Systematic and Ecological-cenotic Analysis of Poisonous Plants of the

Chechen Republic

Z. I. Iriskhanova, M. A.Takaeva and L. G. Molochaeva

Chechen State University, Grozny, Russia

Keywords: Poisonous plants, species, genus, family, florocenoelement, phytocenosis, phytocoenoecology.

Abstract: In this communication, an ecological-cenotic analysis of medicinal plants of the Chechen Republic is given.

This report provides a systematic and ecological-coenotic analysis of poisonous plants in the Chechen

Republic. The list of studied species is given. These studies were carried out on the basis of the processing of

herbarium materials and field observations of the authors. Poisonous plants are found among various

systematic groups: horsetails, club mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms.

1 INTRODUCTION

Poisonous plants are plants that produce and

accumulate poisons in the process of vital activity that

cause poisoning of animals and humans. More than

10 thousand species of poisonous plants are known in

the world flora, mainly in the tropics and subtropics.

There are many of them in countries with temperate

and cold climates, more than 300 species are found in

Russia (Orlov, 1990).

Medicinal poisonous plants have been used for

centuries, and many cultures still rely on native plants

to meet their basic health needs. Poisonous medicinal

plants are used to treat various diseases and may have

antidiabetic, anti-cancer, antibacterial, antifungal and

cytogenetic properties.

2 MAIN PART

This study was conducted in the Chechen Republic in

the period from June 2019 to June 2021The research

is based on the analysis of field studies and

observations of the authors. Route-geobotanical,

route-floristic methods were used. The purpose of this

review is to provide a report on the systematic and

ecological-cenotic analysis of poisonous plants of the

republic.

To confirm the stated information, a study of the

scientific literature was conducted. A total of 58 plant

species belonging to 41 genera and 23 families were

identified as poisonous plants. The systematic

spectrum of this group of plants is shown in Table 1.

Most of the representatives of these plant species

are plants of the Papaveraceae Juss., Euphorbiaceae

Juss. numbering 6 species (10.34%). The second

place is occupied by plants of the family Solanaceae

Juss., Asteraceae (5 species, 8.62%). In third place

are representatives of the families Equisetaceae Rich.

ex DC, Helitropiaceae, Cucurbitaceae Juss. there are

4 species each (6.9%). Then in decreasing number of

species are the families Caprifoliaceae Juss.,

Rhamnaceae Juss., Cucurbitaceae Juss. (3 species

each, 5.17%), Dryopteridaceae China (Aspidiaceae)

(2 species, 3.45%), family Huperziaceae Rothm.,

Takhaseae S. F. Gray, Cupressaceae Rich. ex Bartl.,

Ephedraceae Dumort, Thymelaeaceae Juss.,

Peganaceae Engl.Tiegh., Cannabaceae Endl.,

Cannabaceae Endl., Chenopodiaceae Vent.,

Melanthiaceae Batsch, Rutaceae Juss.,

Convallariaceae Horan. (1 species each, 1.72%).

The largest genus Euphorbia (Tithymalis) has 5

species, the genus E guisetum, Heliotropium - 4

species, the genus Senecio - 3 species. The vast

majority of genera of poisonous plants contain one

species, there are 11 such genera. There are 4 genera

of two species each.

Representatives of poisonous plants of the

Chechen Republic are components of various

phytocenoses. The studied species belong to different

plant groupings, representing natural

florocenoelements. That is, they are ecologically

different, more or less constantly confined to certain

phytocenoses.

Iriskhanova, Z., A.Takaeva, M. and Molochaeva, L.

Systematic and Ecological-cenotic Analysis of Poisonous Plants of the Chechen Republic.

DOI: 10.5220/0011568300003524

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Methods, Models, Technologies for Sustainable Development (MMTGE 2022) - Agroclimatic Projects and Carbon Neutrality, pages

189-192

ISBN: 978-989-758-608-8

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

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When analyzing poisonous plants according to the

ecological-cenotic parameter, we identified 11

florocenoelements, the spectrum of which is given in

Table 2. The number of florocenoelements in the flora

is always greater than the number of species, which

manifests their ecological plasticity. This position is

confirmed by many researchers of the flora of the

North Caucasus, who analyzed regional flora

(Galushko, 1975; Galushko, 1976; Galushko, 1980;

Ivanov, 1996; Ivanov, 1998; Shkhagapsoev, 2002;

Khrustalev, 1991) (fig. 1-2).

There are 16 types of forest florocenoelements

(22.22%). These are such types as Hupérzia selágo

Table 1: Systematic spectrum of poisonous plants of the Chechen Republic.

No. Family Number of

species

1 Pa

averaceae Juss. 6 10.34

2 Eu

horbiaceae Juss. 6 10,34

3 Solanaceae Juss. 5 8,62

steraceae 58,62

5 Equisetaceae Rich. ex DC 4 6,9

6 Helitropiaceae 46,9

iaceae Lindl. 4 6,9

8 Ca

oliaceae Juss. 3 5,17

hamnaceae Juss. 3 5,17

10 Cucurbitaceae Juss. 3 5,17

11 Dryopteridaceae China (

spidiaceae) 2 3,45

12 Fabaceae Lindl. 2 3,45

13 Hu

erziaceae Rothm. 1 1,72

14 Тахасеае S. F. Gra

1 1,72

15 Cupressaceae Rich. ex Bartl. 1 1,72

16 Ephedraceae Dumort 1 1,72

17 Thymelaeaceae Juss. 1 1,72

18 Pe

anaceae En

l.Tie

h. 11,72

19 Cannabaceae Endl. 1 1,72

20 Cheno

odiaceae Vent. 1 1,72

elanthiaceae Batsch 1 1,72

utaceae Juss. 1 1,72

23 Convallariaceae Horan. 1 1,72

Total 58 100

Figure 1: Structure of poisonous plants in the flora of the Chechen Republic.

Papaveraceae Euphorbiaceae

Solanaceae Asteraceae

Equisetaceae Helitropiaceae

Apiaceae Caprifoliaceae

Rhamnaceae Cucurbitaceae

Dryopteridaceae Fabaceae

Huperziaceae

Тахасеае

Cupressaceae Ephedraceae

Thymelaeaceae Peganaceae

Cannabaceae Chenopodiaceae

Melanthiaceae Rutaceae

Convallariaceae

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(L.) Bernh. ex Schrank et C. Mart., Еguisetum

fluviatile L., Dryopteris filix–mas (L.) Schott.,

Dryopteris assimilis S.Walker, Taxus baccata L.,

Melilotus albus Mediс., Peganum harmala L.,

Heliotropium suaveolens Bieb., Heliotropium

ellipticum Ledeb., Conium maculatum L., Aethusa

cynapium L., Frangula alnus Mill., Ricinus

communis L.s.l., Tithymalis helioscopius (L.) Scop.,

Atropa caucasica Kreyer (A. bella-donna L.),

Convallaria transcaucasica Utkin ex Grossh. (C.

majalis L.) (Umarov, 2011).

There are 6 types of lowland florocenoelements

(8.33%). These are such types Еguisetum palustre L.,

Sambucus nigra L., Cannabis ruderalis Janisch.,

Euphorbia humifusa Schlecht., Tanacetum vulgare

L., Pyrethrum coccineum (Willd.) Worosch

(Umarov, 2011).

Subalpine florocenoelements are part of

subalpine meadows, there is only 1 species (1.39%).

This is Heraculum sibiricum L. (Umarov, 2011).

There are 1 species of Alpine

florocenoelements (1.39%). This is Heraculum

sibiricum L. (Umarov, 2011).

There are 3 types of steppe florocenoelements

(4.17%). These are such types as Daphne mezereum

L., Papaver rhoeas L., Papaver bracteatum Lindl.

(Umarov, 2011).

There are 2 types of calcepetrophilic

florocenoelements (2.78%). These are such types as

Juniperus sabina L., Ephedra distachia L. (Umarov,

2011).

There are 1 type of psammophilic elements

(1.39%). This is Ephedra distachia

L. (Umarov,

2011).

Argillophilic florocenoelements living on clay

substrates, only 1 species (1.39%). This is Papaver

arenarium Bieb. (Umarov, 2011).

Hygrophilic florocenoelements live in places

with increased soil moisture. There are 2 such species

(2.78%): E guisetum palustre L., Eguisetum pratense

Ehrh. (Umarov, 2011).

There are 7 types of segetal florocenoelements

(9.72%). This is Еguisetum palustre L., Еguisetum

arvense L., Еguisetum fluviatile L., Chaerophyllum

aromaticum L., Heracleum sibiricum L., Frangula

alnus Mill., Papaver arenarium Bieb. (Umarov,

2011).

There are 32 types of ruderal

florocenoelements (44.44%). This is Melilotus

officinalis (L.) Pall., Heliotropium. europaeum L.,

Heliotropium. lasiocarpum Fisch. et Меу., Sambucus

ebulus L., Sambucus ebulus L., Lonicera steveniana

Fisch.ex Pojark., Chaerophyllum aromaticum L.,

Heracleum sibiricum L., Rhamnus cathartica L.,

Frangula alnus Mill., Frangula alnus Mill., Papaver

arenarium Bieb., Papaver bracteatum Lindl.,

Papaver dubium L., Chelidonium flavum Grantz.,

Anabasis aphylla L., Tithymalis falcatus (L.),

Tithymalis раluster (L.), Tithymalis ibericus (Boiss.)

Prokh., Euphorbia humifusa Schlecht., Tithymalis

helioscopius

( L.), Veratrum lobelianum Bernh.,

Hyoscyamus niger L., Solanum nigrum L., Scopolia

caucasica Kolesn., Senecio rhombifolius (Willd.)

Sch. Bip., Senecio vernalis Waldst.et Kit., Senecio

ure 2: S

ectrum of florocenoelements of

oisonous

lants of the Chechen Re

ublic.

Systematic and Ecological-cenotic Analysis of Poisonous Plants of the Chechen Republic

191

vulgaris L., Tanacetum vulgare L., Bryonia alba L.,

Bryonia dioica Jacq., Ecballium elaterium (L.)

A.Rich. (Umarov, 2011).

Table 2: Phytocenoecological spectrum of poisonous plants

of the Chechen Republic.

Florocenoelement qty

florocen

elements

of the total

number of species

Forest 16 22.22

Plain 6 8.33

Subalpine 1 1.39

Alpine 1 1.39

Ste

e 3 4.17

Calce

etro

hilic 2 2.78

Psammo

hilic 1 1.39

illo

hilic 1 1.39

Hygrophilic 2 2.78

Segetal 7 9.72

Ruderal 32 44.44

TOTAL 72 100

The spectrum of phlorocenoelements of

poisonous plants of the Chechen Republic is given in

Table 2.

3 CONCLUSION

There are 58 species of poisonous plants in the flora

of the Chechen Republic. The largest number of

species are families Papaveraceae Juss.,

Euphorbiaceae Juss. (6 species, 10.34%). Families

Huperziaceae Rothm., Takhaseae S. F. Gray,

Cupressaceae Rich. ex Bartl., Ephedraceae Dumort,

Thymelaeaceae Juss., Peganaceae Engl.Tiegh.,

Cannabaceae Endl., Cannabaceae Endl.,

Chenopodiaceae Vent., Melanthiaceae Batsch,

Rutaceae Juss., Convallariaceae Horan. have the

minimum number of species (one species each).

Ecological and cenotic analysis revealed 72

florocenoelements. In the first place are ruderal, in the

second place are forest florocenoelements. The

smallest are subalpine, alpine, psammophilic and

argilogalophilic florocenoelements.

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