.2 Work Tools and Materials

The use of tools and materials in the work is

absolutely done, especially in the work of the

electricity network. Work tools are tools used to assist

in carrying out the work process from start to finish.

Work accidents arising from the use of 80% work

materials are caused by human errors, such as: lack of

worker skills, lack of operating certificate,

overburdened usage, unclear signaling, limited

operator visibility, work design errors,

reckless/careless work, poor OSH compliance and

irregular testing. Types of accidents that become a

source of danger to the use of work

equipment/materials such as: pinched hands, hit by

objects,

injured by incisions, scratched and punctured

by sharp objects, hit by debris, etc.

From the table 9 above shows that there are still

some problems regarding the use of work equipment

and handling of work materials. Where 11% say that

the complete unavailable work equipment, 17% said

the complete unavailability of work materials, 11%

said there was a discrepancy between the tool and the

work material with the work, 17% admitted to using

the equipment is not in accordance with the

provisions, 22% installed work materials not in

accordance with the rules and regulations, 28% used

work equipment and installed materials without the

Table 9: Work equipment and materials.

method/principle of OSH and 22% claimed not to

comply with all the rules and regulations of OSH in

the use of work tools and materials.

According to Purnamasari (2020) the use of tools

and materials used in a job must be adjusted to the

availability of SOP, MSDS and reliable human

resources such as skills, skills and skills of its

operators, administration systems and organizations.

SOP use tools and MSDS materials are used to

regulate how applications, operations, maintenance

and repairs. SOP made more emphasis on the

provisions and regulations of OSH for control on the

safety of the operation of equipment both manual and

machines.

3.3.3 Fit the Man to the Task

From the table 10 below, the results were obtained

that 33% of the sample was never given training on

the work they would do, 83% needed education and

training about their work tasks, 39% found it difficult

to do their job, 22% felt they did not know the rules

and conditions in work and 39% did not know the

application of OSH in their work.

Table 10: Worker Adjustment to the Job.

No. Questions Sample

(persons)

Answers (%)

Yes No

1. Is there a working manual on the power

grid?

18 61 39

2. Is the work manual (SOP) in accordance

with the work to be done?

18 56 44

3. Do the existing SOPs apply the use of PPE,

danger signs, warnings and OSH rules?

18 61 39

4. Do you obey and follow all directions in the

SOP at work?

18 56 44

No. Questions Sample

(persons)

Answers (%)

Yes No

Is the work equipment fully available at the time of

work?

18 89 11

Are work materials completely available at the time of

work?

18 83 17

Are the work equipment and materials appropriate

for the work to be done?

18 89 11

Are you able to use work equipment in accordance

with the provisions?

18 83 17

Can you install work materials/materials according to

the rules and regulations?

18 78 22

Has the use of work equipment and installation of

materials implemented the use of PPE, danger signs,

warnings and OSH rules?

18 72 28

Do you always comply with the rules and regulations

in using work equipment and installing work

materials?

18 78 22

No. Questions Sample

(persons)

Answers (%)

Yes No

Have you been given any training on the

work you do?

67 33

Do you feel the need for education and

training regarding your duties and work?

18 83 17

Do you find it difficult when you do your

job?

18 39 61

Are the ways of doing the work

assignments that you do are in accordance

with the rules and regulations?

18 78 22

Have the working methods/steps

implemented the use of PPE, danger signs,

warnings and OSH rules?

18 61 39

Do you always comply with the rules and

regulations in carrying out this way of

working?

18 89 11

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Adjustment between the demands of tasks in the

job and the skills of workers must be considered well

because between the demands of the task and the

ability/competence of workers must be balanced and

appropriate to carry out a job well. Hazards can also

arise as a result of discrepancies between task demand

and worker skills. In addition to having the ability,

skills, skills and competencies in the job, workers are

also ordinary people who still have many

shortcomings, limitations, weaknesses and others that

cause discrepancies between task demand and worker

skills. Usually, to adjust it is done evaluation of the

demands of the task so that it is in accordance with

the ability of workers. But that doesn't mean workers

can't be fixed to fit their duties. There are several

adjustments that can be made to workers such as skill

improvement through Education and Training

(Ma’rifat, 2021).

3.3.4 Coaching and Supervision

Coaching and supervision of the implementation of

OSH is absolutely implemented to ensure the

implementation of OSH in accordance with existing

rules. Coaching must continue to be carried out

continuously to create working conditions and the

implementation of OSH is getting ahead and better

than before. Thorough supervision is carried out in

the working organization to ensure that all work

processes are in accordance with the plans and rules

made earlier.

From the table 11 below, shows that there are 22%

of respondents answered not always supervised by

supervisors in work, 17% were disturbed by the

presence of supervisors in the field, 50% had been

reprimanded for using PPE, 61% had been reminded

to always be careful in work, 33% said there was

Table 11: Development and Supervision of the

implementation of OSH.

rarely an inspection of equipment/machines, 22%

said there was rarely a good inspection, 50% often

saw supervisors reprimand workers and 78% said

companies do not give penalties if they violate the

procedure work.

Coaching and supervision also aim to evaluate the

performance that has been done and provide

correction to irregularities and errors that have been

done in the implementation of OSH. So that the

emergence of sources of danger caused by violations

and deviations from work plans, work rules, work

instructions and SOP can be prevented as early as

possible.

3.4 Organization

Organizational factors are factors that govern workers

in carrying out the work process so that it runs

smoothly and safely. Organizational factors here can

also be used to minimize the threat of hazards that can

cause work accidents or the onset of occupational

diseases. Included in the organizational factors are

working hours and rest times, rotating work, overtime

work, effective movement in work, type of work and

work time, SOP, posters etc.

The observations and interview results reinforced

by the results of filling out questionnaires by workers

show that the company does not have a working

reference. The signs of danger in the work

environment are severely lacking. Few apply short

breaks and nutritional intake in the form of drinking

and snacks. For others, drinking water is also not

available. This condition of course endangers health

and reduces the labor force of workers.

Another aspect of the organization that needs to

be looked at is the condition of information,

especially information about things that harm

workers. The results of direct observations show that

in the work area there are almost no signs of danger

except for common signs such as signs of

employment. While signs or information about the

presence of hazardous materials, dangerous machines

or warnings about the importance of the use of PPE

do not exist at all.

The clear and detailed delivery of details of tasks,

procedures and work procedures to employees can

reduce the occurrence of errors. In the delivery of

information, there are several systems that can be

used, among others with oral communication, written

information either delivered directly, installed on the

bulletin board or in the form of work slogans installed

in strategic places that can be seen by employees at

any time and in the form of a workbook reference

book. The use of the right information media with

No. Questions

Sample

(persons)

Answers (%)

Yes No

1. Have you always been supervised by the OSH

supervisor/foreman/inspector while working?

18 78 22

2. Does the supervision interfere with your

concentration while working?

18 17 83

3. Have you ever been asked by the OSH

foreman/inspector to always wear PPE in your

work area?

18 50 50

4. Have you ever been reminded by the

foreman/OSH inspector to always be careful at

work?

18 61 39

5. Is there always a supervision/check on the

suitability of work machines and equipment?

18 67 33

6. Does the Supervisor always make sure all work

is done properly?

18 78 22

7. Has Supervision ever been carried out suddenly?

18 100 0

8. Does the Supervisor always reprimand if a

worker does a job that is not good?

18 50 50

9. Does the company penalize workers who violate

work procedures?

18 78 22

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proportional size, color and placement can facilitate

the production process and increase work

productivity (Manuaba, 2003).

Work timing is closely related to the ability of

workers, the demands of tasks and the work

environment. Improper work timing can create a

working condition where there is an imbalance

between the demands of the task and the ability of the

worker. The demands of tasks that are less than the

ability of workers will cause boredom and conversely

the demands of tasks that exceed the ability of

workers can cause early fatigue. Therefore, in making

work time arrangements must be really pursued to be

able to create a balance between the demands of the

task, the work environment and the ability of workers

(Grandjean, 1993).

4 CONCLUSIONS

The sources of hazards in the work of the electricity

network are numerous and complexity, in addition to

the dangers of electrical voltage, other hazards that

can threaten the safety and health of workers are very

diverse and specific. Identification of hazard sources

can be classified into four factors, namely, personal

factors, environmental factors, task factors and

organizational. The workload of the electricity

network is quite heavy and very laborious, this is

indicated by the results of measuring the heart rate of

workers between 100-150 beats per minute and

%CVL of 63.65%. Sun heat exposure with WBGT

above 31

C. The level of awareness of workers to the

source of danger to the work of the electricity network

is still low. This is evidenced by the results of

research where there are several potential hazard

factors that are still not understood, realized, violated

even not in the know, such as nearly 90% of the work

is done on electric poles with a forced attitude and

without scaffolding, the remaining 10% of the work

is done on the ground with various positions such as

sitting, squatting and standing without using the

workstation. 89% of jobs are lifting and transporting

objects by manual means, 44% problems in SOP,

39% require adjustment between work, duties and

responsibilities with personnel, 22% problems on the

use of tools and work materials, 50% weakness in

coaching and supervision.

It is advisable to conduct further research to

anticipate the sources of hazard and risk to the work

of the electricity network by involving experts in their

respective fields.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author would like to express his deepest gratitude

to all those who have provided assistance both

material and immaterially to complete this paper.

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