Social Tension in Society in the Context of the Covid-19 Pandemic:

Features of the Manifestation and Directions of Social

Work - Zaporizhzhia Region Example

Maksym Bilousenko, Serhii Shcherbyna, Vasyl Popovych, Yana Popovych

and Anna Brutman

Zaporizhzhia Polytechnic National University, 64, Zhukovsky st., Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine

Keywords: Personality, Social Tension, COVID-19 Pandemic, Quarantine, Social Isolation, Psychological Well-Being,

Social Work, Social Services.

Abstract: The article highlights the features of the social tension manifestation in society in the context of the COVID-

19 pandemic and the priority areas of social work (the example of the Zaporizhzhia region). It is determined

what is characterized by such manifestations as: the growth of the social fears’ intensity and the emergence

of new ones; depression of the population; alcoholization and drug addiction of the population; increase in

crime; strengthening of protest moods; social and psychological maladjustment, a factor of which today is the

COVID-19 pandemic and quarantine measures. The negative consequences of the pandemic and quarantine

impact of a socio-economic (unemployment, financial difficulties, a drop in production, etc.) and a socio-

psychological nature (negative psychological and emotional states, an increase in addictive and suicidal

behavior, sensory and psychological deprivation, etc.) are highlighted. Among the public spheres that are

negatively affected by the situation with the pandemic, the following are identified: the sphere of interaction

between the state and society, the socio-economic sphere, the sphere of medical care, the educational sphere,

the psychological state and interpersonal relations. The priority areas of social work in the context of a

pandemic and quarantine measures related to the provision of social services in a distance (electronic) form,

employment services, psychological services, and distance learning services are highlighted.

1 INTRODUCTION

The purpose of the study is to highlight the features

of the social tension manifestation in society in the

context of the COVID-19 pandemic and the priority

areas of social work (the example of the Zaporizhzhia

region).

The methodological basis is formed by general

scientific methods of social phenomena and processes

cognition and sociological methods of obtaining

empirical data: logical-historical, structural-

functional and comparative analysis; analysis and

synthesis; generalization and forecasting;

sociological survey.

The empirical base of the study will be

represented by the results of the features of social

tension manifestations of the population under the

COVID-19 pandemic influence, a sociological survey

was conducted among clients of social services and

social service institutions in the Zaporizhzhia region

(n = 150, November 2020). Sample characteristics: 1)

men -30.3%; women - 69.7%; 2) by age: 15-30 years

old - 24.6%, 31-50 years old - 61.5%, 51 years and

older - 13.9%; 3) by type of settlement. Zaporizhzhia

- 40.2%, regional center, countryside - 59.8%.

Today, among the factors of the social tension

growth in Ukrainian society associated with socio-

political instability (ATO, political crisis, growth of

corruption, political alienation of the elite, slowdown

of European integration processes, geopolitical

changes), socio-economic instability (poverty of the

population, rising unemployment, imperfection, etc.

social policy ineffectiveness) and the crisis in the

socio-cultural sphere of society, the situation with the

COVID-19 pandemic and quarantine restrictions

comes to the fore, requires attention from the

scientific community in the study of social tension

manifestations among the population.

394

Bilousenko, M., Shcherbyna, S., Popovych, V., Popovych, Y. and Brutman, A.

Social Tension in Society in the Context of the Covid-19 Pandemic: Features of the Manifestation and Directions of Social Work - Zaporizhzhia Region Example.

DOI: 10.5220/0011361400003350

In Proceedings of the 5th International Scientiﬁc Congress Society of Ambient Intelligence (ISC SAI 2022) - Sustainable Development and Global Climate Change, pages 394-400

ISBN: 978-989-758-600-2

2 PRESENTATIONS OF THE

MAIN RESEARCH MATERIAL

Let's consider the main approaches to the analysis of

the «social tension» concept and the allocation of its

main indicators. O. Kredentser, V. Lagodzinska and

O. Kovalchuk indicate that in Russian sociology the

concept of social tension is considered within the

framework of the theory of social change and

acquires a subjective-activity character (Kredentser et

al., 2016). V.Rukavishnikov defines social tension as

a concept that characterizes a particular state of social

life, characterized by the exacerbation of internal

contradictions of an objective and subjective nature.

In this aspect, social tension signals a crisis in the

social system, a violation of the homeostasis of social

structures and social functions, on the one hand, and

reflects the spiritual and psychological state of

individuals and social groups, to a certain extent

affects the reproduction of everyday social practices

and motive-creating functions of social behavior and

interactions, on the other (Rukavishnikov, 1992).

According to O.Chernyavskoi, social tension is

inherent, first of all, in social systems that are in the

process of social changes and transformations, and

the main manifestation is a persistent feeling of social

dissatisfaction, as a result of the emergence and

development of social contradictions, affect the state

of public consciousness and behavior of social

subjects’ objects (Chernyavska, 2001).

Sociologists note that the consequences of social

tension are manifested at the socio-psychological and

behavioral levels. So, I.Buzovsky (Buzovsky, 2008)

says that historically the content of the social tension

concept was considered in connection with such

phenomena as social disintegration, a crisis of

solidarity, deviation (in a stable society), anomie (in

an unstable society), loss social identity, deprivation

and frustration, class struggle, interethnic clashes and,

finally, social crisis and social catastrophe. At the

same time, V. Rukavishnikov speaks about the

«socio-psychological piven of social tension»

(Rukavishnikov, 1992). Its empirical analogue, an

indicator is the state of public opinion and social well-

being of the population, which is expressed in

indicators of people's subjective assessment of their

social position, the level of satisfaction of socio-

economic and spiritual needs and interests, as well as

their attitude to certain social life aspects and is

characterized by the dissatisfaction mood with the

existing position of the right in vital spheres of public

life.

L.Orban-Lembrik points out that social tension

arises as a result of social maladjustment, which

covers such spheres and processes: 1) physiological

maladjustment of certain population segments to

difficulties; 2) psychophysiological maladjustment,

which is expressed in unconscious mass mental states

(fear, anxiety, aggressiveness, apathy) in the course

of adaptation to difficulties and social changes; 3)

socio-psychological maladjustment, which

reproduces the conscious conflict attitude of certain

population segments to difficulties and changes

(increased politicization, strikes, discontent,

migration, crime, pandemic, etc.) (Orban-Lembrick,

2003).

So, the social tension of the population as a social

quality of life, in our opinion, can be reflected in such

indicators as: 1) the dominant social fears in society;

2) features of population social well-being; 3) the

degree of social anomie in society, which can act as a

concretized subject of social work.

It should be noted the variety of factors of the

social tension growth in society, among which one

can single out: socio-economic (economic crisis, high

unemployment rate, low consumption capacity, high

tariffs, etc.), socio-political (failure of state power,

political and ideological contradictions, war, civil

conflicts and other factors), socio-cultural (change in

the value system, transformation of ideology,

globalization). Currently, the COVID-19 pandemic is

such a factor in the social tension growth in society,

which in turn entails negative socio-economic, socio-

political and socio-psychological consequences.

Today, many studies have already appeared aimed

at determining the negative consequences of the

pandenmia and quarantine measures associated with

its overcoming. So, the significant pandemic impact

was in the socio-economic sphere. Thus, T.

Krushelnytska, O. Matveeva, V.Naumov, studying

the socio-economic impact of the COVID-19

pandemic in the context of the state policy of

implementing the global sustainable development

goal No. 5 «Gender Equality», identify five main

factors that negatively affect the socio-economic the

sphere and well-being of the population: 1) reduction

of trade operations and shutdown of certain economy

sectors; 2) decrease in demand for services; 3) global

interruption of value chains, primarily in production;

4) falling demand and falling prices for goods; 5)

increasing asymmetry between developed countries

and developing countries; an increase in the degree of

inequality in the distribution of income between rich

and poor people (Krushelnytska, et al., 2020). Indeed,

in Ukrainian society there is a decline in production,

a reduction in workers and an increase in

unemployment, a decrease in the share of small and

Social Tension in Society in the Context of the Covid-19 Pandemic: Features of the Manifestation and Directions of Social Work -

Zaporizhzhia Region Example

395

medium-sized businesses, provoking an increase in

social tension in society.

On the other hand, a pandemic and especially

quarantine measures to overcome it (especially such

as social isolation, social distancing and narrowing of

the communicative space) create a number of

psychological and socio-psychological problems in

society. As V. Panok, I. Marukhina, D. Romanovska

note, the main psychological problems of the

pandemic and the threat of COVID-19 coronavirus

infection are primarily in: 1) the spread of panic and

trouble, anxiety and fears; 2) the release of time

during social isolation or self-isolation and, as a

result, frustration (blocking) of the main needs of the

individual - the need for communication and social

contacts.

Moreover, quarantine as social isolation should

have a significant impact on psychological well-

being, the signs and manifestations of which are

sensory and psychological deprivation, monotony,

the room interior sameness, permissive nature, lack of

exercise, boredom, which are factors of negative

emotional states. V. Artyukhova, on the basis of her

own research, came to the conclusion that «forced

isolation and other quarantine restrictions caused by

the coronavirus pandemic cause certain

transformations of psychological health in the field of

social interaction, the person is forced to adapt to new

requirements and function in accordance with them,

which requires certain psychological resources, and

these changes occur at a deep personal level, and to

the organization of human interaction with others,

that is, its social context, which can take on a number

of negative characteristics (conflict, aggressiveness,

social distancing, etc.) and be accompanied by a

subjective feeling of disadvantage» (Artyukhova,

2020). In general, researchers identify the following

stress factors in quarantine conditions: duration of

quarantine, fear of infection, frustration, inadequate

information, stigmatization, financial losses

(Slyusarevsky, et al., 2020).

So, the COVID-19 pandemic affects all areas of

public and private life and increases the overall level

of social tension.

The main indicators of the survey were: 1)

assessing the impact of the pandemic on social and

psychological well-being; 2) social expectations

regarding the impact of the pandemic on various

spheres of life; 3) attitudes towards quarantine

measures (such as social isolation) and restrictions on

meeting needs.

An important indicator of social tension in society

under the influence of a pandemic situation is the

assessment of social and psychological well-being.

As K. Rieff notes, psychological well-being includes

such parameters as: «a positive attitude towards

others (acceptance of others) self-acceptance

(satisfaction with oneself and life) autonomy

(independence of judgment and the ability to

withstand social pressure) personal growth (openness

to changes, self-development) competence in

environmental management (the ability to overcome

difficulties, complications) life goals

(meaningfulness of life and one's own life goals)»

(Titov, et al., 2020), and N. Bradburn believes that an

important component of psychological well-being is

«subjective well-being as an intellectual assessment

by a person of satisfaction with various aspects of his

life and his emotional self-acceptance» (Orlova,

2015). On this basis, social and psychological well-

being represents the level of satisfaction with life in

the social and individual psychological terms.

The respondents were asked to subjectively assess

the severity of the social situation associated with

quarantine on their personal life and psychological

well-being in individual and social dimensions (Fig.

1).

Figure 1: Degree of COVID-19 pandemic impact on social

and psychological well-being

0% 50% 100%

On Ukrainian society

as a whole

On you personally

Significantly affects Affects slightly

Almost no effect Does not affect at all

Hard to tell

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According to the results of the study, more than

half of the respondents noted a high level of the

pandemic impact on the social and psychological

well-being of the respondents, and at the level of

assessing the impact on society as a whole, this

indicator is even higher, which indicates the

formation of such a mechanism of psychological

defense in a stressful situation as repression and

projection (others are attributed higher impact of the

pandemic on life).There are no significant statistical

differences in socio-demographic characteristics,

although at the level of trends, high impact rates are

characteristic of women and youth. This confirms the

results of other studies and indicates that it is

impossible to draw unambiguous conclusions about

the influence of certain socio-demographic and socio-

psychological characteristics on the perception of

psychological well-being (Fedosenko, 2020).

Fig. 2 presents an assessment of the COVID-19

pandemic impact on various spheres of public life and

the negative consequences of such an impact.

Figure 2: Assessment of the COVID-19 pandemic impact

on various spheres of public life (multiple answers could be

chosen)

Among the public spheres, which are negatively

affected by the situation with the pandemic, the

respondents identified: the interaction sphere

between the state and society (as a decrease in

confidence in the actions of the authorities in an

emergency); the socio-economic sphere as a drop in

production, curtailment of a significant share of the

services and small provision and medium-sized

businesses, an increase in the unemployment rate; the

field of medical care; the educational sphere, which is

associated with the forced transition to distance

learning and a decrease in the quality of the education

received.A significant part of the respondents

emphasizes the negative impact of the pandemic on

the psychological state and interpersonal

relationships, which is expressed in an increase in the

intensity of experiencing negative emotions

associated with social isolation - fear, depression,

anxiety, aggressiveness, social deprivation, and the

like.

A pandemic with its high uncertainty, social

isolation, financially brought new vulnerable groups

with them. A number of researchers indicate that

among the persistent COVID-19 (especially among

those who suffered a disease in severe) there are

pronounced neurological complications after the

disease, a post-traumatic stress disorder is

developing, and therefore become a group of

increased risk in relation to the commitment of

suicide (Afanasyeva, 2020).

In fig. 3 is presented an assessment of the

pandemic situation impact and quarantine activities

on some aspects of the respondents` privacy; on the

whole, they create conditions for an increase in the

level of socio-psychological tension in society in

general.

The results of the study indicate the tendency to

increase suicidal risk among youth during a

pandemic. The situation of coronavirus infection,

which in addition to the threat of health carries the

problems of social insulation, undermines the basic

beliefs of a person in the predictability of the world,

in his own invulnerability (after all, they used to

believe that unpleasant things are taking place with

others), destroys the illusion of control over

circumstances, and therefore as a factor of suicidal

behavior.

It is also important to assess the effect of a

pandemic on the adaptive features of the individual.

We, to identify the level of socio-psychological

adaptation of personality, applied the methodology of

diagnosing the socio-psychological adaptation of R.

Rogers and R. Daimond, adapted by T. Snegirova.

Stimulus material is represented by allegations that

012%

022%

023%

024%

034%

038%

039%

055%

057%

065%

Lack of support from the

state and government

Deterioration of the

socio-economic situation

in Ukraine

Dissatisfaction with

medical care

Problems in the field of

education (dissatisfaction

with distance learning)

Psychological

discomfort, experiencing

negative emotions

Rising unemployment

Increasing the level of

aggression in society

Problems of

communication with

relatives

Problems with self-

discipline in isolation

Decreased availability

and quality of social

services

Social Tension in Society in the Context of the Covid-19 Pandemic: Features of the Manifestation and Directions of Social Work -

Zaporizhzhia Region Example

397

are formulated in the third face without the use of

pronouns, which avoids the influence of «direct

identification» and neutralize the installation of the

subjects for social and desirable responses.

Figure 3: Expectations of the negative COVID-19 situation

impact on various spheres of personal life (multiple answers

could be selected)

For the experienced, the greatest indicator of the

negative pandemic and quarantine impact concerns

the financial and material situation, every day,

accepted practices of social interaction and their own

habits. A significant percentage pays attention to the

negative consequences for learning and education -

mainly young people and respondents whose children

go to school, which indicates the unpreparedness of

the national system for functioning in a distance

mode, on the one hand, and parents' unwillingness to

pay more attention and control children who study

remotely.This leads to internal family tension, an

increase in the load of upbringing and educational

functions on the part of the family. Interestingly,

health as a personal sphere is not considered by the

respondents as a risk zone; it may be associated with

such an emotional attitude to the pandemic as apathy,

indifference, distrust of information about the

coronavirus or fatigue from its saturation in the media

space, and the like.

Indicators of the respondents' concern about the

possibility of meeting/frustrating their needs during a

pandemic and quarantine is shown in Fig. 4.

The pandemic situation and quarantine measures

related to the fight against COVID-19 limit the

satisfaction of some social, psychological and

personal needs. If objective restrictions are regulated

by quarantine measures on the part of state

authorities, then the subjective assessment of these

restrictions and the idea of the impossibility of

realizing their own needs form a certain

psychological state of the individual and social

groups during a pandemic.

Figure 4: Assessment of the concern about the possibility

of meeting / frustrated needs during the COVID-19

pandemic (multiple answers could be selected)

Despite the fact that the indicators according to

the methodology are found within the average values,

it should be noted a tendency to reduce the level of

overall adaptation, emotional comfort and the

adoption of others, while the desire to dominate and

the initial performance increased somewhat. This, in

our opinion, testifies to the presence and proceedings

in student youth processes of social and psychological

and psychological adaptation to new conditions for

existence and interaction in the context of reducing

000%020%040%060%080%

Family relationships

Relationships with

others

Physical / mental

health

Training, education

Implementation of

plans

The need to find

additional sources…

Saving the workplace

Normal daily routine

Financial situation

018%

021%

029%

036%

037%

054%

063%

026%

029%

033%

035%

039%

041%

043%

053%

056%

060%

062%

077%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80%100%

The need to make…

Inability to…

Inability to resolve…

The need to adapt to…

The state of the…

Availability and…

Inability to control…

Limited rights of…

Uncertainty of…

The possibility of…

Possibility of…

Financial problems

Safety of relatives…

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social contacts, reformatting educational activities,

increasing the level of negative psycho-emotional

states.

3 RESULTS

Thus, the results of the study allow us to highlight the

priority areas of social work in the pandemic and

quarantine context measures associated with the

provision of certain social services groups, and the

actual form is full or electronic, which are fully or

partially provided using the online services of social

protection services to the population, to individuals,

to individual social groups, the characteristic feature

of which is: they are carried out by social subjects of

social services using information and

telecommunication technologies due to the full or

partial integration of social services into online

spaces, ensuring the efficiency, availability,

convenience, mobility of receiving social services.

These services include the following:

- employment services as an opportunity to obtain

information about available vacancies of a permanent

or temporary nature, will reduce the financial and

material pressure on a person and his family during

quarantine;

- provision of psychological services in electronic

and online forms: firstly, as an appeal through the line

of trust via Skype in emergency and crisis situations

and circumstances; secondly, as the provision of the

first psychological counseling; third, as an additional

form of psychological support for the client; fourth,

as a form of psychodiagnostics examination of the

client. Thus, V. Panok, I. Marukhina, D. Romanovska

define the main forms and technologies of a

psychologist's work in quarantine conditions: «online

counseling in order to reduce possible negative

effects (panic, rumors, aggressive manifestations),

counseling on the“ helpline» principle by electronic

mail and operational assistance through social

networks; diagnostics via the Internet with the ability

to collect data on a single resource (for example,

testing through Google forms) psychological

education and psychoprophylaxis by creating

interesting video content, live broadcasts, webinars,

etc.; psychological correction using mobile online

simulators, online games (for example, for the

correction and development of cognitive processes);

organization in a remote form of self-help groups for

parents, students, teachers, increasing stress

resistance at home, increasing the level of

communication in the family» (Panok, et al., 2020)

- pedagogical and socio-pedagogical services,

consisting in the distance learning organization - a

feature of the electronic technologies use in the

provision of social and pedagogical services is the

introduction of SMART-learning technologies;

- social and domestic services, which involve, first

of all, strengthening the care of risk groups during the

COVID-19 pandemic (elderly people, with chronic

diseases, etc.).

According to scientists, adaptation to the

conditions of new public challenges (and the

pandemic is such an emergency global challenge) on:

an emotional level activates the processes of

emotional self-regulation; on cognitive - orientation

in new conditions of activity, changing evaluation

constructs, overcoming cognitive dissonances; on

behavioral - the actualization of behavioral patterns

(samples, templates), which is manifested in the

manifestation of relations, forming new rules, models

of behavior in the process of individual and joint

activities (Box et al., 2018).

Despite the fact that the indicators according to

the methodology are found within the average values,

it should be noted a tendency to reduce the level of

overall adaptation, emotional comfort and the

adoption of others, while the desire to dominate and

the initial performance increased somewhat. This, in

our opinion, testifies to the presence and proceedings

in personality processes of social and psychological

and psychological adaptation to new conditions for

existence and interaction in the context of reducing

social contacts, reformatting educational activities,

increasing the level of negative psycho-emotional

states.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Thus, the results of the study allow us to draw the

following conclusions: firstly, social tension is a

special social system state, which is at the level of

functioning of both the social system in general and

at the level of the individual and social groups and is

characterized by such manifestations as: social fears

and the emergence of new ones; value anomie;

depression, insecurity, suicidality of the population;

alcoholization and drug addiction of the population;

increase in crime; strengthening of protest moods and

readiness of the population for an active and

aggressive confrontation with the authorities; social

and psychological maladjustment, a factor of which

today is the COVID-19 pandemic and quarantine

measures; secondly, a pandemic and especially

quarantine measures to overcome it (social isolation,

Social Tension in Society in the Context of the Covid-19 Pandemic: Features of the Manifestation and Directions of Social Work -

Zaporizhzhia Region Example

399

social distancing, narrowing of the communicative

space), creates a number of socio-economic

(unemployment, financial difficulties, production

decline, etc.), psychological and socio-psychological

problems (negative psychological and emotional

states, increased addictive and suicidal behavior,

sensory and psychological deprivation, and others);

thirdly, among the public spheres that are negatively

affected by the situation with the pandemic, the

following are identified: the sphere of interaction

between the state and society, the socio-economic

sphere, the sphere of medical services, the

educational sphere, the psychological state and

interpersonal relations; fourthly, the priority areas of

social work in the context of a pandemic and

quarantine measures related to the provision of social

services in the remote (electronic) form, employment

services, psychological services, and distance

learning services are highlighted.

A promising direction for further research may be

the analysis of social tension manifestations among

population groups who have been ill (or acquired

immunity according to testing data) for COVID-19.

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