Porous Concrete Paving Block: A Review of Clogging Mechanism

and Durability

Yudi Pranoto

1,2 a

, Nor Fazilah Hashim

, Tumingan

and Joko Suryono

Faculty of Technology and Informatics Razak, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra 54100,

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Civil Engineering Department, Samarinda State Polytechnic, Jalan Ciptomangunkusumo 75131, Samarinda,

East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Keywords: Porous Concrete Paving Block, Clogging Mechanism, Durability.

Abstract: This article is to provides an overview of porous concrete paving block (PCPB) development based on recent

literatures especially on clogging mechanisms, maintenance and durability. This pavement allows water to

flow through the cavities in the layer, shence make a significant contribution to reducing surface runoff. Main

issue is the surface infiltration rates of permeable pavements decline with time as sediment and debris clog

pore spaces caused by several factors such as rainfall characteristics, soil characteristics, air temperature,

drainage area, and traffic volume type. PCPB needs periodic maintenance to keep the efficiency to increase

the strength and infiltration of the PCPB lot of studies has been done where various additives has been applied

like fly ash, recycled aggregate, recycled asphalt, and others as a part of PCPB, but yet the optimum condition

to produce it has still not been established. The performance of PCPB is determined by their compressive

strength, and infiltration. In general, it is challenging to simultaneously optimize the durability, and inﬁltration

performance of PCPB, however with continous. Modeling and advance research improve PCPB performance

without significantly increasing its maintenance requirement. This article also looks into the future of PCPB

with good performance, easy maintenance, and maximum infiltration.

1 INTRODUCTION

Porous concrete paving block (PCPB) is a permeable

concrete type made from a mixture of cement or

hydraulic adhesive, aggregate, water, and other

materials without reducing the quality of the porous

paving (SNI 03-0691 1996). PCPB is the upper layer

of permeable concrete block pavement (semi-rigid

pavement) that can absorb water from the surface into

the ground. PCPB is prevalent to replace

conventional infrastructures such as parks, roads with

low traffic, and parking. PCPB is a type of modular

permeable pavement that we often encounter in our

environment. In general, Permeable pavement is

divide into two types. The first is monolithic

permeable pavement (porous asphalt and pervious

concrete), and the second is modular permeable

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2997-7475

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1841-4354

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9279-1521

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8281-6692

pavement (porous concrete paving block) (Figure 1)

(Yong et al., 2013; Yu et al., 2021). The absorption

concept of rainwater seep into the soil through the

pores of three types of permeable pavement can be

seen in Figure 2. Many previous researchers have

carried out study on two types of permeable pavement

(Cheng et al., 2019; Huang et al., 2016). Compared

with conventional paving, PCPB has greater porosity.

PCPB usually has a 15-30% porosity by volume (Kia

et al., 2017).

PCPB can play an essential role in addressing

dense environments such as urban areas that frequent

flooding. PCPB can reduce water runoff at ground

level because it can infiltrate water into the soil

quickly. A recent review of permeable concrete

pavement has excellent potential in delivering

multiple environmental beneﬁts in mitigating the risk

534

Pranoto, Y., Fazilah Hashim, N., Tumingan, . and Suryono, J.

Porous Concrete Paving Block: A Review of Clogging Mechanism and Durability.

DOI: 10.5220/0010948800003260

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science (iCAST-ES 2021), pages 534-544

ISBN: 978-989-758-615-6; ISSN: 2975-8246

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

of slip-related falls, improving skid resistance,

reducing trafﬁc noise, and alleviating the burden of

urban heat island (Xie et al., 2019; Euniza et al., 2014;

Jusli et al., 2014). The main challenge found is the

PCPB strength decreases exponentially as the void

ratio increases. The strength of the porous concrete

pavement still need to improve (Ramadhansyah et al.

2014).

PCPB has been studied by many researchers who

are oriented towards improving mechanical

properties and maintaining high porosity, primarily

by using additives and new materials. For example,

increasing the strength of PCPB by adding steel fibers

(Kanawade, 2018; Maharana et al., 2020), coconut

fibers (Limantara et al., 2018), volcanic ash (Rifa’i

and Yasufuku, 2017), Polypropylene fibers

(Muhammed and Varkey, 2016), fly ash (Mali and

Abraham, 2016; Aman et al., 2018; Malliga and

Moorthy, 2019; Qomaruddin et al., 2019; Wijaya and

Ekaputri, 2014; Saputra and Arie Wardhono, 2018;

nano clay and fibers (Girish et al., 2018). Using fine

aggregate can increase the compressive strength of

PCPB but reduce the porosity and permeability of

PCPB (Sharma and Gupta, 2015; Manan et al., 2018).

In another review, research has also been carried

out using recycled materials for making paving from

rubber (Euniza et al., 2014; Euniza et al., 2019; Jusli

et al., 2014), recycle aggregate (Abdul Ghani and

Cheong, 2014; Chethana and Suhas, 2020), Recycled

Asphalt Pavement aggregates (Hossiney et al., 2020).

On the other hand, the use of round aggregates can

reduce the strength of PCPB even though it can

increase porosity (Rifqi et al., 2018).

PCPB can be used for parking, walk area, applied

low traffic up to heavy traffic (Girish et al., 2018;

Manan et al., 2018). A recent review of the clogging

mechanism in permeable pavement has been carried

out by (Razzaghmanesh and Beecham, 2018; Kia et

al., 2017). Razzaghmanesh and Beecham found that

porous concrete generally has the highest inﬁltration

capacity and this is followed by permeable

interlocking concrete pavement and then porous

asphalt. Kia et al. found that new types of permeable

concrete that can reduce storm water run off.

2 METHODS

In recent years, there are many studies conducted on

PCPB, especially on developing and evaluating

various types of PCPB. Still, only a few review

articles summarize the latest results and future PCPB

clogging and durability trends.

In this article, the latest advances regarding PCPB

are discussed, considering PCPB as a promising

infrastructure. This article discusses on clogging,

maintenance, and durability. Advanced modeling to

help optimize PCPB performance and durability also

discusses in this article. More importantly, this article

summarizes the latest critical findings regarding

infiltration testing methods, treatment, and

implementation of PCPB.

Literature review resources were collected from

various journals in the development of the last ten

years. This is taken through searches in the Scopus

database, web of science, google scholar, and

research gate. The keywords used include porous

paving, clogging, infiltration, geopolymer paving,

porosity, maintenance, and permeable pavement.

Peer-reviewed journal papers and conference

proceedings were also selected. A total of 150

relevant publications since 2011 were included in this

review, using the following criteria: relevance to

review points, quality and credibility, up-to-date, and

indication of future trends in PCPB studies. The final

result of this work is to help maintain the infiltration

of PCPB performance by routine maintenance. It has

had good infiltration performance over a long time

and encourages the findings of new technologies to

review the clogging mechanism and infiltration rate.

Figure 3 shows a flow chart of the relationship

between PCPB, environment, clogging, maintenance,

and durability.

Figure 1: Permeable pavement types.

Modula

Permeable

pavement

Monolithic

Porous asphal

vious concrete

Porous concrete

paving block

Porous Concrete Paving Block: A Review of Clogging Mechanism and Durability

535

Figure 2: Conceptual diagram showing a cross-sectional profile of permeable pavement (Selbig and Buer, 2018).

Figure 3: Relationship between PCPB and durability.

Figure 4: PCPB Performance with maintenance.

Sub base

Base

Porous concrete paving block

Drainage

Rainfall and run off infiltration

With

maintenance

Without

maintenance

Rainfall

Temperature

Soil

characteristic

Drainage

Traffic

Clogging

Time

Maintenance

Durabilit

Environmen

Porous

Concrete

Paving

Block

(PCPB)

Good

performance

(Figure 4)

Bed

performance

(Figure 5)

iCAST-ES 2021 - International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science

536

Figure 5: PCPB Performance without maintenance.

2 RESULT

2.1 Clogging Mechanism

The clogging system in porous paving is a problem

that can reduce the functionality of the PCPB

technology. Materials that cause clogging include

sand, clay, silt that has been eroded from the

surrounding area or carried by vehicles, and organic

material from surrounding plants (Kia et al., 2017).

PCPB will clog over time because the solid particles

are stuck and accumulate. Rainwater carries these

particles into the pavement layer. This particle is

coupled with the pressure of passing traffic. The

particles fill the space on the PCPB. Over time these

particles will close the cavity in the PCPB that causes

water to stagnate on the surface (Zhang et al., 2018).

The PCPB clogging has attracted the interest of

many researchers, especially in the clogging

mechanism and maintenance methods. The clogging

problem in porous concrete has been discussed in a

recent review by (Razzaghmanesh and Beecham,

2018; Razzaghmanesh and Borst, 2018; Selbig et al.,

2019). They found that the highest infiltration rate

occurs in areas with high rainfall, so they

recommended that maintenance be carried out two

until four times a year. Much research has been done

on the clogging of PCPB by sand and mud that can

reduce the infiltration of PCPB (Kapoor et al., 2021).

Translucent concrete made with a smaller

aggregate fraction is more prone to clogging than

concrete made using a large aggregate fraction.

Regarding the effect of the unbound base course

(UBC), it is essential to find a balance between

porous concrete infiltration and the exfiltration rate of

UBC, especially in the case of porous concrete made

from coarse aggregates (Barišić et al. 2020). The key

of the selected paper about clogging of permeable

pavement show in table 1.

The table 1 shows that clogging mechanism in the

permeable pavement is caused by high-intensity rain

that carries particles (sand, soil, or other materials)

into the porous layer. These particles penetrate the

pores of the paving layer. Particles with a size of 0.6

– 2.2 mm are blocked within 2 cm of the surface layer,

while particles of less than 0.3 mm can penetrate deep

into the permeable pavement and accumulate over

time. The highest void reduction is concentrated at the

bottom of permeable pavement (40 - 90%). The

reductions in total suspended solids were

approximately 60 percent; clogging occurred after

approximately one year.

2.1.1 Modelling and Simulation

Recently, research on permeable pavement modeling

has been developed to measure the performance of

porous paving. Study on clogging mechanism

modeling in the permeable pavement by (Zhang et al.

2018) using fine, medium, and coarse grading sand

(Figure 6). The results showed that well-graded sand

was able to seep up to a depth of 30 mm on water-

permeable pavements; coarse sand will settle on a

shallow surface with a depth of 20 mm on the see-

through pavement, and fine sand will seep to a depth

of 60–100 mm on translucent pavements. Hu et al.,

(2021) using the same application was also used to

model porous asphalt pavements clogging

mechanism.

Sub base

Base

Porous concrete paving block

Drainage

Rainfall and run off infiltration

Over flow

Porous Concrete Paving Block: A Review of Clogging Mechanism and Durability

537

Table 1: Selected studies on clogging mechanism.

No Author

Region of

studies (year)

Data collection method Findings / critical review

1 Kapoor et al. India (2021) Experimental The decrease in infiltration rate was observed to be 30%, 50%, and 45% after the sixty

cycles where sand, clay, and combination were used, respectively.

2 Coleri et al. USA (2013) X-ray CT image

processing

Reduction air-void (40-90%). The highest reduction is concentrated at the bottom

3 Razzaghmanesh

and Beecham

Australia

(2018)

Previous literature The highest inﬁltration rates are generally from high rainfall areas. The inﬁltration rates

of permeable pavement sites in these areas declined dramatically with time.

4 Razzaghmanesh

and Borst

USA (2018) Experimental

(embedded sensors)

The clogging progresses from the upgradient to the downgradient edge

5 Yong et al. Australia

(2013)

Experimental (3 years

at the laboratory)

Clogging was found to be highly correlated with cumulative volume and ﬂow rate

6 Zhang et al. China (2018) Modeling (CFD-DEM) The well-graded sands can percolate into the depth of 30 mm, coarse sands will settle on

the shallow surface within a depth of 20 mm, and ﬁne sands will percolate into the depth

of 60–100 mm in pervious pavements

7 Hu at al. China (2021) Modeling (CFD-DEM) Clogging evolves through four stages: rapid clogging, slow clogging, partial recovery,

and clogging stability in the pavement under rainfall.

8 Qiuxia et al. Australia

(2019)

Experimental The heavier rainfall intensities were able to ﬂush more sediment through the paver

surface

9 Nan et al. China (2021) Experimental and

numerical (CFD-DEM)

The particles with sizes from 0.6 to 2.2 mm are blocked within 2 cm of the surface layer,

obstructing 0.3–0.6 mm particles in the wake. Particles less than 0.3 mm can penetrate

deep into the permeable pavement and accumulate in the deep pores, eventually forming

a deep blockage with the evolution of time

10 Shan et al. China (2021)

Experimental and

numerical (CFD-DEM)

The lateral permeability was weaker than vertical permeability for bigger clogging

particles

11 Ma et al. China (2020)

Experimental and finite

element analysis

The internally retained water should not be ignored because the semi-connected voids

were ﬁlled with water rapidly at the beginning of permeability tests.

Lucke and

Beecham

Australia

(2011)

Experimental

The PICP system was very effective at ﬁltering and retaining sediment from storm water

runoff but reducing permeability over time.

13 Conley et al. USA (2020) Experimental

Rapid initial declines of inﬁltration rate, primarily due to accumulation of material at the

bottom of the inﬁltration BMP (best management practice).

14 Hafez et al.

Saudi Arabia

(2020)

Modeling

Cubes and 3D crosses are the most prone to clogging because of

their ability to interlock

or develop face-to-face contacts that can resist torque and enhance bridging.

15 Selbig et al. USA (2019) Experimental

The Reductions in total suspended solids were similar for all three surfaces at

approximately 60 percent. Clogging occurred after approximately one year

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538

Figure 6: Clogging mechanism (Zhang et al., 2018).

Clogging also occurs due to the shape of the

particles that enter the porous layer. Hafez et al.,

2021, made modeling of particle shapes into four,

namely cube, sphere, 2D cross, 3D cross (figure 7).

3D cubes and crosses are the most prone to clogging

due to their ability to lock or develop face-to-face

contact, which can withstand torsion and improve

bridges.

Figure 7: Particles shapes models (Hafez et al. 2021).

2.1.2 Maintenance

Maintenance of porous paving is essential. Usually,

the main problem with porous paving is the clogging

in the cavity, so that the function of porous paving is

lost. These clogging are caused by dust and mud or

sand carried by motorized vehicles or by humans

themselves (Boogaard et al., 2014). Paves with small

cavities are more likely to suffer damage than large

diameters ((Barišić et al., 2020). Several studies have

shown that the depth of blockage only occurs on the

surface. Therefore, it is necessary to treat the surface

layer that can restore PCPB performance to its

original state. Apart from that area with high rainfall,

the infiltration rate has decreased significantly, even

since the two years since installation. Therefore,

routine maintenance is required two to four times a

year (Razzaghmanesh and Borst, 2018;

Razzaghmanesh and Beecham, 2018). Lin et al.,

2016, suggest that maintenance be carried out within

two years after installation using a vacuum cleaner

(Lin et al., 2016).

Several PCPB treatment methods have been

developed, such as lifting the top 2 cm, mechanical

road sweeping, air sweeping, suctioning, high-

pressure water jetting, and grinding porous asphalt

(Winston et al., 2016). Of some methods, up to 2.5

cm of lift almost restores the asphalt pavement to its

new condition for 21-year-old asphalt pavement.

However, people prefer maintenance using a suction

device rather than a mechanical sweeper. A study

recommends that maintenance using a high-pressure

vacuum cleaner followed by a high suction vacuum is

the most effective treatment for permeable pavements

(Selbig et al., 2019). The key of selected paper about

maintenance of permeable pavement show in Table 2.

It can be seen that the maintenance of permeable

pavement should be carried out routinely two to four

times a year. Maintenance can be carried out using a

high vacuum cleaner, which is the most effective

method compared to mechanical sweeping and high-

pressure water flow. The other method is by lifting

the top 2 cm can restore the pavement as new

condition.

2.2 Durability

One of the critical things in making a PCPB mixture

is how to increase the compressive strength of PCPB

without reducing its porosity. In several decades

PCPB has developed rapidly, especially regarding

mixed design and fabrication. They found that a

mixture with PCPB with a homogeneous material will

produce low compressive strength, so it is advisable

to use various materials. It also increase a little sand

that can increase the compressive strength

Cube

2D cross

3D cross

Sphere

Porous Concrete Paving Block: A Review of Clogging Mechanism and Durability

539

Table 2: Summary of key studies on maintenance of permeable pavement.

No Author Region of

studies (year)

Data collection

method

Findings/critical review

1 Sehgal et al. Canada (2018) Experimental Regular maintenance is essential to ensure long-term

hydraulic functionality of Permeable Interlocking

Concrete Pavements

2 James et al. Ontario (2018) Field test Rapidly cleaned-out PICPs (RCPP) need routine

cleanouts.

3 Atoyebi et al. Nigeria (2020) Experimental The optimum curing method was the ponding method, as

it resulted in the highest compressive strength.

4 Winston et al. USA and

Sweden (2016)

Experimental Milling to a depth of 2.5 cm nearly restored SIR for a 21-

year old porous asphalt pavement to like-new conditions

5 Danz et al. USA (2020) Experimental The practices maintenance for permeable pavement using

a high-pressure wash followed by a high-suction vacuum.

Figure 8: Performance of PCPB from several studies.

significantly but will reduce the porosity of the

paving. Many studies have been conducted using

added ingredients such as superplasticizers (Pandei et

al. 2019). The key of selected papers about the

performance of permeable pavement show in table 3.

The quality of PCPB is greatly influenced by the

condition of the material, manufacture method, and

maintenance. Porous paving made by the mechanical

method will produce better PCPB and more

consistent quality because mechanically using

measured pressure and vibration. In addition to

quality by mechanical means can produce more

PCPB. By using a sack immediately after the paving

has been printed, good maintenance will maintain the

porous paving quality.

Figure 8 shows that in the last decade, PCPB has

experienced significant developments. There are very

varied compressive strengths from the reference

obtained, but there are studies that can produce high-

quality PCPB with high compressive strength values

(> 50 MPa). This result is excellent in the

development of PCPB, but on the other hand, there

are still results with minimal compressive strength.

This result indicates that there is no standard to

produce PCPB with high compressive strength for

various regions.

3 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE

TRENDS

PCPB can help reduce standing water on the surface

due to rainwater through its pores. The problem that

02468101214

Compressive strength (MPa)

Rismy and Deepthy, 2016 Nabil Hossiney Basil M. Mali, 2019

Kewal, 2015 Kanawade and Nawale 2018 Rifa'i and Yasufuku, 2017

Aman et al. 2018 Malliga, 2019 Qomarrudin et al. 2019

Wijaya and ekaputri, 2014 Saputra, F.G, 2016

iCAST-ES 2021 - International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science

540

Table 3: Selected studies on durability of PCPB.

No Author Region of studies

(year)

Data collection

method

Findings/critical review

1 Limantara et al. Indonesia (2018) Experimental The percentage of fibers and coconut shells combined in a mixed paving design tends to decrease the

compressive strength

2 Liu et al. Australia (2020) Experimental The results indicated that above 10% of DWTS (drinking water treatment sludge), the replacement was

detrimental to such properties of the CPB (concrete paving block)

3 Euniza et al. Malaysia (2019) Experimental The porosity of DRCPB (double-layer rubberized concrete paving blocks) increased multiple when RG

(rubber granules) content increases from 0 to 40 %.

4 Euniza et al. Malaysia (2014) Experimental The percentage of waste tire rubber content for DL-RCPB affects the density, porosity, and compressive

strength.

5 Abd Halim et al. Malaysia (2018) Experimental Porous concrete paving blocks with different sizes of coarse aggregate cause a great reduction in the water

volume during the permeability test

6 Patil et al. India (2019) Experimental The variation in the compressive strength by oven curing is 20% higher than the ambient curing, with limited

variation in flexural strength

7 Rifqi et al. Indonesia (2018) Experimental Circle stone aggregate is not recommended for porous paving.

8 Kanawade India (2018) Experimental The compressive strength of paver blocks with 2.5 % of fiber gives maximum strength is 37.57MPa.

9 Abdul Ghani and

Cheong

Malaysia (2014) Experimental The recycled aggregates are suitable to be used as the primary material in previous pavers.

10 Rifa’i and Yasufuku Indonesia (2017) Experimental The optimum mixture of the porous paving block is the mixture with 30% volcanic ash.

11 Hidayah et al. Malaysia (2014) Experimental There was a reduction in the strength of PCPB when coarse aggregate at different sizes was used but an

increase in skid resistance.

12 Jusli et al. Malaysia (2015) Experimental The compressive strength was reduced when the percentage of waste tire rubber was increased.

13 Muhammed and

Varkey

India (2016) Experimental The inclusion of polypropylene fibers in Geopolymer concrete shows a considerable increase in compressive,

abrasion resistance & flexural strength.

14 Mali and Abraham India (2016) Experimental Geopolymer concrete can be effectively used for the manufacture of precast concrete paver blocks.

15 Aman et al. Indonesia (2018) Experimental Curing temperature and liquid to solid ratio (L / S) significantly affect compressive strength.

16 Chethana and Suhas India (2020) Experimental The long curing time of the fly-ash-based GPC paver, the higher is the compressive strength.

17 Malliga and Moorthy India (2019) Experimental Fly ash and GGBS can use for geopolymer concrete paver block.

18 Maharana et al. India (2020) Experimental Fiber can use for paver blocks in heavy traffic.

19 Sharma and Gupta India (2015) Experimental The Compressive strength of geopolymer paver block was found to be decreasing with the replacement of

foundry sand

20 Qomaruddin et al. Indonesia (2019) Experimental The compressive strength test of geopolymer paving with a mixed carbide waste and fly ash (10 %: 90%)

produced 34.6 MPa, and 39.8 MPa.

21 Jonbi and Fulazzaky Indonesia (2020) Experimental The optimum performance of GPB predicted for the NaOH / Na2SiO ratio range of 0.4 to 0.67 increases by

using a high enough concentration of NaOH.

22 Lzrescu et al. Romania (2020) Experimental The alkali-activated geopolymer paving blocks have excellent mechanical properties, by reference to OPC

paving blocks, making them suitable for practical applications

23 Manan et al. Pakistan (2018) Experimental The compressive strength of pervious concrete indicated a higher reduction of the sand reduces compressive

strength and almost 50% compressive strength decreased by 100% sand from the design mix.

24 Wijaya and Ekaputri Indonesia (2014) Experimental PCPB from coal ash with 6 hours of steam has optimum results, with an average compressive strength of

20.8 MPa.

25 Saputra and Arie

Wardhono

Indonesia (2018) Experimental The best PCPB with 10 % added fly ash.

Porous Concrete Paving Block: A Review of Clogging Mechanism and Durability

541

arises is that the owned pores are often clogged over

time so that the infiltration is reduced. There is a

standard test to measure the infiltration rate.

However, researchers consider that the testing system

is still complicated, so some researchers are trying to

measure the new infiltration rate, which is fast and

cheap. PCPB blockages are caused by environmental

conditions such as rainfall, soil characteristics, air

temperature, drainage area, and traffic volume types.

In areas with high rainfall, PCPB will quickly

experience blockages even within two years after

installation. The particles with small sizes will

quickly cause PCPB to be clogged than particles with

large sizes. Likewise, the type and shape of the

particles also affect the rate at which blockages occur.

To prevent PCPB blockage, some researchers

recommend performing treatment after two years of

insertion. Treatment can be done by lifting the top 2

cm, mechanical street sweeping, regenerative air

street sweeping, vacuum street sweeping, and high-

pressure water jets. However, this treatment method

only helps reduce clogging problems but cannot

restore the PCPB in expected performance. There are

many studies to improve the performance of PCPB by

improving physical properties by adding/replacing

some with other materials that aim to keep the high

porosity of PCPB and high compressive strength and

ease to maintain. However, the correct method has

not been found yet, thus opening opportunities for

researchers to conduct better further research.

In recent years there has been an increasing

interest in PCPB. This work provides a detailed

overview of PCPB benefits as well as performance in

terms of mix design, fabrication and maintenance.

This is supported by the latest research studies on

PCPB models, materials, mixtures and

characteristics. PCPB technically has the potential to

replace existing infrastructure in sustainable

development. Table 3 describes the most recent

research that has been carried out and the resulting

findings.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors of this paper would like to thank

University Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) and

Samarinda State Polytechnic (POLNES) for the

support and sponsor under UTM Encouragement

Research Grants, Vot No. Q.K130000.2656.18J25,

each of which enabled this paper to be written. The

authors also thank the POLNES permeable pavement

research group.

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