The Importance of Corporatism of Subjects and Management Actors
for the Functioning of the Socio-transport Environment of Catu
Tatiana Valentinovna Duran
1
, Alexey Igorevich Zverev
2
,
Sergey Mikhailovich Karachkov
3
and Natalia Borisovna Kostina
2
1
Ural State University of Railway Transport, Yekaterinburg, Russia
2
Ural Institute of Management of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (UIM
RANEPA), Yekaterinburg, Russia
3
Ural Chemical Engineering Plant PJSC, Yekaterinburg, Russia
Keywords: Project approach, subject and actor of management, CATU management, design of the social and transport
environment of CATU, the value core, CATU corporatism.
Abstract: The article discusses the features of managing the functioning and development of closed administrative-
territorial units (CATU), including transport infrastructure, based on the use of the methodology of the project
approach to build a theoretical concept and analyze the data of the author's surveys of the population of the
CATU in order to determine the manifestations of corporatism as the value core of the relationship between
subjects and factors of management; the assessments of the subjects of management and the population in
self-identification and the nature of the vision of the situation in the CATU; the analysis of the data conducted
by the authors of interviews, the data of municipalities on the current state and the prospects for the
development of transport in general, transport infrastructure in particular. Based on the empirical data
obtained, the main directions of existing and expected problems are identified, the author's position is
formulated regarding the possibilities of applying the project approach and the concept of the value core of
corporatism to the design of the urban environment of the CATU, large-scale state design of a specific urban
environment.
1 INTRODUCTION
Closed administrative-territorial units (CATU) are
characterized by a number of unique features that
distinguish them from other modern cities. The main
feature is that the closed cities were created and
developed in the logic of a large-scale Soviet project
to create parity in the Cold War. This means that, on
the other hand, we can consider nothing more than
project cities. The infrastructure was designed and
created comprehensively, including transport;
ensuring competent logistics was an important
component of the project. First, the subject of
management (the supreme leadership of the USSR –
I.V. Stalin, L.P. Beria, etc.) a conceptual idea was
formulated – a complex target image of the changes
that needed to be made in our country to ensure parity
in the confrontation with the "capitalist" world, a
team (project group) was formed to implement this
idea. Within the framework of the activities of this
group, the concept as a complex target image was
concretized, operationalized, formalized to the level
of a management program of activities. An important
component of this program was the construction of
appropriate railway tracks and stations that ensure
uninterrupted communication of the CATU with the
facilities included in the system. Based on the
program, a comprehensive plan was drawn up, part of
the implementation of which was the creation of
"cities of presence of the USSR atomic project" as:
− sites for the placement of enterprises and
research organizations, life support for workers
and maintenance personnel (CATU - nuclear
power plants);
− sites for the placement of weapons, test sites,
life support for military personnel and civilian
specialists (military CATU).
Thus, CATUs were initially created and
developed in accordance with a clearly formulated
specific goal. The location was chosen, resource,
logistics, infrastructure, personnel and other security
were calculated; conditions were created for the
Duran, T., Zverev, A., Karachkov, S. and Kostina, N.
The Importance of Corporatism of Subjects and Management Actors for the Functioning of the Socio-transport Environment of Catu.
DOI: 10.5220/0011581800003527
In Proceedings of the 1st International Scientific and Practical Conference on Transport: Logistics, Construction, Maintenance, Management (TLC2M 2022), pages 207-214
ISBN: 978-989-758-606-4
Copyright
c
2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
207
successful implementation of the tasks set (direct
Moscow management and subordination, separate
budgeting, priorities in solving problems, etc.)
The problems of understanding the essence and
functioning of the CATU can be conditionally
divided into two large groups:
− problems of CATU as an urban society with all
the ensuing areas of study (urban, urban
planning, social, municipal and others);
− problems of CATU as a site for the placement
of nuclear production and weapons (scientific
and technological, industrial, military-
industrial and others).
We are interested in the first group of problems in
the context of socio-managerial analysis. More
specifically, the problem can be described as the
search for motivational factors that organize the
actions of subjects and actors of the management of
the CATU. The article attempts to reveal the value
core of corporatism as a group motivator, the
presence and reproduction of which is necessary for
the project city to realize the set project goal. Without
understanding, acceptance, and involvement of
managed entities in the implementation of the project
as a complex target image of changes, its
implementation in reality is impossible.
At the same time, the managing entity must ensure
the conditions for the formation of the value core of
corporatism (involvement in the implementation of a
vital social project) in the managed entity. Studying
various design and management, historiographical,
normative, analytical and other documents on the
problems of the CATU, we did not find a clear
confirmation "on paper" of such a value core, which
actualized the task of identifying and investigating the
features of such a core in the process of conducting
empirical research.
The identification of the features of the value core
of corporatism is an important element in further state
design, which implies the creation of project cities as
production and technological innovation sites for the
placement of research organizations with appropriate
innovative productions (for example, the restart of the
Soviet project "Electrograd" in the Minusinsk Valley,
which was announced by the Minister of Defense of
the Russian Federation S.K. Shoigu).
2 STUDY METHODS
The research methodology uses a project approach,
which is revealed by us in a number of works on the
theory and sociology of management (Kostin, 2001;
Kostin, 2007; Kostina, 2017). The key concepts of
this approach are the categories of management
theory: "managing and managed subjects", "goal" as
a complex image of change, "project" as a means of
organizing human detail through its programming,
motivation, involvement, operationalization,
functionalization, structuring, concretization, etc. The
managing entity develops a complex target vision –
an image of the changes that need to be made in a
particular social system for its development, solving
certain problems, etc. To implement this image in
reality, it chooses a controlled subject whose creative
energy will be directed to this. In the process of
detailing, working out the image of changes – the
joint work of the manager and the managed entities -
there is a program and a plan for the implementation
of the project in practice. The logic, details, nuances,
terms of implementation, the resources required for
this (personnel, finance, technology, raw materials,
adaptations, innovations, etc.) become clear. The
project approach comprehensively studies (describes,
manifests, formalizes) this process of developing and
subsequent implementation of the idea of social
change in the course of organizing joint human
activity. The main tools of project management are
informational (development of managerial
knowledge, formalization of joint human activity,
etc.). Conceptualization (figurative goal setting)
subsequent programming and planning are also
separate and interrelated types of information
management activities.
In the context of the project approach, it is
possible to study the interaction of subjects and actors
of management. In this case, "actors of management"
refer to people who are more or less involved in the
implementation of the project and feel involved in the
implementation of an important state task. Such
involvement allows us to talk about the formation and
further social reproduction of the value core within
the framework of joint activities, which in the case of
CATU we call corporatism. Consequently, it can be
assumed that social management in the CATU is of a
corporate nature, and this is more or less
characteristic of all project cities, since the effective
implementation of the project implies a high level of
involvement of subjects and actors, personal and
social interest.
To obtain empirical data, quantitative and
qualitative research methods were used: a mass
survey and a guide interview of experts. The need to
use both qualitative and quantitative methods of
sociological analysis within the framework of one
work was dictated by the special nature of the studied
social processes, the need not only to identify
dynamics and trends according to these indicators,
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but also to explain the causes and patterns. The
respondents included residents of the CATU of
Novouralsk, Sverdlovsk region, men and women of
various ages, socio-professional composition and
marital status over the age of 18; representatives of
the leadership of the UECC, public organizations,
local governments, business were selected among the
experts. The field studies were conducted in two
stages, in 2012 and in 2021.
As already noted in S.M. Karachkov's study,
"Novouralsk as a closed city is a typical
representative of Russian CATUs and represents a
group of "atomic" cities supervised by Rosatom State
Corporation" (Karachkov, 2017). At the same time, it
should be noted that there is a certain difference
between the CATUs of Zheleznogorsk, Novouralsk
and Sarov (a group of nuclear CATUs), on the one
hand, and military CATUs - "sea" cities Severomorsk
and Fokino, "rocket" Vlasikha and Krasnoznamensk,
etc. But this difference is not fundamental. As it was
indicated in our earlier published works, the features
of all CATUs are due to the nature of their origin, the
specifics of the tasks set, the design nature of their
organization and management (Zverev, 2021;
Zverev, 2012; Karachkov, 2013) So, staffing, the
choice of the location area, the logic of relations with
the center and the management structure and other
features unite the majority of closed cities, both
72%
16%
12%
56%
34%
10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Yes No Neither agree nor
disagree
2012
2021
Figure 1: Is Novouralsk a unique city in Russia?
26%
35%
17%
22%
11%
47%
12%
30%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Implementation of the strategic state
goal
Regime, safety and comfort on the
one hand, restrictions on the other
High intellectual and professional
level of the population
Neither agree nor disagree
2021
2012
Figure 2: Opinions of the population about the features of the CATU of Novouralsk
The Importance of Corporatism of Subjects and Management Actors for the Functioning of the Socio-transport Environment of Catu
209
nuclear and military. And Novouralsk is one of the
typical CATU.
3 RESEARCH RESULTS
To the questionnaire question "Is Novouralsk a
unique city in Russia?" the majority of respondents
answered rather in the affirmative (72% in 2012 and
56% in 2021). The question did not cause any
particular difficulties for respondents, both now and
10 years ago (12% in 2012 and 10% in 2021). But,
regardless of the age, gender, socio-professional
status of the respondents, they are unanimous in the
fact that every year the uniqueness of the CATU is
steadily decreasing (See diagram 1). This is also
confirmed by the fact that in 2012, almost three–
quarters of respondents considered Novouralsk
unique, while in 2021 - only a little more than half.
According to the data of the paired distribution,
young people are more likely than representatives of
other generational groups to find it difficult to answer
(22% versus 8% for the older generation of
respondents in 2012). At the same time,
representatives of the older generation note the
uniqueness of the city more often than young people
(86% vs. 53% among young people in 2012).
According to the experts' guide interviews, the
reason for such dynamics becomes clear: the city has
completed its project development and its future
prospects are not clear [... there is constant talk about
the opening of a CATU, a possible change of status,
every year there are fewer closed cities on the map,
especially military ones, including in the countries of
the former Union ...]. It remains unique for the "old-
timers" who still found the "old days" [...in Soviet
times, the city was on a special account ...]. Young
people prefer to leave the city in search of career
prospects, a better life, a good education [...previously
there were branches of the most prestigious
universities in the country, there were career
opportunities, increased security, salary, medicine.
Now it's better to go to the capital ...].
Among the answers to the question "What most
characterizes Novouralsk and distinguishes it from
other cities?" respondents choose mainly the option
related to the regime, safety and comfort, on the one
hand, restrictions, on the other hand. The second most
important answer option is "Neither agree nor
disagree". At the same time, over the past 10 years,
there has been a consistently high dynamics of
opinions on these issues. To date, almost half of
respondents (47%) believe that the main feature of the
CATU is rather its regime and the presence of
territorial restrictions, rather than the implementation
of the state task, the high intellectual level of the
population. At the same time, almost a quarter of
respondents (26%) could not identify the features of
Novouralsk. (See diagram 2).
Cross-analysis data (paired distributions) show
that the above trend is dictated by the young part of
the city's population (56% - mode.., 39% - Neither
agree nor disagree). The data shown in Figure 3
indicate that only older respondents continue to
associate the city of Novouralsk with an important
state task (21%), a high intellectual level of the
population (21%).
Experts explain this situation by the fact that
Novouralsk has completed its project development
[...we have been at a crossroads for 30 years, it is still
unclear where we will turn ...]. We can call this stage
a post–project [... if we perceive CATU as a Soviet
project, then today it is already a post-project stage.
We were obviously not ready for it, we didn't even
11%
47%
12%
30%
2%
56%
3%
39%
21%
38%
21%
20%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Implementation of the strategic state goal
Regime, safety and comfort on the one hand,
restrictions on the other
High intellectual and professional level of the
population
Neither agree nor disagree
35 years and older
Under 35 years old
Generally
Figure 3: Perception of the features of the CATU depending on the age of the respondents.
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think about it...]. The main objectives of the project
have been implemented, now the CATU activity has
been reduced by a multiple, which directly affects the
resource supply of the city. Young people leave it, not
seeing the advantages of living in CATU, logically
does not note the features laid down by the Soviet
project. The older generation, by inertia, perceives
Novouralsk as an atomic CATU, but less and less [...
I remember what the city was like, we were, felt
special, at the forefront of the task, were proud of
what our parents were doing. Now, of course, there
are only memories and the infrastructure is already
dilapidated ...].
As for the presence of the spirit of cohesion as the
next basic manifestation of the value core of
corporatism, the survey and the guide interview
showed that this indicator is also decreasing every
year, although it still continues to form a significant
part of the value framework of the citizens of
Novouralsk. (See Diagram 4). So, in 2012, the
respondents were divided into three equal groups.
About 30% of respondents spoke for the presence of
cohesion, as well as for its absence. The same number
found it difficult to answer. In 2021, the number of
negative assessments increased by more than 10%.
Already 41% of respondents do not see the presence
of the spirit of cohesion in the relations of citizens,
due to the ongoing changes. It can be concluded that
it is the changes that affect this indicator.
The cross-analysis data clarifies the picture:
young people do not feel the spirit of cohesion more
often than citizens of the older age group (56% vs.
26% of older representatives).
Experts note all the same negative sentiments due
30%
32%
38%
27%
41%
32%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Present
Not present
Neithe r agree nor disagree
2021
2012
Figure 4: Dynamics of the presence of the spirit of cohesion among the residents of Novouralsk.
20%
24%
18%
38%
27%
23%
32%
18%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Is it possible to restore the Soviet
model
Is it possible to radically reform
the CATU: open the city, change
the status, etc.
Is it possible to "kee p the old"
and at the same time "introduce
the new"
Neither agree nor disagree
2021
2012
Figure 5: The expected prospects for the development of CATU according to residents.
The Importance of Corporatism of Subjects and Management Actors for the Functioning of the Socio-transport Environment of Catu
211
to a decrease in project activity of CATU, the actual
curtailment of the nuclear project at the level at which
it was implemented in the USSR [... the nuclear
power plant was practically curtailed under the
START agreements, there is no talk of any capacity
conservation, especially about increasing
productivity. Rosatom enterprises have reduced their
staff by a multiple ... AEC is in fact a side direction,
but it is not developing as well as we would like ...],
[... Russian-style nuclear power plants have demand
in the market, but Americans and Europeans are not
eager to let us go there, they have their own
technologies and their own fuel elements ...], [...
CATUs are in crisis, specialists are fleeing, unity and
the spirit of cohesion are less and less, mainly among
old-timers ...], etc.
The respondents' assessment of the ways of
development of the CATU is, as noted earlier, an
indicator that "allows us to understand what results,
what new meanings the concept of the existence of
the CATU is filled with. What is it expressed in taking
into account the changes that are taking place today,
that is, how the value core of corporatism is
transformed taking into account changes in time,
various parameters, etc. In addition, we have
introduced the concepts of the expected and optimal
development of the CATU: expected from the subject
of the state, authorities, etc. – that is, from the outside,
as well as optimal, according to the actor. Thus, it is
clearly visible how the subjects and the actor of social
management perceive the practical expression and
refraction of corporate values, taking into account the
current situation, as well as what expectations are
placed on this process"(Karachkov, 2017).
Respondents assessed the possibility (expected
development model) of three main options for the
development of CATU in the present time:
− development according to the "Soviet scheme",
an attempt to return to the past, taking into
account existing opportunities, the current
situation, etc.: CATUs in this case return to the
"old" life;
− reformation with the change of the status of the
city. There are a lot of options here: partial
opening of the city while maintaining a
protected perimeter around the production
complex, complete removal of the status and
opening of the city, an attempt to make
ordinary Russian cities out of CATUs, adapt
the population and infrastructure, debug
budgeting, try to include cities in regional
development programs, etc.;
− an innovative "reboot", the purpose of which is
to fill the CATU as the most suitable socio-
technological platforms with a new large-scale
idea, with the adjustment of infrastructure,
filling in the missing human, financial,
scientific, technological, logistics and other
resources. In other words, "while preserving
the old, we supplement it with the new", when
a large-scale or a number of large-scale state
projects arise on the basis of CATU.
The respondents' expectations of what kind of
development model the management entity
(represented by statesmen) will choose for CATU are
shown in diagram 5. It shows that in 2012 this issue
was rather open for residents. This is evidenced by a
large percentage of those who found it difficult to
answer (38%). The most anticipated alternative was
the opening of the city and the removal of the status
of CATU (24%). The possibilities of an innovative
reboot or a return to the old model were less
considered as expected (18% and 20%, respectively).
According to the guide interview, this is due to the
general instability of the situation in the country, the
ambiguity of the position of the authorities (the
government, the president, Rosatom State
Corporation) about the role of CATU in modern
conditions and the tasks that they are facing in 2012
[... we are sitting on the wreckage of the empire, it is
unclear where we are going at all ...], [...Rosatom
optimizes costs, roughly speaking, reduces and
commercializes everything that was done in Soviet
times ...it hurts to look at it], [...I don't see a clear line
of leadership about the CATU, it feels like they
themselves don't understand what to do, maybe there
are just a lot of other problems and didn't get round
to it ...].
Diagram 5 also shows that the situation has
changed significantly in 2021. The number of
respondents who found it difficult to answer is
decreasing by 20% compared to 2012 (from 38% to
18%). According to respondents, the authorities are
considering options for preserving the old and at the
same time introducing "something new" (32%), or
restoring the former functionality of the CATU, as in
Soviet times (27%). The opening of the city is
considered as the least expected result at the moment
(24%).
These guide interviews explain this quantitative
distribution of opinions. In 2021, experts are looking
more clearly at the prospects for the development of
CATU, although they express a lot of doubts. [...now
is the time when CATU sites can be used for new bold
projects on a global scale, to build not only
Electrograd in Siberia, but also to revive Nuclear
power plants in the Urals, for example ...], [...we have
such an infrastructure that you can safely implement
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almost any innovative project, and not build new
"Silicon Valleys" and Skolkovo from scratch ...],
[...Russia needs now prepared, well-geographically
located sites for state tasks, with the proper level of
regime and secrecy. We already have such sites, just
shake off the dust from them and go into battle...].
4 DISCUSSION AND
CONCLUSIONS
The value core of corporatism manifests itself mainly
in the sense of uniqueness, the selectivity of the
residents of Novouralsk. In 2012, we noted the
following: "the uniqueness felt by the majority of
respondents originates from the very nature of the
emergence of closed cities. The special importance of
the nuclear sphere for the country predetermined the
need to attract the best professionals in their field,
including from the capital, as well as compliance with
a special secrecy regime (isolation from the outside
world, the need to create their own autonomous urban
infrastructure, etc.). CATU residents are
professionals gathered on the local territory (for work
and residence) under a large-scale national strategic
project, as well as all those who provide the work and
life of these professionals, create the necessary
conditions for them to work effectively in this
territory isolated by the regime" (Karachkov, 2017).
CATU uniqueness is naturally due to the project
status of their creation and development. The
residents, whose composition was also originally
planned and artificially formed (the distribution of
graduates of universities and colleges), were sent to
implement an important state task. The state provided
the attracted specialists and their families with the
proper level of comfort, compensating for the
remoteness from developed large cities, the regime
nature of living, the severity of the Ural climate, etc.
In such conditions, the identity of the inhabitants of
the CATU was formed. Here, only cohesion,
diligence and awareness of their own importance and
selectivity could crystallize the necessary motivators
and personal qualities of the contingent of CATU, as
a specific social community. The article presents an
empirical cross-section of several comparative blocks
and indicators.
Based on the data of quantitative studies
supplemented by the results of qualitative interviews,
the following conclusion can be drawn: in nuclear
CATUs, it is necessary to increase activity through
the formation of a competitive environment, by
introducing, in addition to Rosatom, a competing
management entity of the appropriate level and
resource capabilities with its own (alternative) project
understanding and goals, for example Rostec, GC
Rusnano, etc. For example, some options for such
possible cooperation are already being discussed in
the media (NIA-Krasnoyarsk, 2021).
Let's also assume that in military CATUs it is
necessary to increase the activity of the environment
(as a set of conditions) by resuscitating the effective
Soviet corporate management model and on its basis
to design the corporate environment taking into
account the current situation. However, in relation to
military CATUs, it is necessary to conduct a number
of additional empirical studies to verify and
supplement this assumption.
The experience of creating and ensuring the
reproduction of the value core of corporatism can be
used in other large-scale projects, for example, the
creation in the Minusinsk Valley of the city of
Elektrograd (the "reset" of the Soviet shock All-
Union construction), which is now also widely
discussed in the press (Lazareva).
Further, in recent years, the most characteristic
feature of the CATU has been the regime associated
with restrictions; the realization of the state goal is no
longer so clearly associated by residents of closed
cities with the CATU themselves, it often gives way
to the regime and goes to the second, less often to the
third plan. Due to the fact that CATUs are
experiencing a post-project stage of their
development, as mentioned above, corporatism goes
into the background, but at the same time it is
preserved and reproduced in the structure of the
society of CATU. In the minds of residents, CATU
no longer implements "a heroic state mission in
conditions of severe restrictions, increased
responsibility and hard work". At the same time,
cities are "aging", young people are looking around
them in the absence of prospects for personal and
social status growth. The sites of the presence of the
Soviet nuclear project are significantly worn out, but
they can still be used as a serious base for a new large-
scale state project.
In the direct formulation of the question,
respondents practically do not feel the spirit of
cohesion among themselves in the CATU, the
atmosphere of unity, etc. In many ways, this reflects
the all-Russian trend. So, V.A. Casamara and A.A.
Sorokin explain this as a "phenomenon of post-Soviet
nostalgia" in the everyday discourse of Russians.
They write the following: "Nostalgia for the Soviet
Union is associated with three main reasons. The first
is related to the need for an order that is interpreted
quite broadly – from the possibility of not being afraid
The Importance of Corporatism of Subjects and Management Actors for the Functioning of the Socio-transport Environment of Catu
213
to go out to the presence of labor discipline, when no
one is late for work and fully complies with all formal
norms and rules. In addition, respondents identified a
need for a friendly psychological atmosphere, when
people trust each other and are ready to help. The
atmosphere of mutual assistance and solidarity,
according to respondents, was in the USSR and is
completely absent in modern Russia" (Casamara,
2011). In our opinion, this quote fundamentally
explains why CATU respondents, but by nature
"hothouse" citizens, demonstrate a lack of an
atmosphere of cohesion – this, as it seems to us, is not
a statement of absence, but rather an expression of the
fact that in the USSR the spirit of cohesion was much
stronger than it is now.
As for the transformation of the value core of
corporatism in the assessments of the residents of the
CATU, based on quantitative trends supplemented by
qualitative adjustments, it is clearly seen how and in
which direction these transformations occur in the
conditions of radical transformations of recent years.
Firstly, and this, in our opinion, is the main thing,
the core remains, despite various "squall events" of
the last three decades. This means that on its basis it
is possible to "revive" CATU as project sites, use
them for new large-scale projects, educate young
people.
Secondly, the presence of a core of values allows,
on the one hand, to preserve identity, willingness to
perform the task and demonstrate cohesion, on the
other hand, its bearers agree to perform any other
important task for the state, are ready to change in
accordance with the current situation, innovatively
develop, solve new non-trivial tasks, etc.
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