Problems of Climate Warming and Sustainable Development from

the Perspective of the Biosphere Concept of Oil and Gas Formation

Azariy A. Barenbaum and Dmitry S. Klimov

Oil and Gas Research Institute Russian Academy of Sciences (OGRI RAS), Moscow, Russian Federation

Keywords: Replenishment of oil and gas deposits, carbon cycling in the biosphere, biosphere concept of oil and gas

formation, «green» oil and gas, climate warming, degassing of the earth’s subsoil.

Abstract: We consider the consequences of the scientific revolution in oil and gas geology, which are directly related

to the problems of climate warming and sustainable development. The biospheric concept of oil and gas

formation is discussed, which solves the problems of the balance of carbon and water cycles in the Earth's

biosphere, taking into account human activities. According to new ideas, oil and gas are the renewable

resources of our planet, replenished during the exploitation of deposits. It has been established that the

replenishment of hydrocarbons in deposits is taking place with the participation of a previously unknown 40-

year carbon cycle in the biosphere: the transport of

CO2

from the atmosphere by meteoroid waters below the

Earth’s surface. In crustal rock, water-soluble carbon dioxide is involved in mechanochemical hydrocarbon

synthesis reactions. The conclusion is obtained that with a scientifically based approach to the production and

consumption of oil and gas there is an opportunity to exploit their deposits as replenished sources of

hydrocarbons. This fact, on the one hand, makes it possible to classify oil and gas as “green” energy sources,

and on the other hand, significantly reduce the impact of their consumption on the climate.

1 INTRODUCTION

At present, the world is facing two urgent challenges:

ensuring the sustainable development of the world

economy and warming the climate, with serious

geopolitical and economic consequences for many

countries. The increase in carbon dioxide (CO

) and

other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, while the

current consumption of fossil fuels (oil, gas and coal)

is increasing, marks a change in climate. Their use as

fuels results in large quantities of CO

entering the

atmosphere. Therefore, the developed countries see

the solution to the climate problem in the

abandonment of fossil fuels and their replacement

with renewable «green» energy sources, which are

considered to be the energy of the Sun, wind and

water. There are also plans to move the world

economy towards the use of «clean» hydrogen that

does not emit CO

into the atmosphere. Clean

hydrogen is to be obtained from renewable energy

sources. However, a complete phase-out of

hydrocarbons in the transition to hydrogen energy is

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0584-6561

now evident and is unlikely to be necessary in the

future.

There are two different approaches to countering

anthropogenic warming. One is based on accounting

for the amount of greenhouse gas emissions from

human activities and attempts to reduce them in any

way, while the other is based on addressing the

fundamental problem of the origin of oil and gas,

which is directly related to observed climate change.

The first approach is commercial, governed by the

international climate agreements currently in place,

signed by 192 countries. The approach is to trade

greenhouse gas emissions between highly developed

and developing economies. This approach is based on

the view of the UN Intergovernmental Panel that

warming of the climate is caused by anthropogenic

emissions of carbon dioxide (CO

) and methane

(CH

). However, it has been established that the main

greenhouse gas is water vapor, the greenhouse effect

of which far exceeds the influence of CO

, CH

, etc.

on the climate (Table 1). However, this factor is not

taken into account or taken into account by UN

experts.

332

Barenbaum, A. and Klimov, D.

Problems of Climate Warming and Sustainable Development from the Perspective of the Biosphere Concept of Oil and Gas Formation.

DOI: 10.5220/0011571400003524

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Methods, Models, Technologies for Sustainable Development (MMTGE 2022) - Agroclimatic Projects and Carbon Neutrality, pages

332-337

ISBN: 978-989-758-608-8

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

The second is a scientific approach that identifies

the true cause of climate change. This, in our view, is

due to man’s predatory interference with the global

geochemical cycle of biosphere matter occurring on

our planet. The scientific approach is based on the

biosphere teaching of V.I. Vernadsky (Vernadsky,

2001), as well as the work of domestic scientists,

including three scientific discoveries made by them

over the past 40 years.

Table 1: Main greenhouse gases of the Earth’s atmosphere

and their contribution to the greenhouse effect (Wikipedia,

2022).

Com

oun

Formula Contribution

(

)

Water vapor and

clouds

O 36–72%

Carbon dioxide CO

–

26%

Methane CH

–

Ozone O

–

These discoveries show the failure of a

commercial approach to solving climate and

sustainability problems as a “new energy strategy”

that can solve both problems by moving away from

the production of “dirty” oil and gas and replacing

them as energy sources with “clean” hydrogen.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

The scientific approach implements three

fundamental discoveries of Russian scientists, which

together transfer oil and gas from the category of

“dirty” fossil fuels to the category of renewable

“green” energy sources. Let's look at these

discoveries one by one.

2.1 First Discovery

This discovery is officially registered in the USSR as

the scientific «Discovery №342» from 21.04.1982

(Trofimuk et al., 1982a, 1982b) under the name:

«Phenomenon of transformation of organic matter of

sediment rocks under the action of tectonic and

seismic processes of the Earth’s crust». This

phenomenon consists in the formation of

hydrocarbons as a result of mechanochemical

transformation of organic matter of sediments under

the action of tectonic and seismic fields (Trofimuk et

al., 1981; Trofimuk et al., 1982a, 1982b). Later, the

authors of the discovery N.V. Chersky and V.P.

Tsarev proved in experiments that gas-oil

hydrocarbons are formed from both organic and

inorganic (Chersky et al., 1984) and fully oxidized

carbon containing substance (Chersky et al., 1986). In

this way, it has been established that hydrocarbons

arise under natural conditions not only from heat but

also from the mechanical energy of the host rocks.

The discovery substantiated the possibility of the

formation of a wide range of oil and gas hydrocarbons

from a carbon substance with the participation of

tectonic and seismic processes at formation

temperatures of less than 60–70°C.

The new phenomenon was independently studied

by V.I. Molchanov (Molchanov, 1967; Molchanov et

al., 1969; Molchanov, 1981; Molchanov et al., 1992).

Under his leadership, since the 1970s, the Institute of

Geology and Geophysics of the USSR Academy of

Sciences has been conducting studies of carbon-

containing minerals and rocks during ultrafine

grinding in water-saturated media. The result was an

understanding of the mechanochemical mechanism

of hydrogen generation and synthesis of

hydrocarbons in sedimentary rocks under moderate

thermobaric conditions.

This mechanism, called «geosynthesis», has been

experimentally studied by S.N. Zakirov with

employees at the Institute of Oil and Gas Research

Institute Russian Academy of Sciences (OGRI RAS)

since the beginning of the 2000s (Zakirov et al.,

2013a; Zakirov et al., 2013b;Barenbaum et al., 2015;

Zakirov et al., 2016; Barenbaum et al., 2020). The

synthesis of hydrocarbons was studied according to

the CO

O reaction, thermodynamically

impossible under standard conditions. Simulations of

the CO

O reaction showed that on the activated

surface of the matrix of rocks it flows at low

temperatures (25°C) and just above atmospheric

pressure, accompanied by physical-chemical decay of

water to form a large amount of hydrogen. It is

obtained that from the chemical point of view the

reaction of CO

O belongs to the same class of

polycondensation reactions of synthesis of

hydrocarbons from carbon oxides and hydrogen

(Barenbaum et al., 2020; Rudenko, 1969) as well as

known reactions of Fisher-Tropsch (CO+H

Engelhardt-Kelbel (CO +H

O) and others.

2.2 Second Discovery

In the 1990s, a group of geologists from Russia

discovered that in a number of fields where oil and

gas production was temporarily suspended, after 2-3

years there was an increase in hydrocarbon inflows in

the deposits. These inflows were detected for the first

time in the late stages of the exploitation of old

deposits that were 50 years old or older (Sokolov et

al., 1993; Smirnova, 1999; Ashirov et al., 2000;

Problems of Climate Warming and Sustainable Development from the Perspective of the Biosphere Concept of Oil and Gas Formation

333

Muslimov et al., 2004). An attempt was first made to

establish a link between tributaries and the lack of

accuracy in the estimation of recoverable reserves or

in the feeding of nearby low-yielding deposits.

However, in the 2000s, the widespread occurrence of

this phenomenon became evident, leading geologists

to conclude that hydrocarbons were continuously

spilling into their mined deposits. First employees of

Moscow State University B.A. Sokolov and A.N.

Gusev understood and correctly explained the

essence of the phenomenon (Sokolov et al., 1993). In

1993 they declared that: «oil and gas are apparently

renewable natural resources, and therefore their

development should take place on the basis of

calculations of the balance of the amount of

hydrocarbon generation and acceptable for the

rational use of their extraction during the exploitation

of deposits».

Ten years later, A.A. Barenbaum constructed the

theory of this phenomenon, proposing the biosphere

concept of oil and gas formation (Barenbaum, 2004,

2007a, 2007b, 2000, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2015a, 2015b,

2017, 2018, 2019). With the findings (Trofimuk et al.,

1982a, 1982b) and (Sokolov et al., 1993) in mind, it

has generalized the well-known traditional

hypotheses of hydrocarbon genesis by

complementing them with representations of

participation in the formation of oil and gas

hydrocarbons in the global water and carbon cycles

across the Earth’s surface. From these positions the

key problems of carbon and water balance in the

biosphere were solved and it was shown that oil and

gas formation is a modern natural phenomenon

closely connected with geochemical cycling of the

biosphere and human economic activity, as her

important representative. In this way, the biosphere

concept allowed to give a new paradigm of

hydrocarbon formation (Sokolov et al., 1993) the

necessary theoretical justification, as well as to

substantiate the possibility of exploitation of oil and

gas facilities as replenished, i.e. «green» energy

sources.

This phenomenon was never supposed to be

organic or mineral hypotheses. Therefore, the

creation of the concept of the biosphere carbon and

water cycle on Earth was the beginning of new

revolutionary discoveries in oil and gas geology. As

a result, both hypotheses, which have been at odds

with geology for more than 100 years, are now giving

way to notions of oil and gas as indestructible

minerals of our planet.

2.3 Third Discovery

According to the concept of the Earth’s carbon and

water cycle, underground oil and gas accumulations

are natural geological traps of mobile carbon that

circulate through the Earth’s surface. At the same

time it has three main cycle: two of them are

geological (with times of ~10

years and ~10

years),

and climatic or «biosphere» with a period of rotation

~ 40 years (Barenbaum, 2004, 2010). The last cycle

is responsible for the carbon cycle (mainly in the form

of water-soluble CO

in atmospheric air or organic

matter). All these three cycles are closely

interconnected and occur in such a way that above the

Earth's surface, which acts as a geochemical barrier,

the mobile carbon of the biosphere circulates mainly

in the oxidized form (CO

), and under the Earth's

surface - in the earth's crust, conditions are created for

its transformation into hydrocarbons (Zakirov et al.,

2013; Barenbaum et al., 2015; Zakirov et al., 2016).

In this mechanism, organic matter, aqueous CO

and

carbonaceous minerals can be a carbon donor for

hydrocarbons, and water can be a hydrogen donor.

Because of their low water solubility, hydrocarbons

form their own petroleum and gas accumulations in

the geological trapping structures of the upper crust.

Geologists had not previously taken into account

the contribution of the 40-year biosphere cycle to the

formation of hydrocarbon resources. The dispute

among adherents of traditional hypotheses of oil and

gas formation concerned the predominance of a

geological cycle of hydrocarbon formation (~10

and

~10

years). Climatologists, who considered the

formation of hydrocarbons in the interior to be a very

slow process that could be neglected, also did not

consider this cycle. In reality, however, it is this cycle

that plays a major role in the replenishment of oil and

gas fields, as well as influencing regional and global

changes in the planet’s weather and climate.

These new concepts are reflected in the theoretical

model (Barenbaum, 2000, 2010) which has made it

possible to study the carbon and water cycling

regimes of our planet at different periods of its

geological history: pre-Cambrian, plywood and the

modern era. The model showed, inter alia, that the

biosphere’s geochemical system is currently in a

stable dynamic equilibrium that provides a biosphere

cycle. In this state, any imbalance caused by external

factors or human economic activity eliminates the

biosphere by redistributing mobile carbon between its

main reservoirs, which in the biosphere cycle are:

atmosphere, oceans, Living organisms, soils,

hydrocarbon deposits and underground hydrosphere.

MMTGE 2022 - I International Conference "Methods, models, technologies for sustainable development: agroclimatic projects and carbon

neutrality", Kadyrov Chechen State University Chechen Republic, Grozny, st. Sher

334

Another important conclusion is (Barenbaum,

2010) that water, oxygen and carbon dioxide (CO

)

form a common geochemical cycling system on our

planet. Its unifying beginning, as V.I. Vernadsky

(Vernadsky, 2001) claimed, is the biosphere. By

entering the cycles of water, carbon and oxygen as a

constituent element, living organisms bring the

velocity of the biosphere’s material cycle into line

with that of the geological cycle of the groundwater.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Under the biosphere concept, the formation of

hydrocarbons in the subsurface is caused both by sub-

surface processes and by CO

circulation over the

surface. Both processes are highly participatory and

to some extent influenced by the individual.

Evidence shows that, with the current practice of

exploiting hydrocarbon deposits, the regional and

global geochemical equilibrium in the biosphere is

disturbed by fracturing the formation by means of

hydraulic fracturing methods that destroy geological

traps. On the basis of the Le Chateller principle, the

biosphere seeks to restore this balance by all possible

means. Climate warming is therefore a reaction of the

biosphere to imbalance, such as the replenishment of

exploited deposits with hydrocarbons, an increase in

the intensity of degassing of the subsoil, an increase

in the atmospheric content of CO

and CH

, etc. Thus,

these effects are anthropogenic, but they are primarily

caused by processes not on the surface, but in the

interior of the Earth. The main cause is the activation

of the carbon and water cycle across the Earth's

surface within the 40-year cycle of the biosphere.

Hence, the formation of hydrocarbon deposits is

determined not only by the conditions of their genesis

and accumulation in the interior, but also by the

geochemical carbon cycle in various forms over the

Earth’s surface. Therefore, human activities play an

important role, affecting to some extent the regional

processes of formation of oil and gas deposits in the

subsoil (Barenbaum, 2007a, 2007b).

The recovery of oil and gas from deposits at a

moderate rate (without serious disruption of

groundwater circulation) should not significantly

affect the oil and gas potential of the region, which

will affect the rate of replenishment of its deposits.

But this may be the case if extracted oil and gas are

used within the same hydro-geological basin where

they were extracted. The transportation of

hydrocarbon raw materials to tens of thousands of

kilometers from their production sites contributes to

the regrouping of the world’s oil and gas resources.

The industrialized countries, which consume oil and

gas intensively, contribute to their accumulation. In

contrast, hydrocarbon-exporting countries deplete

their resources.

Another predicted consequence is the

displacement of large hydrocarbon accumulations in

the oceans. Due to the absence of hydrocarbon

storage conditions on the continental fringes, carbon

is transported by groundwater run-off waters to the

shelf and continental slope (Barenbaum, 2007a,

2007b). As a result, it is here that the main

hydrocarbon reserves of our planet, which includes

not only oil and gas, but also gas hydrates.

The last important conclusion is the emerging

capacity to exploit oil and gas as a renewable source

of hydrocarbon raw materials. In the case of careful

subsoil use, at the rate of extraction of hydrocarbons

from deposits not exceeding the rate of their natural

replenishment, it becomes possible to replenish the

resources of oil and gas fields. In this case, the

industrial development may involve small deposits,

which are currently considered uneconomical for

economic reasons. The efficiency of using the

hydrocarbon potential of the Earth’s subsurface can

also be improved by intensifying the hydrocarbon

submergence in the deposits in specific fields by

means of special drilling of wells and optimization of

their operation modes.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Carbon dioxide, as an important component of carbon

on the planet, is involved in many natural and

technogenic processes and technologies. Carbon

dioxide has long been used widely and with

considerable effect in oil recovery (ERP)

technologies. It is often seen as a negative gas due to

the problem of global warming on Earth. Therefore,

as a way out of this situation, many countries have

begun to research and implement various

technologies for the disposal of CO

in the Earth’s

interior. At the same time, the oil industry attracts the

technology of carbon dioxide injection into depleted

oil and gas fields to intensify additional oil extraction

from depleted and developed reservoirs.

Recently, the issue of solving the «balance

problem» of carbon in the biosphere, connected with

its less order-of-magnitude flow into the crust of the

Earth than from the subsoil, has become significantly

more acute. It is becoming increasingly urgent to

refine models of carbon circulation in the

environment to obtain more objective estimates, as

many models are based on highly inaccurate and

Problems of Climate Warming and Sustainable Development from the Perspective of the Biosphere Concept of Oil and Gas Formation

335

incomplete patterns describing the carbon fluxes

between its main reservoir on the planet. It is

reasonable to conclude that the biosphere cycle is not

limited to the carbon cycle above the surface, but

covers the entire biosphere, including its underground

part.

As a result of discoveries of Russian scientists and

creation of biosphere concept, a set of measures

allowing to develop oil and gas deposits as renewable

sources of hydrocarbons has been proposed, or in

other words, as a “green” energy sources. These

measures should include:

− strict control of mining technologies by

fracturing techniques to maximize the

conservation of natural oil and gas traps;

− extraction from the subsoil of hydrocarbons in

a quantity not exceeding the amount of their

entry into the deposits;

− well-designed logistics, in which hydrocarbons

are consumed in the territorial vicinity of

hydrological (oil and gas) basins of their

production. Efforts should be made to ensure

that as much CO

as possible is returned to the

subsoil.

The experience of transporting hydrocarbon fuels

over long distances from their production sites

already leads to large accumulations of hydrocarbons

on the ocean shelf, where they are deposited in the

form of gas hydrates, creating new problems.

New ideas about oil and gas as indestructible

energy carriers obviously require serious analysis and

revision of the whole system of management that has

been established in the world today. It should be

borne in mind, however, that oil and gas can only be

resumed to a sufficient extent in deposits with a sound

scientific mining system.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The work was carried out as part of the state task of

the Oil and Gas Research Institute Russian Academy

of Sciences (OGRI RAS) on the topic “Improving

modeling methods, laboratory and field research to

create new technologies for efficient environmentally

friendly extraction of hydrocarbons in complex

mining and geological conditions.”

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