Formation Digital Intelligence of a Modern Economist: A Competence
Approach
Olena G. Glazunova
a
, Taisiia P. Saiapina
b
, Valentyna I. Korolchuk
c
, Olga M. Kasatkina
d
,
Tetiana V. Voloshyna
e
and Maksym V. Mokriiev
f
National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 15 Heroiv Oborony Str., Kyiv, 03041, Ukraine
Keywords:
Digital Intelligence, Digital Security, Future Economist, Digital Economy, Digital Citizen, Digital Creator,
Digital Entrepreneur.
Abstract:
In the current context of the digitalization of various spheres of life, an important characteristic of participants
in a digital society is the level of their digital intelligence. With the development of the digital economy,
the skills of digital intelligence are required by all professionals in the field. The level of digital intelligence
development of future economists during their university studies determines their successful employment and
career development. The present paper analyzes the application of the competency approach to the formation
of digital intelligence using the tools of the moodle platform. In the e-learning course, digital learning content
was correlated with a competencies that are defined according to digital intelligence hoards. The authors
demonstrate the stages of formation, indicators for different levels of formation, content and examples of
educational representation of material. The results of the pilot study for achieving all three levels of digital
intelligence are also presented. A statistical analysis of the results of the experiment was carried out and their
relevance proved.
1 INTRODUCTION
The modern economy requires the digitization of eco-
nomic processes, which is the basis of innovative de-
velopment of economic systems. Digital economy
is creating new products, shaping new needs, and
the speed and volume of information is increasing
day by day. The development of digital intelligence
among economic actors offers significant opportuni-
ties to create and conduct business based on new tech-
nological solutions or business models not previously
applied. At the current stage of the development of
the global economy, digital tools were accompany-
ing all aspects of economic activity, and digital data
technology and e-business were receiving increasing
attention.
The use of digital technologies is transforming
the relations between the participants of economic
a
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0136-4936
b
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9905-4268
c
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3145-8802
d
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3952-9046
e
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6020-5233
f
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6717-3884
activity in its various sectors. That is why the for-
mation and development of digital competences in
economists, both general and professional, is an im-
portant task for modern universities in preparing fu-
ture economists and improving their skills. “The pub-
lic interest in sustainable and continuous development
of the quality of labor resources and the increase
of their value finds concrete expression in the rule-
making for modernization and achievement of effec-
tive structural changes in the education and qualifi-
cation systems, herefore, the development of compe-
tency profiles and competency models in higher ed-
ucation is imperative. The realization of competence
approach is meaningful, effective and supporting the
future professional realization of the students and it
should be prioritized. As a means of comparison with
the rich theoretical experience and established prac-
tice, it is a real helper for the development of the
higher education system as a responsibility not to the
document, but to the result” (Nikolova Koleva, 2021).
International and European institutions pay great at-
tention to the development of standards of digital
competence, in particular, the framework of digital in-
telligence provides the ability to adequately use dig-
ital technologies to work with data, management in-
432
Glazunova, O., Saiapina, T., Korolchuk, V., Kasatkina, O., Voloshyna, T. and Mokriiev, M.
Formation Digital Intelligence of a Modern Economist: A Competence Approach.
DOI: 10.5220/0012065100003431
In Proceedings of the 2nd Myroslav I. Zhaldak Symposium on Advances in Educational Technology (AET 2021), pages 432-447
ISBN: 978-989-758-662-0
Copyright
c
2023 by SCITEPRESS Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
formation systems, economic risks, provide cyberse-
curity, digital communication and more. The develop-
ment of such abilities among future economists needs
to take place both during the training of information
technology disciplines and in professionally oriented
(vocational) academic disciplines. It is therefore nec-
essary to develop the content, methods and forms for
the formation and development of digital intelligence
skills of future economists during university studies
through appropriate educational programs.
The purpose of the present article is to define
the notions, components, levels and characteristics
of digital intelligence of the modern economist, to
develop approaches to the formation and develop-
ment of components of digital intelligence of future
economists in higher education.
2 THE THEORETICAL
BACKGROUND
Digital competences, computer skills, information lit-
eracy and related abilities represent a crucial ele-
ment in ICT education (Information and Communi-
cation Technologies) (Stopar and Bartol, 2018). Dig-
ital competence is a basic skill for citizens and should
be systematically assessed, taking into account char-
acteristics such as knowledge, skills and attitudes
(Hazar, 2018).
Digital skills are one of the most important condi-
tions for the development of the digital market in any
country, as they are directly or indirectly linked to all
spheres of society and the economy. Significant work
has been done by the European community to create
the potential for digital transformation of education,
in particular, to change the skills and competences re-
quirements for citizens. The work was focused on
developing a digital competency framework for cit-
izens (DigComp), educators (DigCompEdu), educa-
tional organizations (DigCompOrg) and consumers
(DigCompConsumers).
Digital competence is one of the key competences
and is necessary for lifelong learning as it “involves
the confident and critical use of electronic media for
work, leisure and communication. It is related to log-
ical and critical thinking, to skills for handling in-
formation at a high level”. The DigComp concep-
tual reference model identifies 5 broad areas of dig-
ital competence, broken down into 21 competences
(Park, 2019). The development of the entrepreneurial
capacity of European citizens and organisations is one
of the key policy objectives for the EU and Mem-
ber States. European Commission identified sense
of initiative and entrepreneurship as one of the 8 key
competences necessary for a knowledge-based soci-
ety. The EntreComp proposes a shared definition of
entrepreneurship as a competence, with the aim to
raise consensus among all stakeholders and to estab-
lish a bridge between the worlds of education and
work (Bacigalupo et al., 2016). The European e-
Competence Framework is not based on job profiles
but rather on competences as this approach is more
flexible. Its purpose is to provide general and compre-
hensive e-Competences specified at five proficiency
levels that can then be adapted and customised into
different contexts from ICT business and stakeholder
application perspectives. The 41 competences of the
framework are classified according to five main ICT
business areas and relate to the European Qualifica-
tions Framework (Costa and Santos, 2017).
The level of digital competence of university stu-
dents is determined in accordance with the DigCom
2.1 recommendations (Gonz
´
alez Calatayud et al.,
2018; L
´
opez-Meneses et al., 2020; Kuzminska et al.,
2019), TPACK-21 (Schmidt et al., 2009; Valtonen
et al., 2017; Miguel-Revilla et al., 2020).
Any framework of digital competence presented
necessarily requires mastery of the components of
digital intelligence. Park (Park, 2016) defines digital
intelligence as a set of social, emotional and cognitive
abilities that allow individuals to meet challenges and
adapt to the requirements of digital life. By acknowl-
edging conceptual dyad, digital intelligence could be
a result of the process of digital learning (Kineshanko
and Jugdev, 2017). Since digital technologies support
the learning process and have become an educational
subject as well as teaching content, the development
of digital intelligence is encouraged in contemporary
students (
ˇ
Skoda and Lui
´
c, 2019).
Today’s education is best met by the concept of
digital intelligence development that includes eight
interconnected areas: digital identity, digital use, dig-
ital safety, digital security, digital emotional intel-
ligence, digital communication, digital literacy, and
digital rights (Dost
´
al et al., 2017). Cismaru et al. (Cis-
maru et al., 2018) explores the development of four
categories of skills (operational, informational, strate-
gic and digital fluency) as dimensions of the digital
intelligence.
Entrepreneurs are often pressed to create and
launch products and services as quickly as possible
to achieve a first-mover advantage in the market. In
doing so, they tend to overlook cybersecurity threats
and risks due to a lack of awareness and insufficient
funding. This can lead to theft of intellectual prop-
erty, project failure, and inaccurate risk assessment
(Plachkinova and Pittz, 2021).
Formation Digital Intelligence of a Modern Economist: A Competence Approach
433
3 IMPLEMENTATION
Digital economy is based on information and com-
munication and digital technologies, the rapid devel-
opment and spread of which are already affecting
the traditional (physical-analogue) economy, trans-
forming it from a resource-consuming economy to a
resource-creating economy. Data are the key resource
of the digital economy, generated and enabled by
electronic communications through the operation of
digital devices, tools and systems. In order to achieve
digital competitiveness in the digital economy, it is
necessary to develop the digital intelligence skills in
a future economist.
Similar to IQ and EQ, which are used to measure
general and emotional intelligence, digital skills are
DQ (Digital Quotient), which is digital intelligence.
The DQ framework contains 3 levels of digital intel-
ligence (Deepak, 2017):
“digital citizenship” is the use of digital technolo-
gies in everyday life, for interaction with each
other, communication, viewing of digital content,
etc.;
“digital creativity” is the use of digital technolo-
gies to create content, media, applications, etc.;
“digital entrepreneurship” is the use of digital
technologies for business, professional activity,
etc.
The defined levels are applied to such compo-
nents of digital intelligence as: Digital Changemaker
Identity, Digital Use, Digital Safety, Digital Security,
Digital Emotional Intelligence, Digital Communica-
tion, Digital Literacy, Digital Rights. In order to de-
termine indicators for all components of the future
economist’s digital intelligence, it is necessary not
only to analyze the DQ framework, but also the labor
market requirements to the competences of a modern
digital economist. The description of the components
of digital intelligence is presented in figure 1. Thus,
two basic academic disciplines “Information Tech-
nology in Economics” and “Database Management
Systems”, in the program of training of specialists in
the economy are responsible for the formation of dig-
ital skills.
According to the data of DQ Institute, a person
possesses Digital Changemaker Identity if he/she
knows the general and emerging trends in the digital
environment, identifies and evaluates innovative op-
portunities for business or social impact, provided by
the improvement of new technologies, development
of higher-order thinking skills, expansion of thinking
beyond the individual scale to integrate digital net-
works and tools in response to broader social and eco-
nomic challenges. Such people demonstrate profes-
sionalism and value, an interest in understanding the
existing gaps in their digital competence and tech-
nology, using them for self-development and further
business growth (Park, 2019). At The Future of Jobs
Report forum, it was stated that the more work on soft
skills in addition to hard skills, the more navigate eas-
ily tomorrow’s job market (The Future of Jobs Re-
port, 2020). Soft skills are crucial for the complex and
dynamic process of career management and develop-
ment for an economist mostly within the knowledge-
based society context (Suciu and Lacatus, 2014).
Teaching detailed and nuanced industry knowledge is
arguably beyond the scope of entrepreneurship edu-
cation systems, but to an extent, it is of paramount
importance that students are exposed to the organic
industry knowledge through interaction and experi-
ential experiences. Within such interaction, the de-
velopment of convergent 21st century skills such as
social elationships, leadership, creativity and critical
thinking further nurture entrepreneurial intents among
students (Ghafar, 2020). The indicator of the Digital
Changemaker Identity is the ability to identify and
develop yourself as a competent digital technology
user in Economics. To reach the Digital Citizen level,
it is enough for a modern economist to understand
the possibilities of using digital technologies to build
your own image and the impact of knowledge and
technology on professional development; use tech-
nologies to control and form your own digital identity;
to demonstrate honesty in technology use and self-
efficacy by finding ways to take advantage of the op-
portunities available to you in the digital environment.
The level of “Digital Creator” presupposes the future
economist’s understanding of how to be aware of the
progress of ICT, as well as the ability to integrate dig-
ital technologies in professional life; having a healthy
identity as the co-creator of the digital ecosystem,
able to explore and identify contemporary problems,
jointly develop new ideas for their solution through
technology. To reach the Digital Entrepreneur level,
it is necessary to be able to identify and evaluate inno-
vative business or social impact opportunities that are
enhanced by new technologies; monitor and integrate
emerging trends and technologies, structure data col-
lection to identify new technology products / services
that determine the potential added value of the busi-
ness for sustainability and profitability of the busi-
ness. Within the framework of both academic disci-
plines, namely “Information Systems and Technology
in Economics” and “Database Management Systems”
the Digital Changemaker Identity skills can be de-
veloped through the use of project-based, case-based,
and practice-oriented training.
AET 2021 - Myroslav I. Zhaldak Symposium on Advances in Educational Technology
434
Figure 1: Components of digital intelligence.
Digital data technology, information systems in
management, accounting and finance are increasingly
playing a key role in managing business processes,
including all areas of economic activity, and future
economists therefore need Digital Use skills. In
(Wong et al., 2016) several considerations and sug-
gestions are drawn in terms of rethinking and pur-
suing usability in training when applied to Enter-
prise Resource Planning (ERP), and other business
process management software systems, SAP, which
comes as an integrated solution that incorporates the
key business functions and processes of an organi-
zation. The rapid growth through the use of Enter-
prise Resource Planning (ERP) systems by Indone-
sian companies has been responded by ERP ven-
dors in providing skilled human resources in ERP
environment by cooperating with universities, par-
ticularly for training accounting students. Satisfac-
tion with class and instructor influence perceived ease
of use, students feel satisfied with ERP training and
this affects their intentions in using ERP in the fu-
ture (Imbiri, 2019). Chen and Zhou (Chen and Zhou,
2013) presents the enterprise resource planning (ERP)
course layout aiming at the current problems from
six aspects of the curriculum, teaching content, teach-
ing resource, teaching method, teaching evaluation,
teacher training. Shraideh et al. (Shraideh et al.,
2018) conducted a practical course for teaching top-
ics of SAP Leonardo and SAP HANA by suggest-
ing model for conducting a capstone course consist-
ing of eight phases. The model is geared to teach-
ing new and innovative industry-related topics by us-
ing a project-based learning approach including el-
ements of experiential learning and role-play teach-
ing. The Digital Citizen level assumes the mod-
ern economist’s understanding of the impact of the
use of digital technologies on health, productivity of
work, welfare and lifestyle, the possession of the rel-
evant knowledge to solve these consequences; the use
of technology in a targeted manner to achieve better
objectives, effective use of digital content and tools
for their own benefit. At the same time, a modern
economist with a Digital creativity level has to be
able to develop new ideas for solving the given tasks;
to use self-motivation and ingenuity in using tech-
nologies in professional activity, for allocating avail-
Formation Digital Intelligence of a Modern Economist: A Competence Approach
435
able resources; to select and use digital technologies
and information systems to plan and execute business
processes. To attain the Digital entrepreneur level a
student must use digital technologies to improve or-
ganizations, achieve business goals, work with eco-
nomic indicators, information systems covering all
spheres of economic activity, use systems to manage
enterprise resources; to create, implement and use in-
formation systems and technology in different spheres
of economic activity. The formation and development
of such skills is ensured in the course of studying “In-
formation Systems and Technology in Economics”
and “Database management systems” academic dis-
ciplines, as well as professionally oriented disciplines
in economics, accounting, analysis, modeling, man-
agement.
Organizations are faced with increasing complex-
ity, uncertainty and enhanced threats from a wide
range of forces. Depending on how this situation is
handled, it can become risk or opportunity to erode
or enhance business value. In addition, organizations
have to meet most different stakeholders’, legal and
regulatory risk management requirements, compre-
hensive enterprise risk management are challenge and
core competence for organizations’ sustainable suc-
cess (Stoll, 2015). Raanan (Raanan, 2009) research
which applications of risk management to many as-
pects of modern life, from insurance, banking, health
issues, business ventures, to project management and
more. The Digital Safety indicator is the ability to
understand, mitigate and manage economic risks us-
ing IT. To reach the level of a Digital Citizen the
future economist needs: to understand the different
types of behavioral cyber risks, how he/she can face
these risks, how these risks can affect him/her; to de-
velop the necessary technical, socio-cognitive, com-
municative and decision-making skills to deal with
cyber risk situations when they occur, and know the
tools to overcome these negative outcomes on the In-
ternet. The Digital Creator level involves understand-
ing the cyber risks of content they face on the Internet
and the strategies associated with appropriate behav-
ior, and the skills needed to develop and use conflict
management techniques to reduce these risks. In or-
der to reach the level of Digital Entrepreneur it is nec-
essary to understand different types of cyber risks of
commercial organizations, which can cause cessation
or slowdown of business processes, loss of competi-
tive advantage, loss of customers or profit, reduction
of the business value and so forth. In addition, in or-
der to encourage the use of digital entrepreneurship, it
is necessary to be able to identify such risks and to de-
velop creative strategies using digital tools to address
and prevent the threats associated with those risks.
Integration of digital security skills as an indepen-
dent variable is critical to the understanding of the use
of online protective measures. Having the necessary
skills and knowledge to engage in a cyber-safety be-
havior can help users avoid cyber-victimization, re-
ducing the odds of negative outcomes such as the
theft of data, money or personal information (Dodel
and Mesch, 2018). Knowledge and skills in the ar-
eas of information security, information privacy, and
copyright/intellectual property rights and protection
are of key importance for organizational and individ-
ual success in an evolving society and labour market
in which information is a core resource (Burkell et al.,
2015). The indicators Digital Security are the ability
to recognize, plan and deploy organizational cyberse-
curity tools in manufacturing processes. At the same
time, it is sufficient for an economist possessing the
Digital Citizen level to recognize and eliminate tech-
nical and software cyber threats at the level of the op-
erating system, work in the network, work with per-
sonal data and copyrighted content, to know the types
of threats in the digital environment, identify strate-
gies and tools to be used to avoid such threats, use
digital technologies without compromising their data
and devices. The Digital Creativity level implies the
ability to plan and implement cybersecurity protec-
tion in the creation of digital content, organization of
data security and working information systems, iden-
tify vulnerabilities, quantify associated risks (e.g., in-
come deficiency or business losses), use tools, strate-
gies and protocols to ensure and improve data privacy
and security. To reach the Digital Entrepreneur level,
one needs to be able to organize a secure information
environment for the business organization, to actively
support cyber security in the organization, providing
advice and guidance on potential risks and strategies
for addressing them by developing and adhering to al-
ready developed communication strategies for organi-
zations to ensure adoption and compliance of security
policies and standards that ensure a viable environ-
ment for the enterprise. The formation of students’
Digital Security level is carried out in the process
of mastering the content-rich Module “Digital Secu-
rity: Protection in the Digital Environment” within
the framework of Information Systems and Technol-
ogy in Economics course.
It is widely acknowledged that emotional intelli-
gence is a crucial component in organizations. It has
been proved that leaders and employees who are emo-
tionally intelligent are more efficient, creative, and
make better decisions (Bonesso et al., 2020). In to-
day’s digital and technical environment, employers
are looking for personnel that can contribute to the or-
ganization not only with the use of technical skills but
AET 2021 - Myroslav I. Zhaldak Symposium on Advances in Educational Technology
436
can also express their expertise with the use of posi-
tive emotional intelligence and communication effec-
tiveness (Hendon et al., 2017). The indicator of Dig-
ital Emotional Intelligence is the possibility to skill-
fully use digital tools for management. To master
the Digital Citizen level the future economists should
possess social and emotional skills in digital interac-
tion of people, connected with both psychological in-
teraction and practical, physical actions in confirma-
tion of socially determined socially significant things.
In order to reach the level of Digital Creator it is
necessary to identify, understand and use your own
emotional states, to be able to direct them, promote
cooperation and positive interaction between inter-
nal and external interested parties in order to achieve
the set goal; to understand and use your own emo-
tional states, which are derivative and primary to dig-
ital media and personal value systems. The Digital
Entrepreneur level implies the ability to develop in-
terpersonal skills, the ability to manage one’s emo-
tions, understand emotional responses and behaviors
depending on the context and digital environment, the
ability to build partnerships at personal, local, social
and global levels to achieve organizational goals. The
formation and development of such skills are ensured
in the process of studying basic academic disciplines
in information technologies – namely, Database Man-
agement Systems and Information Systems and Tech-
nology in Economics, as well as professionally ori-
ented academic disciplines in management, project
management and business modeling.
The importance of Digital Communication for
economists is beyond question, as information and
communication technologies are a driver of the digital
economy (Domazet and Lazi
´
c, 2017). Digital com-
munication and collaboration use features of digital
technologies with confidence for communication, co-
operation and collaboration; effectively search, find,
retrieve, process and communicate information from
a variety of digital sources and in a variety of for-
mats (Gekara et al., 2019). The ability for an under-
graduate economist to apply analytical skills to eco-
nomic issues of contemporary relevance is an integral
part of their tertiary training. In order to encourage
students O’Brien and Freund (O’Brien and Freund,
2018) explored the potential for future economists to
exploit their social media communication skills with
reflective blogging. The indicator of Digital Com-
munication is an ability to effectively exchange mes-
sages, ideas and thoughts on the Internet. Herein, it
is enough for an economist with the Digital Citizen
level to know and to be able to use various communi-
cation tools for effective messaging. The level of Dig-
ital Creativity implies the ability to create and trans-
mit digital content, independently organize communi-
cation channels for communications (for a large num-
ber of users inclusive); to store message histories, to
resume task on the needed Internet page, the ability to
use multiple communication tools without disrupting
the workflow; as well as the ability to create and orga-
nize videoconferencing; etc. Digital Communication
for an economist on the third level implies the ability
to create and establish different communication en-
vironments to discuss and formulate business strate-
gies and tactics in order to achieve the organization’s
goals. This level partly overlaps with Entrepreneurial
competence and is one of the main components of
Digital Competence. The formation of appropriate
skills of Digital Communication in future economists
can be carried out within Information Systems and
Technology in Economics academic discipline while
studying the informative module “Digital Communi-
cations in Global Space”. Therefore, Digital Commu-
nication for the modern economist is both the ability
to use the tools of gathering and disseminating pro-
fessional economic information and data, assessible
through digital means.
Information technologies are rapidly evolving and
changing, along with that the term Digital Literacy is
constantly acquiring new interpretations. This means
that the role of information technologies in training
specialists in different areas is undergoing constant
change as well (Pangrazio, 2014; Santos and Serpa,
2017; Spante et al., 2018). As stressed by Murray
and P
´
erez (Murray and P
´
erez, 2014), many students
entering the university today have a high level of ex-
posure to digital technologies and media. However,
they are not prepared to cross the bridge between per-
sonal and academic use of technology. As academic
knowhow is gained through formal education, so too
must technological prowess be gained through struc-
tured learning experiences. Chan et al. (Chan et al.,
2017) define digital literacy as “the ability to under-
stand and use information in multiple formats with
emphasis on critical thinking”. The indicator of Digi-
tal Literacy of a future economist the creation of doc-
uments, use of tools for calculations, analysis, visu-
alization and statistic processing. The Digital Citizen
level implies the ability to find, process, organize, vi-
sualize and store economic data. To reach the Dig-
ital Creator level, it is necessary to be able to work
with software environments for automation of pro-
cesses of economic data processing (statistical, ana-
lytical); to create and use database management sys-
tems, data warehouses; to create and use economic
and mathematical methods and models, diagnostic
methods of control and estimation of the level of eco-
nomic growth by means of automation using digital
Formation Digital Intelligence of a Modern Economist: A Competence Approach
437
tools; to model and forecast economic processes us-
ing modern digital technologies. At the highest level
of Digital Literacy the Digital Entrepreneur implies
the ability of a student to design databases, informa-
tion systems, algorithms and data collection tools, to
develop decision-making models. Economists may
achieve such a level of Digital Literacy if they possess
experience of using different technologies gained not
only within the framework of studying such academic
disciplines as Information Systems and Technology
in Economics and Database Management Systems at
the university, but also in the process of professional
activity.
Organizations require skilled and knowledgeable
professionals who understand risks and responsibil-
ities related to the management of information pri-
vacy, information security, and copyright/intellectual
property (Burkell et al., 2015). New digital net-
worked technologies enable users to participate in the
consumption, distribution, and creation of content in
ways that are revolutionary for both culture and in-
dustry. Young people operate in the digital realm
overwhelmingly ignorant of the rights, and to a lesser
degree the restrictions, established in copyright law
(Palfrey et al., 2009). Software publishers use dig-
ital rights management, specifically copy-protection
techniques, to prevent unauthorized and illegal copy-
ing of their software products (Djekic and Loebbecke,
2005). The indicators of Digital Rights are the abil-
ity to understand your powers and Internet participa-
tion rights, licensed rights to use digital content and
specialized software. Thus, to reach the level of a
Digital Citizen, it is sufficient to understand the con-
cept of confidentiality as a human right, what per-
sonal information is and how it can be used, stored,
processed and shared on digital platforms along with
strategies and tools that help keep personal informa-
tion private and secure, is aware of copyright licenses
and Creative Commons tools, licensing choices for li-
censors. The Digital Creator level implies the knowl-
edge of the law and rights regarding the ownership of
information and content hosted in a digital environ-
ment, the ability to distinguish between creative use
and appropriation of someone else’s work; the ability
to track and manage changes to your digital content
to protect your/organizational assets from unautho-
rized changes or unauthorized use; to design and use
patents, trademarks, copyrights to protect your dig-
ital works through a variety of tools and applicable
legislation. In order to reach the level of a Digital En-
trepreneur, it is necessary to effectively integrate leg-
islation with one’s own practice to ensure the support
and enforcement of digital rights in the digital envi-
ronment as part of the entrepreneurial activity.
Competency indicators have been developed for
each component of digital intelligence.
Indicators of digital intelligence skills at the level
of “Digital Citizen”:
DI1. Digital Changemaker Identity (using dig-
ital technologies to build your own image and the
impact of knowledge and technology on profes-
sional development; using technologies to control
and form your own digital identity; demonstrat-
ing honesty in technology use and self-efficacy by
finding ways to take advantage of the opportuni-
ties available to you in the digital environment);
DI2. Digital Use (understanding of the impact
of the use of digital technologies on health, pro-
ductivity of work, welfare and lifestyle, the pos-
session of the relevant knowledge to solve these
consequences; the use of technology in a targeted
manner to achieve better objectives, effective use
of digital content and tools for their own benefit);
DI3. Digital Safety (understand the different
types of behavioural cyber risks, how he/she
can face these risks, how these risks can affect
him/her; develop the necessary technical, socio-
cognitive, communicative and decision-making
skills to deal with cyber risk situations when they
occur; know the tools to overcome these negative
outcomes on the Internet);
DI4. Digital Security (ability to recognizing and
eliminate technical and software cyber threats at
the level of the operating system; work in the net-
work, with personal data and copyrighted content;
know the types of threats in the digital environ-
ment, identify strategies and tools to be used to
avoid such threats; use digital technologies with-
out compromising their data and devices);
DI5. Digital Emotional Intelligence ( possess
social and emotional skills in digital interaction
of people, connected with both psychological in-
teraction and practical, physical actions in confir-
mation of socially determined socially significant
things);
DI6. Digital Communication (level to know and
to be able to use various communication tools for
effective messaging);
DI7. Digital Literacy (ability to find, process,
organize, visualize and store economic data);
DI8. Digital Rights (understand the concept of
confidentiality as a human right, what personal in-
formation is and how it can be used, stored, pro-
cessed and shared on digital platforms along with
strategies and tools that help keep personal infor-
mation private and secure; is aware of copyright
AET 2021 - Myroslav I. Zhaldak Symposium on Advances in Educational Technology
438
licenses and Creative Commons tools, licensing
choices for licensors).
Indicators of digital intelligence skills at the level
of “Digital Creator”:
DI1. Digital Changemaker Identity (future
economist’s understanding of how to be aware
of the progress of ICT; ability to integrate digi-
tal technologies in professional life; ability to ex-
plore and identify contemporary problems, jointly
develop new ideas for their solution through tech-
nology);
DI2. Digital Use (ability to develop new ideas for
solving the given tasks; to use self-motivation and
ingenuity in using technologies in professional
activity, for allocating available resources; select
and use digital technologies and information sys-
tems to plan and execute business processes);
DI3. Digital Safety (understanding the cyber
risks of content they face on the Internet; under-
standing the strategies associated with appropriate
behavior, and the skills needed to develop; using
conflict management techniques to reduce cyber
risks);
DI4. Digital Security (ability to plan and imple-
ment cybersecurity protection in the creation of
digital content, organization of data security and
working information systems; identify vulnerabil-
ities, quantify associated risks (e.g., income de-
ficiency or business losses); use tools, strategies
and protocols to ensure and improve data privacy
and security);
DI5. Digital Emotional Intelligence (identify,
understand and use your own emotional states, to
be able to direct them; promote cooperation and
positive interaction between internal and external
interested parties in order to achieve the set goal;
understand and use your own emotional states,
which are derivative and primary to digital media
and personal value systems);
DI6. Digital Communication (create and trans-
mit digital content, independently organize com-
munication channels for communications (for a
large number of users inclusive); store message
histories, to resume task on the needed Internet
page, the ability to use multiple communication
tools without disrupting the workflow; ability to
creating and organize videoconferencing);
DI7. Digital Literacy (ability to work with soft-
ware environments for automation of processes
of economic data processing (statistical, analyti-
cal); ability to create and use database manage-
ment systems, data warehouses; ability to create
and use economic and mathematical methods and
models, diagnostic methods of control and esti-
mation of the level of economic growth by means
of automation using digital tools; ability to model
and forecast economic processes using modern
digital technologies);
DI8. Digital Rights (knowledge of the law and
rights regarding the ownership of information and
content hosted in a digital environment; ability to
distinguish between creative use and appropria-
tion of someone else’s work; ability to track and
manage changes to your digital content to pro-
tect your/organizational assets from unauthorized
changes or unauthorized use; ability to design
and use patents, trademarks, copyrights to protect
your digital works through a variety of tools and
applicable legislation).
Indicators of digital intelligence skills at the level
of “Digital Entrepreneur”:
DI1. Digital Changemaker Identity (ability to
identify and evaluate innovative business or so-
cial impact opportunities that are enhanced by
new technologies; ability to monitor and integrate
emerging trends and technologies; ability to struc-
ture data collection to identify new technology
products / services that determine the potential
added value of the business for sustainability and
profitability of the business);
DI2. Digital Use (use digital technologies to im-
prove organizations, achieve business goals, work
with economic indicators, information systems
covering all spheres of economic activity, use sys-
tems to manage enterprise resources; create, im-
plement and use information systems and technol-
ogy in different spheres of economic activity);
DI3. Digital Safety (understand different types
of cyber risks of commercial organizations, which
can cause cessation or slowdown of business pro-
cesses, loss of competitive advantage, loss of cus-
tomers or profit, reduction of the business value
and so forth; ability to identify risks and to de-
velop creative strategies using digital tools to ad-
dress and prevent the threats associated with those
risks);
DI4. Digital Security (ability to organize a se-
cure information environment for the business or-
ganization; ability to support cyber security in the
organization, providing advice and guidance on
potential risks and strategies for addressing them
by developing and adhering to already developed
communication strategies for organizations to en-
sure adoption and compliance of security policies
Formation Digital Intelligence of a Modern Economist: A Competence Approach
439
and standards that ensure a viable environment for
the enterprise);
DI5. Digital Emotional Intelligence (ability to
develop interpersonal skills; ability to manage
one’s emotions, understand emotional responses
and behaviors depending on the context and dig-
ital environment; ability to build partnerships at
personal, local, social and global levels to achieve
organizational goals);
DI6. Digital Communication (ability to cre-
ate and establish different communication envi-
ronments to discuss; ability to formulate business
strategies and tactics in order to achieve the orga-
nization’s goals);
DI7. Digital Literacy (ability of a student
to design databases, information systems, algo-
rithms and data collection tools; develop decision-
making models);
DI8.Digital Rights (ability to effectively integrate
legislation with one’s own practice to ensure the
support and enforcement of digital rights in the
digital environment as part of the entrepreneurial
activity).
4 THE RESULTS OF
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
The pedagogical experiment on the development
of digital intelligence competences for future
economists lasted for 3 years and involved the first
year students majoring in Economic (the total of 142
students). The formation and development of digital
intelligence skills of future economists was carried
out within the framework of studying the Information
Systems and Technology in Economics academic
discipline. The formation of DQ was carried out in
3 stages: (1) Digital Citizenship through two content
modules in the Information Systems and Technology
course; (2) Digital Creativity through a competency-
based project; (3) Digital Entrepreneurship through
practical training using real-life work situations. The
course of experimental research included measuring
students’ digital intelligence skills before the start of
the discipline and at the end of each stage.
The course content modules on Information Sys-
tems and Technology in Economics included: Dig-
ital Identity and Rights of the Modern Economist,
Digital Security: Protection in the Digital Environ-
ment, Cyber Risks in the Public Digital Domain, Dig-
ital Communications in the Information Environment,
Economic Data Tools, Visualisation of Economic In-
formation, Digital Tools for Economist Management,
Information Systems for Economic Activity. The pro-
cess of forming appropriate skills in accordance with
the components of digital intelligence level “Digi-
tal Citizen” was provided by a set of educational re-
sources and services, tasks for laboratory work.
The e-learning course (ETC), based on the Moo-
dle platform, was used as an internal resource for the
university’s e-learning environment to learn theoret-
ical educational material to organize the educational
process of future economists.
To determine the acquisition by students of the
necessary competencies by the means available in the
moodle system, the following was created:
Technical representation of the competency
framework within the system competencies repos-
itory.
Assignment of relevant competencies to the train-
ing course.
Assignment of appropriate competencies to indi-
vidual elements of the e-learning course.
The digital competence framework includes (fig-
ure 2):
indicator
level
*
exponent
Figure 2: Digital competence framework in the Moodle sys-
tem.
The content of the competency framework cor-
responds to the components of digital intelligence
skills with have been added to the relevant e-learning
course.
AET 2021 - Myroslav I. Zhaldak Symposium on Advances in Educational Technology
440
But simply the technical definition of the course
in which the relevant competencies will be formed is
not enough to recognize that the student has acquired
these competencies. A prerequisite is the presence
of educational elements, the successful development
of which will symbolize that the student has acquired
the competencies that these elements are designed to
develop in him.
At the same time, different approaches to deter-
mine the acquisition of competencies were identified
for different indicators.
To obtain the competencies “knows. . . the stu-
dent must review the theoretical material (read the
text, watch the study video, presentation, etc.) and
successfully pass the training test. The Moodle sys-
tem allows you to track the successful completion of
educational elements by students both automatically
(fulfillment of requirements) and by students them-
selves (personal determination of the state of under-
standing of the material received). Therefore, the stu-
dent can independently determine the theoretical ma-
terial as performed, and the test is marked as com-
pleted when receiving a grade above 60% of the max-
imum. Only when all these conditions are met is the
indicator of competence considered achieved.
To obtain competencies “able. . . students were
asked to perform a set of tasks in laboratory work.
The conditions for determining these tasks as per-
formed (and, consequently, obtaining the relevant in-
dicators of competence, which are tied to these tasks)
are to provide for the verification of work performed
and receive an assessment of at least 60% of the max-
imum (figure 3).
When using the option of students gaining knowl-
edge through non-formal education, to confirm the ac-
quired competence, it was proposed to provide evi-
dence of successful completion of third-party courses
by uploading a certificate in the e-learning course.
After verification of the certificate, the teacher con-
firmed the acquisition of competence.
Determining the achievement of competency indi-
cators “uses. . . can no longer be done automatically.
In this case, the educational elements of the e-course
require the student to request confirmation of the ac-
quisition of appropriate competence from the teacher.
According to the results of research conducted by the
student, completed project task or completed practice,
the teacher marks the acquisition of competence.
Thus, we obtained a list of activities aimed at
forming the appropriate capabilities for each compo-
nent of digital intelligence of the future economist
(figure 4)
Also, control tasks and tests were formed accord-
ing to certain indicators. Each student gained access
Figure 3: Adjustment of the passing score and conditions of
the performance.
to the structure of digital competence and the cor-
responding activities that must be performed for the
successful formation of digital competence. The fig-
ure 5 shows a screen with the activities that the stu-
dent sees. After completing tasks for laboratory and
independent work, the student undergoes control ac-
tivities, the results of which determine the level of for-
mation of digital competence (for each component).
The results of the formed components of digital com-
petence the student can see after his teacher evaluates
the relevant activities in the e-learning course or af-
ter presenting a certificate of mastery of the relevant
mass online courses, which certifies the formation of
relevant competencies.
After completing the two modules of the dis-
cipline, students were offered a project assignment
to achieve the Digital Creativity level. During the
project work, students learned how to apply a set of
services and tools developed during theoretical train-
ing to solve different types of tasks related to eco-
nomic activity of an enterprise. Before starting the
tasks of this project, the students had to split into
small groups, plan the teamwork, choose a service to
manage the project, assign roles to the participants,
set areas of responsibility and deadlines for the tasks.
In the course of the project assignment, the students
were asked to develop the information structure of
Formation Digital Intelligence of a Modern Economist: A Competence Approach
441
Figure 4: Correspondence of competencies and activities within one of the components of digital competence.
Figure 5: The final page of the student’s competence.
the virtual business activity based on the analysed or-
ganisational and functional structure of the enterprise;
to select the software for economic activity (process-
ing, systematisation, visualisation and storage of eco-
nomic data), tools for confidentiality and data security
using appropriate cloud services.
In order to achieve the “Digital Entrepreneurship”
level of the learning experience, the students were
asked to solve a case study based on the production
situation described. An example of such a task is
given below. A retail chain is planning to expand its
branches. Given the number of employees, customers
AET 2021 - Myroslav I. Zhaldak Symposium on Advances in Educational Technology
442
and counterparties of the company planned after the
expansion, to analyse the technical and functional
characteristics of the existing systems in the market
and to select the optimal in terms of purchase and
maintenance costs: CRM-system; tool for checking
the activities of counterparties; tool for assessing the
financial performance of the company. Evaluate the
cost of implementing such systems in the company.
Set up user authorisation rules in the selected systems
to ensure the security of company data”. The result of
the completed task is a presentation of the completed
work in the form of a joint document, which is gener-
ated by all participants of the project.
As a result, after graduation each student received
the following results of the formation of digital com-
petence (figure 6).
The leading idea of the research concept is re-
flected in the hypothesis based on the assumption: if
the training of modern economists is carried out ac-
cording to the proposed phased formation of digital
intelligence skills, it will increase the levels of digital
intelligence: “digital citizen”, “digital entrepreneur”
and “digital creator”.
At the beginning of the pedagogical experiment,
each student assessed their own level of competence
in the components of digital intelligence in accor-
dance with the developed indicators on a scale from
0 to 10 for the levels of “Digital Citizen”, “Digi-
tal Creator”, “Digital Entrepreneur”. For each level,
the average value of the formation of the correspond-
ing component of digital intelligence was determined.
After completing the training, in which students were
offered resources, tasks, training practices for the for-
mation of digital intelligence skills at different levels
during three stages, students were asked to re-evaluate
the level of formation of digital intelligence compe-
tencies. The results of the experiment for 3 academic
years on the formation of competencies in digital in-
telligence at the levels of “Digital Citizen”, “Digital
Creator”, “Digital Entrepreneur” are presented in ta-
bles 1-3.
To confirm the hypothesis of the study, a null hy-
pothesis was put forward: the average value of the
level of formation of digital intelligence before and
after the experiment for each level does not differ. De-
viation of this hypothesis for each level will confirm
the effectiveness of the technologies used. The sam-
ple data have a normal distribution and form a pair of
correlating values, whereas the paired Student t-test
was chosen to evaluate the results.
Assessment of digital intelligence skills at the
level of “Digital Citizen” is presented in table 1.
The sample data have a normal distribution and
form a pair of correlating values, whereas the paired
Table 1: Assessment of digital intelligence skills at the level
of “Digital Citizen”.
Components
of digital
intelligence
Sampling
Deviation from
the average
To After To After
DI1 4.78 7.94 0.26 1.14
DI2 3.95 6.33 -0.57 -0.47
DI3 3.70 5.67 -0.82 -1.13
DI4 5.69 7.27 1.17 0.47
DI5 4.26 7.41 -0.26 0.61
DI6 3.81 5.27 -0.71 -1.53
DI7 4.86 7.84 0.34 1.04
DI8 5.13 6.67 0.61 -0.13
36.18 54.40 0.02 0.00
Average value 4.52 6.80
Table 2: Assessment of digital intelligence skills at the level
of “Digital Creator”.
Components
of digital
intelligence
Sampling
Deviation from
the average
To After To After
DI1 2.91 5.35 -0.07 -0.36
DI2 2.85 5.53 -0.13 -0.18
DI3 1.78 5.33 -1.20 -0.38
DI4 2.98 5.58 0.00 -0.13
DI5 1.97 5.50 -1.01 -0.21
DI6 3.98 5.92 1.00 0.21
DI7 3.47 6.29 0.49 0.58
DI8 3.86 6.18 0.88 0.47
23.80 45.68 -0.04 0.00
Average value 2.98 5.71
Student t-test was chosen to evaluate the results. The
t-criterion was calculated by the formula t =
M
d
S
d
N
,
where M
d
– is the mean difference of the values, S
d
standard deviation, N the number of parameters.
The estimated t-criterion is 8.7, the critical value of
the Student’s t-criterion for the number of degrees of
freedom 7 is 2.365. Since t-estimated > t-critical, we
can reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the
difference in average values before and after the ex-
periment is statistically significant (p = 0.05).
As can be seen from table 1, students have in-
creased the level of skills “Digital Citizen” as a re-
sult of studying the proposed courses by an average
on 22.8%. Graphical interpretation of the results of
the experiment for the level of “Digital Citizen” are
given in figure 7.
Assessment of digital intelligence skills at the
level of “Digital Creator” is presented in table 2.
The estimated t-criterion is 2.534 and exceeds the
Formation Digital Intelligence of a Modern Economist: A Competence Approach
443
Figure 6: Distribution of competencies by student.
Figure 7: Graphical interpretation of digital intelligence
skills at the level of “Digital Citizen”.
t-critical, we can reject the null hypothesis and con-
clude that the difference in average values before and
after the experiment is statistically significant (p =
0.05).
As can be seen from table 2, students increased
the level of skills of “Digital Creator” as a result of
project tasks by an average of 27.3%. Graphical in-
terpretation of the results of the experiment for the
level of “Digital Creator” are given in figure 8.
Assessment of digital intelligence skills at the
level of “Digital Entrepreneur” is presented in table 3.
The estimated t-criterion is 7.22 and exceeds the
Figure 8: Graphical interpretation of digital intelligence
skills at the level of “Digital Creator”.
t-critical, we can reject the null hypothesis and con-
clude that the difference in average values before and
after the experiment is statistically significant (p =
0.05). As can be seen from table 3, students have in-
creased the level of skills “Digital Entrepreneur” as a
result of internships by an average of 23.6%. Graph-
ical interpretation of the results of the experiment for
the level of “Digital Entrepreneur” are given in fig-
ure 9.
In the results of the experiment in the first, sec-
AET 2021 - Myroslav I. Zhaldak Symposium on Advances in Educational Technology
444
Table 3: Assessment of digital intelligence skills at the level
of “Digital Entrepreneur”.
Components
of digital
intelligence
Sampling
Deviation from
the average
To After To After
DI1 3.44 6.37 -0.13 0.46
DI2 2.88 6.16 -0.69 0.25
DI3 3.65 5.45 0.08 -0.46
DI4 3.64 5.96 0.07 0.05
DI5 2.98 5.91 -0.59 0.00
DI6 4.16 5.30 0.59 -0.61
DI7 2.55 5.85 -1.02 -0.06
DI8 5.26 6.31 1.69 0.40
28.56 47.31 0.00 0.03
Average value 3.57 5,91
Figure 9: Graphical interpretation of the results for the level
of “Digital Entrepreneur”.
ond and third stages, presented in figures 7-9, and in
tables 1-3, we observe the heterogeneity of the indica-
tors of the formation of digital intelligence skills for
different components. After the first stage, the high-
est level of DI is observed for the components of dig-
ital identity, security, emotional intelligence, and dig-
ital literacy, which we explain by additional thematic
MOOCs and by the using of appropriately selected re-
sources and services for training skills, matched the
specified DI components. For the development of
other DI components for the level of Citizen, other
professionally-oriented courses are provided, during
which these skills will be developed, for example, the
discipline “DBMS”. For the levels Creator and En-
trepreneur levels, the level of skills formation with
different elements is connatural, which is explained
by the formation of competency and practice-oriented
tasks considering the development of all components
of DE, applying blended learning technology, which
included project work methods, case method, individ-
ual and teamwork. Achieving the maximum values of
the corresponding indicators of the digital intelligence
is expected during the study of other professionally-
oriented disciplines.
5 CONCLUSIONS
The analytical study made it possible to identify and
describe the following components of the digital intel-
ligence of the economist: Digital Changemaker Iden-
tity, Digital Use, Digital Safety, Digital Security, Dig-
ital Emotional Intelligence, Digital Communication,
Digital Literacy, Digital Rights. The content of the
Information Systems and Technologies academic dis-
cipline for training future economists at universities,
in which digital intelligence skills can be developed,
is proposed.
The developed approach gives the possibility to
formulate digital intelligence skills of the digital cit-
izen, digital creator and digital entrepreneur levels.
The essence of the approach lies in the step-by-step
formation of skills that correspond to each successive
level. The initial stage involves studying the educa-
tional material and performing a series of hands-on
classes within the disciplines. In this way, digital citi-
zen skills can be formed. The second stage is to carry
out a project work that requires creativity to solve the
project task, and as a result, future economists will de-
velop the skills of the Digital creator level. The third
stage involves the fulfillment of a real production sit-
uation, which requires the student not only to have
previously acquired knowledge, skills and their appli-
cation in practice, but also to gain new experience in
solving typical production situations and responding
to appropriate challenges. This stage is designed to
build students’ Digital entrepreneur skills.
A formalized approach to the formation of tasks
in the elearning course in accordance with the com-
ponents of digital intelligence (DQ) using the built-in
tools of the moodle platform, provides an opportunity
to improve the learning process of students in accor-
dance with the objectives of competencies.
Three-stage approach of forming skills of digital
intelligence was tested for three years to train stu-
dents in “Economics”. As a result of pedagogical
experiment, the level of digital intelligence skills has
been increased, in particular, the level of “digital cit-
izen” increases by 22.8%, the level of “digital cre-
ator” by 27.3% and the level of “digital entrepreneur”
by 23.6%. The obtained results show that under the
given conditions of the organization of training dur-
ing studying of educational course Information Sys-
tems and Technology in Economics at students of eco-
Formation Digital Intelligence of a Modern Economist: A Competence Approach
445
nomic specialties the level of digital intelligence in-
creases on the average by 24.4%. But the develop-
ment of digital intelligence of future economists is
carried out in the future during the study of voca-
tional courses, internships, diploma design, as well
as through non-formal education.
Among the perspective areas of research, we see
the definition of conditions and construction of mod-
els of individual educational trajectory for students of
economic specialties in order to effectively develop
their digital intelligence.
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