Computer Lexicon Development in Chechen Language

Rustam Sh. Abdullakhitov

, Nurkhazhi U. Amirkhazhiev

and

Khavashi A. Abdurazakova

Kadyrov Chechen State University, Grozny, Russian Federation

Keywords: Chechen Language, Computer Technologies, Terminological Base, Computer Vocabulary, Principles Of

Term Creation, Computer Applications, Text Editor, Linux, Microsoft Word.

Abstract: The article defends the opinion about the need to create a terminological base in the Chechen language for

information and communication technologies. Some results of activities in this direction are given. The

experience of creating terminological dictionaries on computer technologies in the Chechen language, various

studies in this direction, the experience of introducing the Chechen language into the Linux text editor and

the forthcoming work on introducing the Chechen language into the Microsoft Word text editor are described.

The basic principles of creating new terms by means of the Chechen language are given. Linguistic electronic

programs designed for verb conjugation, for declension of nouns and adjectives are described. The author's

glossary have been compiled as part of a textbook for students of the Faculty of Information Technologies of

the Chechen State University, containing the most common terms, phrases used to work with computer

technology.

1 INTRODUCTION

The development of computer vocabulary in the

Chechen language is the most important step towards

the development of the Chechen language. Computer

vocabulary in this series occupies an important place,

since computer technologies have firmly entered the

life of society. When native speakers begin to master

a new area of reality for themselves, the language

develops, since new concepts must be expressed

using new words and expressions. Thus, new words

appear that did not previously exist or had a different

meaning. At this stage of its development, the

Chechen language is undergoing the emergence in its

structure of a new layer of vocabulary - computer

vocabulary. And in this direction it is necessary to

work actively, so as not to miss the opportunity to

develop the language. In the world of computer

technology, educational institutions, public

institutions, commercial companies carry out their

activities through computer technology. According to

Badaeva A.S., Kurbanova S.A., the Chechen

language entered the field of computer technology

relatively recently, about 15-16 years ago (Badaeva,

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4677-2335

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9077-8876

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2629-1315

A.S. and Kurbanova, S.A., 2016.). However, in order

for the language to develop, new terms, new concepts

and terms for their designation appear, it is necessary

to conduct research in the field of vocabulary,

grammar and computational linguistics, followed by

digitalization of the results of research work.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

Specialists in the Chechen language are faced with

the problem of forming a new terminological base -

the computer vocabulary of the Chechen language.

All languages in their development, one way or

another, face this problem (Tatarinov V.A., 2007.).

This is a natural process of development of the

lexicography of a particular language. As

Umarkhadzhiev S.M. points out, at the stage of

formation of computer terminology, due to the lack of

a terminological base in the Chechen language, each

specialist attaches his own understanding to one or

another term, which leads to discrepancies, because

the same term has different meanings for different

authors (Umarkhadzhiev S.M., 2016). In order to

Abdullakhitov, R., Amirkhazhiev, N. and Abdurazakova, K.

Computer Lexicon Development in Chechen Language.

DOI: 10.5220/0011600800003577

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Actual Issues of Linguistics, Linguodidactics and Intercultural Communication (TLLIC 2022), pages 23-27

ISBN: 978-989-758-655-2

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

avoid discrepancies in terms, coordinated work of

specialists is necessary. Create terminological

dictionaries. Reach a consensus on controversial

issues.

Хуушма-хиллара, маттах цхьана керлачу

декъехь пайда эцар долалучу хенахь оцу маттахь

терминологин бух цахилча, цухьокъехь

дечукъамелийн а, хаамийн а хатI лахарчу тIегIане

хьхуьлу, цул сов, хIорамма а кхетамийн чулацам

шена-шена хетачу гIирсашца гайтарна, цхьа

кхетам билгалбеш тайп-тайпана дешнаш хуьлу,

ткъа цхьана дешан

тайп-тайпан чухьостанашкахь

– масийтта маьIна. Цундела керлачу декъехь мотт

баржар доладелча, терминийн бух кхуллуш болх

дIабахьа беза (Badaeva A. S., 2017) (Our

translation: When a language begins to explore a new

field of activity, it is necessary to have a terminology

base, in the absence of such, the texts created in this

area have a low stylistic coloring Moreover, different

names are used to designate a certain term, therefore,

a certain concept in different sources receives a

different interpretation from each other.Therefore,

first of all, it is necessary to lay the terminological

basis). Specialists in the computer vocabulary of the

Chechen language need to lay the foundation of the

terminological base in this direction.

In order to fill this gap, some specialists in the

Chechen language and computer technology create

terminological dictionaries. In this regard, we can

mention the Russian-Chechen, Chechen-Russian

dictionary of computer vocabulary by S.M.

Umarkhadzhiev. It contains about five hundred terms

with examples of the use of these terms. The given

examples of the use of these terms allow you to

accurately understand the meaning of the term. The

examples serve as auxiliary means for concretizing

the translation from the Russian language. If a word

has two or more meanings, then translations are given

under the numbers. Example: вы

вод 1. а̃радаккхар

(д, д); 2. жамI (д, д); дерзор (д, д) 1. разры

в; 2.

заверше

ние.. If the term has synonyms in translation,

then these synonyms are given in the same row, for

example: де

̃хьадаккха перемести

ть,

перемеща

ть, дви

гать.. As you know, Chechen

words do not have genders, but have class indicators,

denoted by the letters в, й, б, д. In dictionaries, the

class indicator is given after the word in brackets

(аудиофа

йл о̃зан файл, аудиофайл (й, й). Stress is

indicated by an apostrophe on the stressed syllable.

The length of vowels in Chechen words is indicated

by a tilde on a vowel.

According to the author, this dictionary contains

about 2000 most frequently used words and phrases

in the field of information technology.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

When creating this dictionary, the authors tried to use

the means of the Chechen language, using native

Chechen words to denote concepts new to the

Chechen language. This principle has great potential

for creating new concepts. In this case, we can cite the

word "маша" (trans. web), which is used to denote

the concept of "network". The following phrases with

this word are interesting: компьютерийн маша -

computer network; хаамашдIалун маша - data

transmission network; пакетийн маша - packet

network, сарабоцу маша - wireless network;

юкъраллин маша - social network. The author did

not translate or transmit in the Chechen language

international words that have become firmly

established in the everyday life of native speakers of

the Chechen language. These are words like

administrator, adapter, address, etc. To transfer new

concepts into the Chechen language, the authors used

Chechen suffixes for adjectives:

1. Stem + suffix, i.e. creation of a new concept by

adding suffixes to the stem, for example:

security - кхе̃рамзалла

2. Noun + verb, i.e., for example: included (in the

list) - юкъатоьхна..

3. Noun + noun, i.e., for example: motherboard -

нана-плата.

4. Definition of one value using a phrase. For

example: paging - тIекховсуметтиг,

underlined – кІел сиз хьаькна.

5. Generating a new meaning with the help of

paired words. For example: network interface

- веб-машин интерфейс, an auxiliary word is

added to the first word through a hyphen, which

clarifies the first word, making it unambiguous

in this context.

Borrowing concepts from other languages

by translating them. Direct translation.

Translation of root words: computer –

компьютер – компьютер, translation of

phrases: social network - social network -

юкъраллин маша. Translation by meaning:

creation of a new concept based on the

meaning: : key – кла

виша – пиллиг, keyboard

– клавиатура – пилгу. This concept is formed

from two words-roots «пилг» и «у».

The development of computer vocabulary in the

Chechen language occurs mainly by borrowing from

the English language through the Russian language.

By tracing, that is, the concepts of one language are

transmitted to another language by literal translation

(TL). (Bazylev V.N., Zakharova L.D.). As you can

see, the borrowing of vocabulary occurs with the

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development of a new branch of knowledge, i.e.

borrowed special vocabulary from the fields of

computer technology, economics, agriculture

(Almurzaeva P. Kh., 2017).

Borrowed vocabulary is completely subject to the

laws of the host language, undergoing phonetic,

spelling, grammatical changes (Dasovkhadzhieva

Azhurat Andievna, 2019). Computer terminology

translated from English can be identified by the

following morphological features:

Words with an “ing” ending, for example:

graphical network monitoring - graphical network

monitoring – графический сетевой мониторинг –

графикин машин мониторинг; bracketing value –

значение брекетинга – брекетинган маьIна.

The presence of the ending "er" at the root of the

word, for example: Printer – принтер – принтер;

adapter –адаптер – адаптер.

The basis "comment", for example: the comment

is removed from the file – комментарий

удаляется из файла – комментарий файл юкъара

дIайоккхуш ю; a comment is inserted –

вставляется комментарий – комментарий

юкъахIоттош ю.

The suffix "ment", for example: an argument must

be a complex number – аргумент должен быть

комплексным числом – аргумент комплексан

терахь хила деза; software and hardware complex

for scientific experiments – программно-

аппаратный комплекс для проведения научных

экспериментов – Iилман эксперименташ ян

лерина программийн аппаратийн комплекс.

This is especially valuable given that Chechen

speakers often use Russian adjective suffixes when

using international words in their speech.

The above phrases for naming concepts from the

computer sphere are absolutely new for the Chechen

language. In order for them to become firmly

established in the lexicon of native speakers of the

Chechen language, it takes time and practice to use

them in speech.

According to the Department of Applied

Semiotics of the Academy of Sciences of the Chechen

Republic, the Chechen language has been introduced

into the text editor and operating systems of the

Linux. Negotiations are also underway with

Microsoft Corporation on the introduction of the

Chechen language into the Word text editor. Native

speakers of the Chechen language, after introducing

their language into a text editor, will be able to type

in these text editors, check the spelling of words

(Department of Applied Semiotics of the Academy of

Sciences of the Chechen Republic, http://ps95.ru).

As they write in their article “Nokhchiin mettan

lexikin electronan base” Badaeva A.S. and others,

several electronic programs have been created in the

Department of Applied Semiotics of the Academy of

Sciences of the Chechen Republic: TsmIerdosh -

цIердош, цунах кхолла делла юкъаметтигаллин

билгалдош легаден программа (program for

declension of relative adjectives); Bilgaldosh -

билгалдешан дошкхолларан, кепкхолларан

юьззина парадигмаш хIиттаен программа

(program for creating complete paradigms and

adjective forms); Nokhchiyn_tsIerash -

нохчийнматтахь цIераш, фамилиш легаен

программа (program for declension of names and

surnames) (Badaeva, A.S. and Kurbanova, S.A.,

2016). To create these works, a lot of work has been

done on the digitization of texts. The presence of

some written texts is not enough, you need to markup

so that the program can give out the information you

are looking for.

Such programs are a means of bringing the

Chechen language into the field of information and

communication technologies, where they can be used

by all students of the Chechen language who write in

the Chechen language. These programs are especially

useful for teachers and students.

As part of the textbook “Translation Practice:

Text book for students in the direction of information

and communication technologies” (Abdullahitov

R.Sh. English., 2014) we have compiled a short

English-Russian-Chechen glossary of computer

vocabulary. We have developed a textbook for

students of the Faculty of Computer Technologies

based on "Infotech English for computer users"

(Remacha Esteras, S., 2008). The most frequently

used words and phrases that reveal the realities of the

computer sphere have been selected. With subsequent

translation into Russian and Chechen. The glossary

contains about 2700 terms and words that are often

used in computer technology. When creating this

dictionary, we tried to make the most of the resources

of the Chechen language, taking into account the

grammatical, word-formation norms of the language.

According to experts, terminology in the field of

information technology in the Chechen language is in

its infancy. We still have to write dictionaries on this

topic. Today, we know only one dictionary specially

written on this topic by Umarkhadzhiev S.M. .,

Astemirov A.V., Askhabov Kh.I., Badaeva I.S.,

Vagapov I.D., Izrailova E.S., Z.A. Sultanov.

(Umarkhadzhiev S.M., 2016) Below is a part of the

glossary compiled as part of the textbook

“Translation Practice: Text book for students in the

direction of information and communication

Computer Lexicon Development in Chechen Language

technologies" (Abdullahitov R.Sh. English., 2014)

(Table 1).

As you can see, in the above part of the dictionary,

if you look at some words, they remain the same in

all languages, for example, the terms: applet (анг) –

апплет (рус) – апплет (чеч); Internet – интернет

– интернет; Java – Java – Java; Assembler –

ассемблер – ассемблер; Artificial Intelligence -

Искусственный интеллект - Искусственни

интеллект; Authorization Авторизация –

Авторизаци. Partially coinciding: appliance –

прибор – прибор; Aspect ratio – Аспектное

отношение – Аспектни юкъаметтиг; Assembly

language – Язык ассемблера – Ассемблеран

мотт; Arithmetic logic unit(ALU) – Арифметика-

логическое устройство (АЛУ) – Арифметико-

логически д1ах1оттам; Alphanumeric keys –

Алфавитно-цифровые клавиши - Алфавитни-

терахьийн пиллигаш. Completely non-matching:

Accustomed to – Привыкать к чему либо – Цхьана

х1уманах волар; Average speed – Средняя

скорость – Юкъара сихалла; Attribute – Признак,

свойство – Башхало, билгало; Attachment –

Вложение, устройство – Юкъадиллар,

д1ах1оттам; Adjusting – Регулирование – Тадар;

Adopted keyboard – Принятая клавиатура -

Т1еэцна пиллигийн у; Alert – Тревога, сигнал –

Орца даккхар.

Under the expressions: "the same in all

languages"; "partly matching"; "completely non-

matching". This refers to whether the same concepts

are denoted by the same word in all three languages.

For example, the term "applet" is translated into

Russian as "applet", and into the Chechen language it

is translated as "applet". This term is completely

coinciding in three languages. The term: «Aspect

ratio» – «Аспектное отношение» – «Аспектни

юкъаметтиг» is partially coinciding, because each

of the languages uses, although partially, its lexical

base to translate this term. The term: “«Average

speed» – «Средняя скорость» – «Юкъара сихалла»

is completely inconsistent, since each language uses

only its own lexical base to translate this term. Does

not resort to borrowings from other languages. Which

is one of the ways to develop the language, since the

language uses only its lexical base to translate new

concepts. But still, as you can see from the glossary,

most terms from the computer sphere have the same

verbal form in three languages. For example: web

editor (eng) – Веб-редактор (rus) – Веб-редактор

(chech). This should not be taken as a shortcoming in

the development of the language, or as the poverty of

the lexical base of the language. These terms are well-

established in the post-Soviet space. And using them

only facilitates the development of computer

terminology. After all, it is important that native

speakers of the Chechen language use these terms.

And native speakers are already accustomed to many

international terms. It is not enough to write only

dictionaries, if they are not used by native speakers,

for the development of the language. But in

everything there should be a measure. If it is possible

to use the resources of the Chechen language for new

concepts without distorting the content, then of

course it is more profitable to use the possibilities of

the Chechen language.

As for the above glossary, it needs to be checked

by Chechen language specialists for grammatical,

lexical and stylistic errors, as well as computer

specialists. Computer technologists can check new

Chechen terms for consistency of their content with

terms from English and Russian languages. In our

opinion, it would be useful to add their class

indicators to the Chechen terms, since this can have a

semantic difference ((request хаттар (д, д), хаам (б,

б). Also indicate the length of the vowels, which is

also a semantic element of the words of the Chechen

language. The indication of longitude makes it easier

to read words for all students of the Chechen

language. If class indicators change the meaning of

the term, then it is advisable to add examples of the

use of terms, for example, the term: (request хаттар

(д,

д), хаам (б, б) has two translations into the

Chechen language: хаттар (д, д), хаам (б, б), it is

necessary to give examples of the use of these terms

in the Chechen language. Umarkhadzhiev S.M. gives

such examples: хаттар (д, д), хаам (б, б).

• a request was received to reset all cached data -

кеш цӀанъе аьлла хаам кхаьчна;

• a request for synchronous synchronization was

received – синхроне синхронизаци ян хаам

кхаьчна;

Table 1: English-Russian-Chechen glossary on information and communication technologies.

lish lan

e Russian lan

e Chechen lan

Abbreviation Абб

евиат

ур

а, сок

ащение Абб

евиат

ур

а, дацда

Access database Дост

п к базе данных Хаамийн г

ламана т1екхочийла

Access the Internet Доступ в Интернет Интернетана т1екхочийла

Accustomed to Привыкать к чему либо Цхьана х1уманах волар

Adjusting Регулирование Тадар

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• a request to turn off was received - дӀаяйъа

хаам кхаьчна;

• invalid request - нийсадоцу хаттар;

• password request error - пароль хаттарехь

гӀалат ду.

In the above examples, the term “request” is

analyzed as it is translated into the Chechen language.

As we can see, this term is translated into the Chechen

language by two terms “хаам”, “хаттар”. If we

analyze the above terms, we can find out that the term

" хаам " has the meaning of " notification", "notice".

The term " хаттар" trans. "request" from the stem "

хатта" trans. "ask". These terms are translated into

Russian by the single term "request". Such work on

the word contributes to the development of the

language, new semantic shades of existing words

appear. These examples are taken from the

Dikdosham online dictionary (Dikdosham).

4 CONCLUSIONS

If in English and Russian these terms are well-

established, then in the Chechen language the process

of forming the base of computer terminology

continues. In order to introduce computer

terminology to the masses, we, within the textbook

for students of computer technology (Abdullahitov

R.Sh. English., 2014), have compiled exercises.

Instructions for the exercise "Find Russian and

Chechen equivalents." When performing this

exercise, students work out the terms in English,

Russian and Chechen. When it is necessary to

translate or learn terms into the Chechen language,

some resistance is felt on the part of students. This

happens because the students are not used to doing

the exercises of translating from someone's language

into the Chechen language. Some terms are used with

a new meaning or with a different shade of meaning,

which also causes resistance. Doing as many

exercises as possible using the Chechen language will

help students not be forced to use the Chechen

language, both for educational purposes and in

professional and personal communication. In order

for computer terminology to spread among users of

the Chechen language, the joint work of philologists,

linguists, programmers and teachers of the Chechen

language and foreign languages will be required.

Foreign language teachers can build the educational

process using computer vocabulary in English,

Russian and Chechen. At the moment, we can say that

there is only one dictionary of computer terminology

(Umarkhadzhiev S.M., 2016) in the Chechen

language. Research work in this direction needs to be

continued, as we see, there are resources, and there is

a need for this.

REFERENCES

Badaeva, A. S., Kurbanova, S. A., 2016. Nokhchiyn

Respublikan Iilmaniin Akademin Iilmanan-desharan

teptar. 1 (10). pp. 32-37.

Tatarinov, V. A., 2007. Methodology of scientific

translation: On the foundations of the theory of

conversion. Moscow Lyceum. p. 384.

Umarkhadzhiev, S. M., Astemirov, A. V., Askhabov, Kh.

I., Badaeva, I. S., Vagapov, I. D., Izrailova, E. S.,

Sultanov, Z. A., 2016. Russian-Chechen, Chechen-

Russian dictionary of computer vocabulary. Grozny:

Academy of Sciences of the ChR. p. 238.

Badaeva, A. S., Izrailova, E. S., Sultanov, Z. A., Elsaev, Ya.

V., 2017. Nokhchiin Republican Iilmaniin Akademin

Iilmanan-desharanteptar. 1 (12). pp. 70-73.

Bazylev, V. N., Zakharova, L. D., 2010. Tracing. Basic

concepts of translation studies (domestic experience).

Terminological dictionary-reference book.

Almurzaeva, P. Kh., 2017. English borrowings in the

Chechen language. Successes of modern science and

education. Belgorod. 7. pp. 99–102.

Dasovkhadzhieva, A. A., 2019. Borrowing as a way to

enrich sports vocabulary in the Chechen language. BGJ.

1 (26).

Department of Applied Semiotics of the Academy of

Sciences of the Chechen Republic. http://ps95.ru.

Abdullahitov, R. Sh., 2014. The practice of translation:

textbook. manual for students in the direction of

information and communication technologies. Grozny:

Publishing House of the Chechen State University. p.

167.

Remacha Esteras, S., 2008. Infotech English for computer

users. Student's Book Fourth Edition. Cambridge

University Press. p.168.

Dikdosham. http://ps95.ru/dikdosham.

Computer Lexicon Development in Chechen Language