A Preliminary Investigation into the Factors Impacting

Tyre Failure in Wheelchair Basketball

Rajtilak Kapoor, Hugo Espinosa and David Rowlands

Griffith School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Kessels Road, Nathan, Australia

Keywords: Technology, Sport, Wheelchair Sport, Basketball, Tyre Failure.

Abstract: Wheelchair sports are increasingly gaining popularity amongst athletes and spectators alike. This report

outlines work carried out investigating the physical influences on the equipment used for Wheelchair

Basketball. The preliminary experimental study explores the degradation of wheelchair tyres through the

analysis of temperature, inflation pressure, acceleration, gameplay, individual playstyle, and strategy. With

the aid of pressure monitoring and inertial measurement technology the study investigated the impact of player

action on the wheelchairs. The experimental study was carried out in two phases employing the first phase of

testing to provide the basis of the second phase. Through the first phase it was observed that the different

temperature modalities did not have a significant impact on the degradation. The second phase focused on

pressure observations and inertial sensor data paired with video. Through this process, the effect of player

action was observed to have the greatest impact on the tyre degradation. Aggressive playstyles characterised

by heavy impacts, and sharp decelerations were shown to play a significant role in reducing equipment

reliability.

1 INTRODUCTION

The physical benefits of exercise are well investigated

for able-bodied individuals, enhanced psychological

benefits for those living with disabilities may be an

additional pro that still requires further enquiry.

Improvements in general quality of life and an

opportunity to positively reinterpret their abilities and

roles in society being key contributors to maintaining

good mental health (Bergamini, et al., 2015).

Wheelchair sports are becoming increasingly popular

for athletes with disabilities and amongst spectators.

Wheelchair Basketball (WB) is the most developed

sport in relation to the number of participants,

understanding of the rules by the audience,

organisation, standardisation, and quality of training

(Seron, de Carvalho, & Greguol, 2019). Under the

rules of WB, wheelchairs are considered a part of the

player themselves (IWBF Executive Council, 2020).

Athletes, therefore, rely on their wheelchairs

functioning in perfect condition to be able to train and

deliver high level performances. Tyre reliability and

the logistical demands created to meet the challenge

presented by critical tyre failure, have become a

major factor in diminishing performance. Alongside

this, the impact on gameplay and strategy also hinders

participation levels from prospective players,

especially in competitions that require interstate or

international travel.

This paper describes a preliminary study into the

sport of WB and the physical factors impacting the

degradation of the equipment used. The study

investigates the factors impacting critical failure of

tyres in WB, by experimentally determining the

influence of phenomenon such as friction, internal

tyre pressure, and in-game collisions. The study aims

to provide insight into the causation of tyre failures,

and lay the groundwork for future enquiry. The small

study attempts to break new ground with limited

resources and testing opportunities, to undertake the

initial research required to provide justification for

larger and more in-depth investigations in the future.

2 BACKGROUND

Investigations into WB and other wheelchair sports

have primarily been targeted at performance

enhancement, and the impact of the equipment on the

physiology of the athlete (Seron, de Carvalho, &

Greguol, 2019). The existing work appears scarce in

relation to the reliability of the wheelchairs. The

review process carried out, covered investigations

Kapoor, R., Espinosa, H. and Rowlands, D.

A Preliminary Investigation into the Factors Impacting Tyre Failure in Wheelchair Basketball.

DOI: 10.5220/0011538100003321

In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support (icSPORTS 2022), pages 93-100

ISBN: 978-989-758-610-1; ISSN: 2184-3201

into the physiological impact of WB, tyre types,

external and internal physical conditions, alongside

the use of technology to develop an improved insight

into WB.

Camber angle has been defined as the angle of the

wheels with respect to the vertical axis, such that the

distance between the top points of the wheels is less

than that of the bottom points (Mason B. S., Van der

Woude, de Groot, & Goosey-Tolfrey, 2011). Sports

wheelchairs have large cambered rear wheels which

by expanding the wheelbase area provide increased

stability. Tubular pneumatic tyres are a popular

choice for athletes since these tyres are enclosed

within the rim wall of the wheels enabling higher

inflation pressure (i.e., 125 psi) and are believed to be

less prone to punctures (Brandt, 1993). A study

investigating the influence of various tyre

configurations, highlighted the importance of the tyre

type and the internal pressure (Mason, Lemstra, van

der Woude, Vegter, & Goosey-Tolfrey, 2015). The

study found that the preferred pneumatic tyres

reduced the physiological demand, compared to

failure proof solid tyres. The same study highlighted

the importance of minimising rolling resistance and

concluded that inflation pressure had a significant

impact on performance, but there existed a point

beyond which the pressure becomes too high to

provide athletes with enough grip to perform.

Operating conditions and workload experienced

by the wheelchairs play a significant role in the failure

of tyres. The literature reports that operating

conditions such as under- or over-inflation, excess

weight, and improper wheel orientation are major

contributing factors to early or unexpected tyre failure

(Evans, 2002). A study looking into the workload on

athletes estimated that players travelled up to 5 kms

per game and approximated 64% of game time spent

in propulsion (Coutts, 1992). Court sports, unlike

racing require braking, sharp changes in direction,

striking, catching, and contact alongside acceleration

and speed maintenance. Such investigations provide

support for the use of pneumatic tyres for WB.

Fuss (2012) discussed the validity of gyroscopes

in accurately ascertaining performance metrics in

wheelchair sports through experimentally and

empirically evidenced knowledge gathered over a 7-

year period. Shepherd et al. (2018) through an

extensive review process highlighted the efficacy of

IMUs for use in wheelchair court sports, while

recognising algorithm and hardware barriers in

widespread adoption. The impact of the operant

conditions on the reliability of the playing equipment,

however, remains largely unexplored.

2.1 Instrumentation

A temperature gun (Fluke Corporation) and pressure

gauge (BBB Digital Pressure Gauge) were employed

for non-invasive measurement of tyre temperature

and inflation pressure. The Fobo Bike 2 sensors (Fobo

Tyre) monitor tyre pressure and temperature in real

time, and provide real time tracking through

Bluetooth connectivity, and generate data logs

(Boada, Lazaro, Villarino, Gil-Dolcet, & Girbau,

2021). The pressure/temperature sensors attach on to

the tyre valves (Figure 1(a)) with minimal interaction

with the athletes and constantly monitor the internal

operating conditions of the tyre.

In-house IMU sensors (Espinosa, Shepherd,

Thiel, & Worsey, 2019), 55×30×13 mm and 23 gms,

comprising a 16g triaxial accelerometer, ±2000

triaxial gyroscope, ±7 Gauss triaxial magnetometer,

and an LED added for video synchronisation, were

used in this study. The sampling rate was set to 250

Hz. The sensors have 2.4 GHz wireless connectivity

and an SD card for local data storage.

(a) (b)

Figure 1: (a) Fobo Bike 2 sensor attached to valve

(b) SABEL Sense attachment location to wheelchairs

(circled) with axis orientation.

3 METHODOLOGY

The investigative process consisted of physical

testing divided into two phases. The first phase

examined the effect of temperature and pressure on

the tyres in training and games, while the second

phase examined the effect of player actions and the

impact on the tyres in match like situations. The

results obtained from the first phase were used to

inform the testing procedure for the second phase,

where the IMU and video files were synchronised to

analyse shortlisted events from the in-game collisions

observed.

icSPORTS 2022 - 10th International Conference on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support

3.1 Participants

Overlapping sets of participants formed the groups

engaged for the purposes of this investigation.

Preliminary testing was carried out with 22

wheelchair athletes of varying classification (Mean

(M)=2.8, Standard Deviation (SD)=1.4) and

experience levels. Final stage testing was carried out

with 7 individuals (M=2.8, SD=1.0). These

individuals were selected based on player quality, and

classification. Classification was used to form testing

categories, following suggestions supporting a

restructure of the classification system (Molik,

Laskin, Kosmol, Skucas, & Bida, 2010). All final

testing phase participants provided written consent

and were given necessary information about the

research and methods used. All investigative tasks

were carried out following complete Ethics approval

obtained from the Human Research Ethics

Committee at Griffith University (GU Ref no.

2021/917).

3.2 Testing

3.2.1 Phase 1

Phase 1 was carried out at six training sessions and a

friendly tournament. Tyre and court surface

temperatures were recorded at the start of trainings, at

the halfway mark, and at the end of each session. Tyre

inflation pressures were recorded at one training

session at the start and the end. The ambient

temperature was recorded at the start of every

training.

Testing at the friendly tournament focussed on 10

participants (M=2.8, SD=1.2) pre-selected by

coaches from within the preliminary testing group.

The tournament took place at the Boondall

Entertainment Centre’s (Brisbane, Australia)

basketball facilities with the participants spread out

over 5 distinct teams created for the purposes of the

tournament comprising athletes of varying WB

ability and experience. Tyre temperatures were

recorded for 7 games with measurements being made

pre-game and at the conclusion of each quarter.

Pressure measurements were made for 4 participants

over the course of 3 games with readings being taken

pre-game, at half-time, and the end of the game.

External ambient and court surface temperatures were

recorded at the start of each game.

3.2.1 Phase 2

Phase 2 targeted inflation pressure, the influence of

in-game manoeuvres, and collisions using the TPMS

and IMUs. The variance displayed was tracked first

at a 2-hour weekly training session, similar to those

in phase 1, and a specialised training camp. The

participants of the study were informed of the sensors

capabilities and were present for the process of fitting

each sensor onto their respective wheelchairs. For all

testing sessions, 12 TPMS sensors were connected

via Bluetooth to the primary investigator’s

smartphone.

At the training camp, two sessions were

monitored over two consecutive days. These sessions

were run with the goal of simulating match scenarios.

The first session employed only the TPMS sensors

and served to finalise justification for the additional

application of IMUs. During the second session a

single IMU was attached to the wheelchair of each

participant, to measure impact forces. The IMUs were

synced to video recordings to enable correlation of

activities with the IMU data.

3.3 Data Extraction and Analysis

The data from phase 1 was analysed to uncover early

trends and streamline data collection methodology.

The temperature and pressure mean, standard

deviation, variance and correlation values were

calculated for all participants’ tyres. From phase 2,

the data collected was used to build temperature and

pressure profiles matched to the in-training IMU data.

These profiles were employed to keep track of the

number and intensity of direct impacts to the

wheelchairs, and to correlate any sharp changes in the

pressure or temperature. Plots for player classification

categories were created to visualise differences in

player preferences and the impact of classification on

the internal physical conditions of the tyres. The data

spread observed for the athlete was graphically

represented using the participants mean values as the

calibration point, with reference to which a new data

set was created to display the variation of each point

from the mean. Using box and whisker plots to

determine true outlier values from the TPMS error

range, the relevant IMU data was estimated. Which

was then analysed to uncover the impact of player

action associated with the outliers.

4 RESULTS

4.1 Phase 1

The mean ambient temperature during the sessions

was observed to be 25.0±1.9 °C. The ambient and

court temperatures displayed poor correlation

(r=0.313) with only 9.77% variance in court

temperatures. This indicated that the ambient

conditions had a small effect on the court surface,

A Preliminary Investigation into the Factors Impacting Tyre Failure in Wheelchair Basketball

likely due to the sessions being held in indoor

facilities with air conditioning. A larger effect would

be expected in outdoor testing.

The court surface temperature showed a negative

trend over the course of testing, as the courts cooled

down from the start to the end. The mean

temperatures at the different stages reflected this

trend with the start, 27.8±1.85C°, half-way,

27.4±1.74C°, and end, 27.16±1.46C°. This reduction

in court temperature over the duration of testing

sessions indicated that the heat dissipation due to the

friction between the tyres and surface was not large

enough to cause the surface temperature to increase.

During testing carried out at games, a similar

trend was observed in the change observed between

quarters. The mean change observed for all

participants was -0.14±0.39°C. The correlation

(Figure 2) between the court and tyre temperatures

displayed a strong positive relation at the start of

games, but a weak correlation (r

=0.0104) for

readings taken post game. This was indicative that

game activities had a greater impact on tyre

temperatures as opposed to the court temperature.

Figure 2: Tyre Temperatures VS Court Surface

Temperatures during Games.

Pressure readings taken during a training session

showed an average reduction of 16.5±1.96 kPa, with

a mean starting tyre pressure of 524.1±68.5 kPa.

Pressure measurements taken on the game day also

displayed a reduction with a mean of 186.1±100.3

kPa, with participants using an average starting

pressure of 624.9±20.9 kPa. The large difference

between the starting pressures observed showed that

the athletes preferred to play games with higher tyre

pressure than trainings. This implies a greater

attention to detail with regards to wheelchair setup

exhibited by athletes for games. While the mass of the

chair is constant the mass of the athlete is variable,

hence each athlete inflates their tyres to self-selected

pressures to ensure proper tread contact and peak

performance, resulting in different athletes having

different starting tyre pressures. The larger reduction

in tyre pressure was indicative that in-game activities

had a greater impact on tyre pressure as opposed to

training activities. The trends observed in temperature

and pressure over the preliminary testing phase

indicated a non-significant impact on temperature but

a significant impact on inflation pressure due to WB

activities.

4.2 Phase 2

During the weekly training session used for the final

phase a max pressure difference of 12 kPa was

observed in one participant, with an average change

of 7.17±3.01 kPa. No significant impact of varying

starting pressures was observed across the

participants. Nine of the 12 tyres observed showed a

positive trend, displaying a small average increase in

pressure over the course of the training. The pressures

were observed to peak before the halfway mark where

max effort was put out by the athletes before

stabilising for the second half of training.

Temperature measurements followed trends

similar to those observed in the preliminary phase,

with tyres possessing higher temperatures at the start

of training, following the court temperature and then

going through a gradual reduction during the session.

A max deviation of 3°C and a mean of 1.58±0.99°C

was observed.

Over the first session at the training camp a max

individual change of 7 kPa, with a mean pressure

deviation of 4.08±1.4 kPa was observed. The shorter

observation time was seen as a possible cause for the

reduced deviation. The large standard deviation for

the weekly training was seen as an indication of the

impact of the individual athlete’s playstyle and

preferred equipment setup. Unlike the regular training

testing, all pressure profiles exhibited a negative

curve. This observation aligned with expectations for

the training camp, with more uniform player effort

and care for equipment exhibited by the athletes.

Temperature readings recorded during the first

session displayed a mean differential of 1.17±0.39°C.

With a maximum temperature drop of 2°C, the

profiles for all participants displayed a small negative

coefficient in line with observations earlier findings.

The data gathered at the second session of the

training camp gave a mean pressure differential of

8.00±3.6 kPa, with a max difference of 13 kPa.

Pressure profiles for all participants were observed to

have a positive coefficient. This positive relationship

was indicative of the impact of higher intensity

training with greater workload on the equipment in

match-like scenarios. The larger change also pointed

towards the likelihood of greater tyre wear occurring

in match situations as opposed to trainings.

Temperature profiles for 5 out of 6 participants

exhibited a negative profile, however no participant

finished the session with tyre temperatures higher

than those recorded at the start. With the overall peak

temperature at the start of training, temperatures were

icSPORTS 2022 - 10th International Conference on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support

observed to reduce in the first half of the session with

a second peak observed in the second half of the

session which corresponded to full court practice

matches being played. A maximum deviation of 4°C,

and a mean deviation of 3.58±0.67°C was observed

for the session. The larger deviation when compared

to the regular training and the first session of the camp

provided further evidence that match scenarios

exerted greater load on the tyres.

4.2.1 Classification based Results

Three categories, low, middle, and high, were created

based of the participant pool to organise the data

based on WB player classification system. The

categories also served to provide insight into the

differences in impact of playstyles of athletes with

varying abilities.

The low category participant displayed a negative

coefficient for the left tyre but a positive coefficient

for the right. Over the course of the training session

both tyres initially gained pressure sharply and then

gradually lost pressure over the later three quarters of

the session. Temperature readings did not follow a

similar trajectory, but instead displayed a sharp

decrease followed by a slight increase and

stabilisation. A mean pressure variation of 5.5±3.5

kPa and a mean temperature change of 2.0±1.4°C was

observed.

The outlier values seen in the box plots (Figure 3)

indicated the impact of training, resulting in greater

variations than those predicted based on the

preliminary testing. The outlier on the left tire

corresponded to a pressure value of 602 kPa observed

at the start of training. The outliers on the right tyre

corresponded to initial inflation pressure or were

within the error range of the instrumentation.

Figure 3: Low Classification Participant Pressure Variance

Left and Right Tyres.

All participants of the middle category displayed

a negative coefficient for their respective pressure

profiles. The average maximum pressure observed

over session 1 was 592.6±101.6 kPa and session 2

was 564.8±89.2 kPa. The higher pressure observed

during session 1 was due to greater variation in the

initial pressure preferences of the participants,

reflected in the larger standard deviation.

Maximum temperature deviation observed during

session 2 was 4°C, which exceeded the deviation

observed in session 1 (2°C). The temperature profiles

from both sessions followed the expected trends from

the findings in the preliminary phase.

Middle classification participants displayed a

total of 5 outliers (Figure 4), an incidence rate lower

(62.5%) to that observed for the low classification

category. However, the variance observed was larger,

with the more data exceeding the ±2 kPa error range.

The negative outlier for participant 5 displayed a

pressure difference of -2.3881 kPa with a

corresponding true pressure value of 431 kPa. The

significantly larger occurrence rate of outliers for

right tyres as opposed to left (×4) displayed a

developing trend in playstyle and player habits.

Figure 4: Middle Classification Participants Pressure

Variance Left (top) and Right (bottom) Tyres at Training

Camp Session 2.

The high category participants displayed negative

coefficients for their pressure profiles for session 1,

but a positive coefficient for session 2. The average

maximum pressure observed over session 1 was

496.3±105.2 kPa and session 2 was 533.8±106.8 kPa.

The greater pressure in session 2 was attributed to

player preferences for higher initial inflation pressure

for match scenarios.

Session 2 observed a larger temperature deviation

compared to session 1. The differences in magnitude

were like those observed for the Middle category.

Session 1 observed an initial increase to the

maximum observed temperature of 23°C followed by

a stepwise decrease over the course of training.

A Preliminary Investigation into the Factors Impacting Tyre Failure in Wheelchair Basketball

Session 2 started with a higher temperature, 26°C,

and then exhibited a sharp reduction to the minimum

temperature 22°C, followed by a slight increase.

Figure 5: High Classification Participants Pressure

Variance Left (top) and Right (bottom) Tyres at Training

Camp session 2.

High classification participants displayed a high

rate of outlier occurrence (150%) and variance sizes

exceeding the accepted error range (Figure 5). With

increased trunk control and ability, it was observed at

trainings that high classification athletes were better

positioned to place themselves and their chairs in

extreme situations to extract the best possible

performance. Both negative outliers observed for

participant 1 corresponded to the chosen initial

inflation pressure by the participant. The largest

outlier, 6.5556 kPa, corresponded to a true pressure

of 484 kPa displaying an instantaneous change of 7

kPa, during a 3v3 half-court drill designed to simulate

condensed activity but lowered intensity match

scenario.

4.2.2 Outliers

Of all the outliers observed, two were deemed to be

of particular interest. Participant 6 displayed the

largest pressure differential of 9.4351 kPa from the

mean with a corresponding true pressure of 568 kPa.

The instantaneous pressure change was reported to be

10 kPa. During a half court scrimmage, participant 2

displayed a sharp increase of 4 kPa. The elevated

pressure was sustained for a period of 15 mins

followed by a drop of 2 kPa.

From the IMU data observed for these two

outliers along with video analysis, participant 2

(Figure 6) was observed to move in a short arc on the

court ending in a sudden stop with the athlete facing

90° out of phase from the direction of initial

movement. The change in direction was represented

clearly in the gyroscopic data with large, elongated

peaks displayed in the z and y axis of the data. These

peaks were followed closely with accelerometer

peaks along the y and z axes, displaying the

instantaneous deceleration. The max acceleration

observed was 15.9995 g along the y, and the

minimum acceleration observed was along the z-axis

at -14.7329 g. As the IMU was placed such that the y-

axis ran parallel to the player surface and in line with

the wheelchair axel representing forces experienced

from either side of the athlete, the acceleration can be

seen to cause a skidding motion increasing tyre

deformation and in-turn the likelihood of failure.

Figure 6: Participant 2 Outlier IMU Curve.

Participant 6’s outlier (Figure 7) was not captured

on video. The gyroscopic data displays very little

change through the incident. The triaxial system

displays an absolute maximum change not exceeding

200°/s, indicating that no large change in direction

occurred. However, the sharp peaks from the

gyroscope and the coinciding peaks from the

accelerometer hint that the athlete came to a sudden

stop or was impacted by another athlete. A maximum

acceleration of 12.98 g was observed along the z-axis,

closely followed by a slightly lower y max. Minimum

acceleration was seen along the x-axis indicating that

the force was imparted from the front of the

participant.

Figure 7: Participant 6 Outlier IMU Curve.

icSPORTS 2022 - 10th International Conference on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support

5 DISCUSSION AND

CONCLUSION

Investigations into the various temperature modalities

provided evidence of the minimal impact of ambient

air temperature. Further, while it was observed that

court surface temperatures have a strong relationship

with initial tyre temperatures, there was little impact

on the temperature variations displayed over the

course of testing. The small negative change observed

in internal and tyre material temperature indicated

that the effort exerted by the players and the

interaction of the tyres with the court possessed a

significant but uniform impact on tyre wear. The

uniform negative trend eliminated temperature as one

of the major physical influences, leading to greater

emphasis on the influence of variable inflation

pressure as a source of the failures. An inconsistency

was observed in the initial inflation pressures

employed by the participants, as some were particular

about initial pressures prior to games to ensure

performance quality, and comfort. The inconsistency

in initial pressure, however, was not observed to have

a significant impact on the individual variations in

pressure. The overall trend of pressure reduction

confirmed the expected material interaction between

the tyres and the surface, with localised sharp changes

pointing towards the impact of gameplay.

Through the evidence gathered in the final testing

phase the importance of individual playstyle, physical

classification, and tendencies was highlighted. The

accelerometer and gyroscope data provided evidence

of the high g-forces experienced by the athletes and

the equipment drawing attention to the workload

placed on both.

Over the course of the preliminary and final phase

of testing the greater impact on equipment during the

match scenarios as opposed to regular training

sessions was confirmed. Through preliminary

findings it was suspected that player actions that

caused direct collisions to tyres or made the

wheelchairs move in unpredictable trajectories, such

as dragging sideways or tipping on to one wheel,

resulted in large forces being experienced and likely

to be a contributing factor in accelerated tyre

degradation. Insignificant differences were observed

for the pressure variations between classification

categories indicating a small influence of the

individual player classification on the pressure

variation. Anecdotal evidence gathered in

conversation with athletes and coaches indicated that

higher classification athletes and those with

aggressive playstyles experienced more tyre failures.

Through the combined analysis of participant

pressure profiles, IMU data, and match simulation

video recordings it was confirmed that athlete actions

held a large influence on tyre degradation and failure.

It was also noted that offence more than defence, and

athlete hand preferences effected the rate of failure

for individual tyres.

The outcomes from the study provide evidence

from varying tyre pressures to back anecdotal

knowledge of the tyre degradation patterns observed.

The findings allow athletes and coaches to make

better in-game and training decisions. Through the

multi-phased experimental methodology employed,

the investigators were able to build an argument for

increased enquiry into WB and other para sport

equipment reliability.

Several setbacks over the course of the research

period reduced the potential of the study. As the focus

of the study was to investigate the effects of player

actions on the physical properties, emphasis was laid

on testing to occur in real world environments. The

present study was unable to capture competitive

match data, focus on gathering such evidence would

be key to further the understanding of WB physics.

CAD models could be employed to simulate testing

and establish reference values of failure to inform

future work. The TPMS technology employed was

designed for non-scientific purposes, possessed low

resolution, and did not possess a standardised sample

rate. The use of more specialised sensors would allow

for better analysis and produce more informative

results. An increased number of SABEL Sense IMUs

employed on the wheels (following (Shepherd, Wada,

Rowlands, & James, 2016)) would allow for

measuring impacts in additional planes.

The study laid the groundwork for further targeted

investigations into inflation pressure and temperature

in competitive match situations. The influence of

match scenarios as opposed to training on the

degradation rate of the equipment forms the core of

the experimental study. The results discussed expand

the understanding of WB gameplay, and leave room

for future enquiry in to the sport and other parasport

modalities.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The investigators would like to acknowledge the

contribution and support of Ms. Amanda Mather, Mr.

Nick Such, and Mr. Tom Kelly from Sporting

Wheelies and Disabled Association for providing

access to athletes, facilities, and insight into WB. I

would also like express my gratitude towards Mr.

Duncan Free and the office of Industry and External

Engagement at Griffith University for supporting this

study.

A Preliminary Investigation into the Factors Impacting Tyre Failure in Wheelchair Basketball

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