The Optimization of Coal Supply for Planned PLTU in West
Kalimantan Province
Sartika
Department of Mining Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Ketapang, Dalong, Ketapang, Indonesia
Keywords: Optimization, Coal, PLTU, Linear Programming.
Abstract: Based on PLN's RUPTL, to improve the reliability of the electricity system in West Kalimantan, the
construction of non-fuel power plants such as the Parit Baru PLTU (FTP1 and FTP2) and the Pantai Kura-
Kura PLTU (FTP1). In West Kalimantan, coal has not been exploited and coal reserves have also not been
identified, so coal for PLTU must be supplied from other provinces. The effort to get the lowest overall coal
procurement costs for PLTU demands, a study on optimization of coal supply for PLTU plans in West
Kalimantan Province using the Linear Programming method. Linear Programming consists of objective
functions and constraint functions. The objective function informing the model is used to minimize the total
cost of procuring coal for power generation. While the constraint function is a linear relationship of the
decision variable that reflects the limited supply of coal. The constraint function is divided into two types
namely the constraint function from the supply and demand sides. The output is the distribution of coal from
the Coal Company to the planned PLTU with the lowest total procurement costs. The minimum cost of
procuring coal for PLTU demands is USD 2,565,963,000 in a year.
1 INTRODUCTION
Coal is an accumulation result of organic material
derived from plant residues that have through a
lithification process and become coal seams (Yonas,
2016). Based on the Handbook of Energy and
Economic Statistics of Indonesia, the amount of
Indonesia's coal reserves is 32 billion tons which are
spread on the Sumatra and Kalimantan islands. Coal
can be used in human life, such as power plant, iron
and steel industry, space heating, fuel for cement
production, fertilizer, paper mills, chemical, and
pharmaceutical industries. Most of the domestic coal
demand is currently used as a PLTU (Electric Steam
Power Plant) fuel to produce electricity. Coal PLTU
is the main source of electrical energy in Indonesia
because of a large number of coal resources and the
price is relatively cheaper than fuel oil.
Based on Government Regulation Number “PP
79 Tahun 2014” concerning the National Energy
Policy, the optimal primary energy mix target by
using primary energy sources for coal at least 30%,
natural gas at least 22%, petroleum less than 25%, and
EBT at least 23%. To support this achievement,
RUPTL stated the electricity development plan for
2015 until 2019 includes the development of power
plants, transmission networks, substations, and
distribution networks. The addition of new power
plants require for 5 years is 35 GW which is the PLTU
provides the largest contribution.
Based on the MP3EI document (Master Plan for
the Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia's
Economic Development) the theme of the
development in Kalimantan Economic Corridor is as
a Center for Production and Processing of National
Energy and Mining Products. These economic
activities can be developed and become engines of
economic growth. West Kalimantan is one of the
provinces which is the center of development in the
corridor, so far most of the electricity supply in West
Kalimantan is sourced from oil fuel power plants.
Based on the RUPTL (Electricity Supply
Business Plan), at the end of 2015, the
interconnection between West Kalimantan and
Sarawak (Malaysia) began operations to reduce the
cost of production by replacing oil fuel power plants,
increasing the reliability of the West Kalimantan
system, and anticipating delays in the construction of
the PLTU project. Anticipate short-term power
shortages, the Pontianak 100 MW Mobile Power
Plant (MPP) was built. MPP can be mobilized if the
power from the PLTU is sufficient.
Sartika, .
The Optimization of Coal Supply for Planned PLTU in West Kalimantan Province.
DOI: 10.5220/0010964000003260
In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science (iCAST-ES 2021), pages 1293-1298
ISBN: 978-989-758-615-6; ISSN: 2975-8246
Copyright
c
2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
1293
The reliability of the electricity system in West
Kalimantan is enhanced through the construction of
non-oil fuel plants such as the Parit Baru PLTU
(FTP1 and FTP2) and the Kura-Kura Beach PLTU
(FTP1). It’s interconnected to the Equator system.
Meanwhile, to reduce the cost of production in other
subsystems, by build small-scale PLTUs such as
Sintang PLTU and Ketapang PLTU. But West
Kalimantan has not exploited coal and coal reserves
have also not been identified, so coal for PLTU must
be supplied from other provinces. To obtain the
lowest overall coal procurement costs for the demand
of PLTU while ensuring the continuity of electricity
supply, it is necessary to study the optimization of
coal supply for PLTU using the Linear Programming
method (Mitra & Avittathur).
2 METHOD
Solving problems using Linear Programming
required a model consisting of objective functions
and constraint functions. The objective function is to
minimize coal procurement costs with supporting
variables including unit costs of coal production and
transportation. While the constraint function consists
of the demand function obtained from the calculation
of coal demand from each PLTU and the supply
function obtained from coal production for each type.
These are steps to obtain coal distribution for
PLTU with the optimum cost.
1. Calculate the coal demand of PLTU.
2. Find the calorie value and coal reserves of each
company that is obtained from the Ministry of
Energy and Mineral Resources and the
Indonesian Coal Book.
3. Find the quality of coal that will be used in each
PLTU.
4. Design the objective function as well as the
constraint function.
5. Solve optimization problems using WinQ SB
software.
3 LINEAR PROGRAMMING
Linear programming is a mathematical application
technique in determining problem-solving to
maximize or minimize something that is limited by
certain constraints, it also known as optimization
techniques (Indah & Sari, 2019). Linear
programming can be used as a deterministic tool,
which means that a parameter model is assumed with
certainty. Generally, the characteristics of Linear
programming problems are the objective function in
the form of minimization or maximization, and all
constraints are in the form of equations or inequalities
and the decision variable is not negative.
The following are the steps in Linear
Programming modeling:
1. Determine unknown variables (decision
variables) and express them in mathematical
symbols.
2. Determine all the constraints of the problem and
express in the equation or inequality which is also
a linear relationship of the decision variable that
reflects the limited resources or system
boundaries that are modeled from the problem.
A
i
j
X
i
j
{
≤ or = or ≥} B
i
, X
j
≥ 0,
(1
)
Index:
n = Types of activities that use the source or
facility
i = Number of each type of source or available
facility
j = Number of each type of activity that uses
resources or facilities
X
j
= j
th
activity (decision variable)
A
ij
= Number of sources i
th
needed to produce each
activity output unit j
th
B
j
= The number of available sources i
th
3. Determine the goal (maximum or minimum) that
must be achieved to determine the optimum
solution of all feasible values of the variable
(Putri, 2015).
Z
=
C
1
X
1
+
C
2
X
2
+ ...+
C
n
X
n
(2
)
Index:
Z = Optimized value
Cn = Contribution of each unit of activity output
n to the value of Z
Xn = n
th
activity (decision variable)
4 PARAMETERS
4.1 Coal Demands
Based on the RUPTL, there are 5 PLTU in West
Kalimantan Province that are under construction,
including the Sintang PLTU, Ketapang PLTU, Baru
Parit PLTU (FTP1 and FTP2), and Pantai Kura-Kura
PLTU. Each PLTU has different generating power so
that the coal demand for each PLTU is different. The
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1294
Table 1: Coal Demand of PLTU.
PLTU Power (MW) Calory (kkal/kg) Coal Demand (kg)
Sintang 3 x 7 4,000 76,414,154
Keta
p
an
g
10 4,200 34,654,945
Parit Baru FTP 1 2 x 50 4,200 346,549,451
Parit Baru FTP 2 2 x 50 4,200 346,549,451
Pantai Kura-Kura FTP 1 2 x 27.5 4,000 200,132,308
Table 2: Coal Production in Mining Company.
Mining Company
Calory
(kcal/kg)
TM (%) TS (%) Ash (%) Production (ton)
PT Adaro Indonesia 4,000 40.00 0.20 3.00 50,601,101.00
PT Bara Multi Susksessarana 4,065 35.40 0.34 3.70 1,500,000.00
PT Borneo Indobara 4,000 38.00 0.50 6.00 4,003,273.74
PT Jorong Barutama Greston 4,400 32.00 0.25 4.15 203,887.00
following approach is used in calculating coal
demand for each PLTU (Naiborhu, 2015).
𝑉 =
𝑃 × 𝐹 × 𝑐𝑓 × 𝑡
𝑒
𝑓𝑓
× 𝐸
(3)
Index:
V = Total Coal Demands (kg)
P = Generating Power (MW)
F = Conversion Factor
cf = Factor Capacity
t = Time in 1 year (hour)
eff = Combustion Efficiency
E = Coal Calorie (kcal/kg)
Energy unit conversions According to James Prescott
Joule, a conversion factor value of 1 MWh = 8.64 ×
105 kcal. In this study using a factor capacity value of
75%, generating efficiency of 39%, and the amount
of time in a year is 8,760 hours (Sartika &
Septiansyah, 2018). The calculation of coal demands
in each PLTU are shown in Table 1.
Based on Table 1, it is known that the Sintang and
Ketapang PLTUs are small-scale PLTUs with a
capacity of 7 MW and 10 MW. Meanwhile, the PLTU
Parit Baru and Pantai Kura-Kura are medium-scale
power plants with a capacity of 50 MW and 27.5 MW.
This affects the amount of coal demand needed to
generate electricity. The demand for coal shows a
large value with a large power generation capacity.
4.2 Coal Production
The coal used for a power plant is generally low-
calorie coal (less than 4,200 kcal/kg). Each coal
mining company produces coal with different
specifications, from calories, total moisture, total
sulfur, and total ash. In this case mining companies
that will supply coal for PLTU from the island of
Kalimantan. These following are the company that
will supply coal to the planned PLTU in West
Kalimantan.
Based on Table 2, it is known that PT Adaro
Indonesia produces the most low-calorie coal which
is 50 million tonnes with 4,000 kcal/kg calories.
Meanwhile, PT Jorong Barutama Greston Indonesia
produces the most low-calorie coal, which is 0.2
million tons with 4,400 kcal/kg calories.
4.3 The Selling Price of Coal
Coal has different selling prices, depending on the
specifications of calories, moisture, total sulfur, and
ash. The selling price of coal for PLTU has been
regulated in Ministerial Decree of ESDM (Energy
and Mineral Resources) Number:
1395K/30/MEM/2018 concerning the Selling Price
of Coal to the Provision of Electric Power for Public
Interest. The selling price of coal to the electricity
supply for public use is USD 70 per metric ton of Free
on Board (FOB) vessels, based on reference
specifications on calories 6,322 kcal/kg GAR, total
moisture 8%, total sulfur 0.8%, and ash 15%. Based
on the selling price of coal aquation contained in the
Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number
1395K/30/MEM/2018, the selling price of coal for
each company is shown in Table 3.
Based on Table 3, it is known that the higher the
coal calories, the higher the coal selling price. It will
affect the cost of procuring coal. the cost of procuring
coal will also increase with the use of coal for higher
calories.
The Optimization of Coal Supply for Planned PLTU in West Kalimantan Province
1295
Table 3: The Selling Price of Coal.
Mining Company Calory (kcal/kg) TM (%) TS (%) Ash (%) Selling Price (USD/ton)
PT Adaro Indonesia 4,000 40.00 0.20 3.00 28.87
PT Bara Multi Susksessarana 4,065 35.40 0.34 3.70 28.69
PT Borneo Indobara 4,000 38.00 0.50 6.00 34.53
PT Joron
g
Barutama Greston 4,400 32.00 0.25 4.15 42.55
Table 4: The Distance between the Seaports of Mining Company.
Mining Company
Distance from Mining Company to the PLTU (NM)
Sintang Ketapang Parit Baru FTP 1 Parit Baru FTP 2 Pantai Kura-Kura
PT Adaro Indonesia 892 533 660 660 703
PT Bara Multi Susksessarana 1,114 755 882 882 925
PT Borneo Indobara 898 538 666 666 709
PT Jorong Barutama Greston 834 475 602 602 645
Table 5: Coal Transportation Costs.
Mining Company
Transportation Costs from Mining Company to the PLTU
(USD/ton)
Sintang Ketapang Parit Baru FTP 1 Parit Baru FTP 2 Pantai Kura-Kura
PT Adaro Indonesia 23.45 15.52 18.33 18.33 19.28
PT Bara Multi Susksessarana 28.36 20.43 23.23 23.23 24.18
PT Borneo Indobara 23.59 15.63 18.46 18.46 19.41
PT Jorong Barutama Greston 22.17 14.24 17.04 17.04 18.00
4.4 The Distance between Seaports of
Mining Company and PLTU
Sales of coal are carried out free onboard on barges
with different loading locations than loading on
vessels. It is necessary to calculate the distance from
the seaport of each mining company to each PLTU in
West Kalimantan Province. The distance is calculated
based on sea lanes that are traversed using Netpas
software. The distribution of seaports PLTU and coal
mining companies can be seen in Figure 1. It can be
seen that the location of the PLTU is spread out in
Figure 1: The Distribution of PLTU and Coal Mining
Companies.
West Kalimantan Province and the location of coal
mining companies is spread outside the West
Kalimantan Province. Then, the distance between the
seaports of the mining companies and PLTU can be
seen in the table 4.
Based on Table 4, the coal mining companies that
have the closest distance to each PLTU is PT Jorong
Barutama Greston. The furthest distance to each
PLTU is PT Bara Multi Suksessarana. The farther the
coal mining company is from the PLTU, the higher
the cost of procuring coal.
4.5 Transportation Cost
The transportation used to transport coal from the
mining company's seaport to the PLTU is a barge with
size fewer than 30 feet. Coal transportation costs are
calculated based on the distance from the coal
company's seaport to the PLTU in the Nautical Mile
(NM) unit. The calculation of these costs refers to the
Regulation of the Directorate General of Mineral and
Coal Number 644.K/30/DJB/2013 concerning the
Procedure of Determining Coal Benchmark Prices.
The cost of transporting coal using barges can be seen
in table 5.
5 OPTIMIZATION MODEL
The establishment of an optimization model that will
be achieved is minimizing the total cost of procuring
iCAST-ES 2021 - International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science
1296
coal for the PLTU. The objective function in forming
the coal optimization model is based on the selling
price and transportation costs of coal, with the X
ij
variable as the amount of coal transported from the
coal company to the PLTU. This is the objective
function in the coal optimization model at the PLTU.
Minimum Total Cost = 52.32X
11
+
44.39X
12
+ 47.20X
13
+ 47.20X
14
+
48.15X
15
+ 57.05X
21
+ 49.11X
22
+ 51.92
X
23
+51.92X
24
+52.87X
25
+ 66.14X
31
+
58.18X
32
+ 61.01X
33
+ 61.01X
34
+
61.96X
35
+ 56.70X
41
+ 48.77X
42
+
51.57
X
43
+ 51.57
X
44
+ 52.52
X
45
(4)
Constraint function is divided into two types:
supply and demand. Demand constraints are based on
the demand for coal to generate electricity in a year
and supply constraints were limited by the company's
coal production. The ffollowing are the functions of
demand and supply constraints used.
Demand Constrains:
4,000X
11
+ 4,065X
21
+ 4,000X
31
+
4,000X
41
= 305,656,617
(5)
4,000
X
12
+ 4,065
X
22
+ 4,000
X
32
+
4,000X
42
= 145,550,769
(6)
4,000
X
13
+ 4,065
X
23
+ 4,000
X
33
+ 4,000
X
43
=1,455,507,694.2
(7)
4,000
X
14
+ 4,065
X
24
+ 4,000
X
34
+
4,000X
44
=1,455,507,694.2
(8)
4,000
X
15
+ 4,065
X
25
+ 4,000
X
35
+
4,000X
45
=800,529,231.60
(9)
Supply Constrains:
X
11
+ X
12
+ X
13
+ X
14
+ X
15
≤ 50,601,101
(10
)
X
21
+ X
22
+ X
23
+ X
24
+ X
25
≤ 1,500,000
(11
)
X
31
+ X
32
+ X
33
+ X
34
+ X
35
≤ 4,003,273.74
(12
)
X
41
+ X
42
+ X
43
+ X
44
+ X
45
≤ 203,887
(13
)
6 DISCUSSION
Based on the objective and constraint functions, the
optimization problem is solved by WINQ SB
software, so that the minimum coal procurement cost
obtained at the PLTU is USD 2,565,963,000 in a year
with the distribution of coal supply as the following
table.
Based on these results, it is found that to obtain
the most optimum coal procurement costs, coal input
is required from various companies, where this is
strongly influenced by the calorific value of coal, the
selling price of coal, and the cost of coal
transportation. Besides, the amount of coal demand
and coal production capacity of mining companies are
also the limits of the demand constrain and supply
constrain functions. The coal demand at the Sintang
PLTU can be supplied from PT Jorong Barutama
Greston with 69,467.41 tons. The Ketapang PLTU
can be supplied from 3 different mining company
including PT. Adaro Indonesia with 50,601,100 tons,
PT Bara Multi Susksessarana with 732,448.1 tons,
and PT Borneo Indobara with 4,003,374. The Parit
Baru FTP 1 PLTU can be supplied from PT Bara
Table 6: Variable Index.
Mining Company
Coal Supply from Mining Company to the PLTU (ton)
Sintang Ketapang Parit Baru FTP 1 Parit Baru FTP 2 Pantai Kura-Kura
PT Adaro Indonesia
X
11
X
12
X
13
X
14
X
15
PT Bara Multi Susksessarana
X
21
X
22
X
23
X
24
X
25
PT Borneo Indobara
X
31
X
32
X
33
X
34
X
35
PT Jorong Barutama Greston
X
41
X
42
X
43
X
44
X
45
Table 7: The Optimum Result.
Mining Company
Coal Supply from Mining Company to the PLTU (ton)
Sintang Ketapang
Parit Baru
FTP 1
Parit Baru
FTP 2
Pantai
Kura-Kura
PT Adaro Indonesia - 50,601,100.0 - - -
PT Bara Multi Susksessarana - 732,448.1 358,058.4 358,068.5 51,435.0
PT Borneo Indobara - 4,003,374.0 - - -
PT Joron
g
Barutama Greston 69,467.4 - - - 134,419.5
The Optimization of Coal Supply for Planned PLTU in West Kalimantan Province
1297
Multi Susksessarana with 358,058.4 tons and Parit
Baru FTP 2 PLTU can be supplied from PT Bara
Multi Susksessarana as much as 358,068.5 ton. Pantai
Kura-Kura PLTU can be supplied from 2 different
mining company including PT Bara Multi
Susksessarana with 51,435 tons and PT Jorong
Barutama Greston with 134,419.5 tons.
7 CONCLUSION
The minimum cost of procuring coal for PLTU
demands is USD 2,565,963,000 in a year with the
following distribution of supplies: Sintang PLTU is
supplied from PT Jorong Barutama Greston;
Ketapang PLTU is supplied from PT. Adaro
Indonesia, PT Bara Multi Susksessarana, and PT
Borneo Indobara; Parit Baru FTP 1 PLTU supplied
from PT Bara Multi Susksessarana; Parit Baru FTP 2
PLTU supplied from PT Bara Multi Susksessarana;
The Kura-Kura PLTU is supplied from PT Bara Multi
Susksessarana, and PT Jorong Barutama Greston.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankful to the Company for
providing all the necessary data and information for
this purpose.
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