Features of the Functioning of Borrowed Economic Terms in the

Chechen Language

Luiza Yu. Israilova

Larisa Yu. Israilova

and Timerlan I. Usmanov

Kadyrov Chechen State University Named After A.A. Kadyrov, Grozny, Russian Federation

Chechen State Pedagogical University, Grozny, Russian Federation

Keywords: Innovation, Term, Terminology, Borrowings, Economic Vocabulary, Anglicism.

Abstract: The article deals with the foreign borrowings in the economic terminological system of the Chechen language.

The reasons for the replenishment of the Chechen vocabulary with foreign words have been established. The

place of terms borrowed from the foreign languages is determined. The features of the functioning of

economic borrowed terms in the modern Chechen language are investigated. It is noted that the process of

borrowing foreign language vocabulary is a natural process characteristic of each language. The relevance of

the study is due to the fact that today, when the lexical system of the Chechen language is intensively

replenished with foreign words, there is a need for comprehensive studies of numerous new foreign

borrowings. Problem statement. The goal of this study is to analyze the latest borrowings in the modern

Chechen economic terminology. This goal assumes the solution of the following tasks: - clarification of the

problem of borrowing in the modern Chechen language and its terminological vocabulary in particular; -

definition of the place of internationalism terms borrowed from the English language in modern Chechen

economic terminology; - study of the peculiarities of the functioning of economic terms-anglicisms in the

modern Chechen language.

1 INTRODUCTION

The words borrowed from the foreign languages are

present in various linguistic styles of the modern

Chechen language: colloquial, artistic, journalistic,

and scientific styles.

For a long time, borrowings were considered as a

part of scientific terminology in written styles.

Lexical borrowings in conversational and journalistic

styles were studied as foreign language elements and

linguists did not consider them as an independent part

of vocabulary with a complex system of genre

varieties.

In recent decades, we have seen how the

economic terminology is actively developing. The

terminosphere of the English language plays a

significant role in the formation of the economic

terminosystem, producing a large number of

borrowed words to the recipient terminosystems. In

this regard,

there is an urgent need for a theoretical and

practical solution to the problems of adaptation,

unification and standardization of borrowed terms.

The development of each branch of science

involves the systematization and ordering of

accumulated knowledge, experience and relevant

scientific concepts. Such processes ensure the

determination of the basic concepts of a certain

scientific field, but it is worth noting that this process

is effective when it occurs within the framework of

consideration of theoretical problems of

terminological vocabulary in the aspect of modern

directions of linguistic analysis.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

The issues of borrowings from the foreign languages

in modern economic terminology have repeatedly

become the object of scientific research. They are

reflected in the works of L. P. Krysin, A. I. Dyakov,

Luiza Yu. Israilova, Larisa Yu. Israilova and other

scientists. The study of the problems of terminology

at the present stage of the development of society is

one of the most important goals of linguistics, since

terminology plays an important role in

communication, acts as a source of information, a tool

190

Israilova, L., Israilova, L. and Usmanov, T.

Features of the Functioning of Borrowed Economic Terms in the Chechen Language.

DOI: 10.5220/0011636700003577

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Actual Issues of Linguistics, Linguodidactics and Intercultural Communication (TLLIC 2022), pages 190-195

ISBN: 978-989-758-655-2

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

for obtaining a job and even a mean of accelerating

scientific and technological progress.

Actually, the science that deals with the study of

terms is called differently by different scientists. So,

A. Selivanova in the "Linguistic Encyclopedia" calls

the science that studies terms, terminology and offers

such a definition: "... a section of lexicology that

studies the terminological systems of a language, the

principles of their organization, mechanisms for

creating terms, requirements for them, and also solves

applied problems of ordering and codification of

terminological systems and their correspondences in

different languages." The researcher notes that

terminology as a science is synonymous with

terminology studies (Selivanova, 2011).

Scientists of the Lviv Terminological School

believe that there is only one term for the designation

of the science of terms – terminology studies, which

originated in the 60s of the last century (Bulyk-

Verkhola, 2014).

Terminology, or terminology studies, is a

relatively young science, the formation of which

began in the late nineteenth and early twentieth

centuries. However, the word is a term that comes

from the Latin ‘terminus’ – the limit (Tegmipis

among the ancient Romans was the god of the border

and the boundary stone, which set the boundaries and

protected the inviolability of the land) and the Greek

‘logos’ – a word, a doctrine rooted in ancient times.

It is generally accepted among researchers that

terminology as an independent scientific discipline

was formed gradually as a result of the autonomous

development of individual scientific directions with

their subsequent synthesis. As the main directions of

terminology studies, we consider: methodological

research, term theory, functional and stylistic

research of terminology, research of terminology in

diachrony, ordering and standardization of

terminology, terminology, scientific and technical

translation, professional linguodidactics (Volodina,

2000).

The concept of the term (in the modern sense) was

fixed back in 1876 in Germany (Selivanova, 2011).

The pioneer in his attempt to consider the term as a

component of the term system is the linguist D. Lotte,

who in his research in 1961 formed the signs of the

term and put forward a number of requirements that

any scientifically based term should satisfy (Lotte,

1982; Selivanova, 2011).

3 RESEARCH RESULTS

In today's studies of borrowed vocabulary, we should

take into account the tendency to create international

terminology, common names of concepts,

phenomena of modern science, production, which

also contributes to the consolidation of foreign

language vocabulary, which has received an

international character. This fact gives reason to

believe that the assimilation of foreign language

elements is a necessary and obligatory process for the

development of the Chechen language. Today, in the

modern Chechen language, we can observe an

increase in the number of economic terms and the

expansion of the semantics of already known national

terms.

We can distinguish two groups of lexemes in the

modern Chechen economic terminology according to

their use in speech:

1) highly specialized terms that are divided into:

− one-word (for example, offshore, rent,

rehabilitation, transfer, reverse, sublease);

− terms-phrases (for example, stock price, liquid

assets, holding companies);

2) general scientific terms (for example, problem,

idea, hypothesis, formula).

Analyzing the modern Chechen economic

terminology, we can say that it is heterogeneously

represented in terms of origin. Thus, in the modern

language of economic development, foreign-

language terms are distinguished by their origin (for

example, corner, lobby, management, audit, credit,

marketing) and by the Chechen origin proper (for

example, makhlelor - trade, dokhkar - sale, [dIa]larar

- accounting).

At the same time, we can often observe

in the

economic terminology system cases of parallel use of

terms-internationalisms and Chechen terms proper

(for example, economy – baham (economy).

Economics has always occupied and still occupies

a special place among the other social sciences, since

it is more connected with the life of the people than

others. Hence the close connection of economic

terminology with the lexical and stylistic systems of

the native language. So, the consideration of

economic terminology from both a historical and a

modern point of view confirms the idea that it is

constantly evolving, evolving and expanding its

functional status. The nature of changes in economic

terminology has a progressive orientation, that is, it

embodies the tendency to further actively form the

language of economics. Chechen economic terms-

Anglicisms have certain external features, since in the

vast majority of cases they continue to retain

functional, morphological (and sometimes even

graphic) features of the source language.

Features of the Functioning of Borrowed Economic Terms in the Chechen Language

191

4 DISCUSSIONS

The foreign-language terminological vocabulary is an

indispensable mean of concise and accurate

transmission of information in texts intended for

narrow specialists, but it can be an insurmountable

obstacle for an unprepared reader to understand a

popular science text. In the conditions of modern

active borrowing of ideas, theories and concepts of

foreign science, the choice of the translation of terms

– the key words of the text, the basic principles of

scientific research – also becomes a key event.

Questions of terminology translation, as well as

questions concerning the causes and consequences of

borrowing terms, constitute an urgent problem of

modern linguistics research. The intensification of

business, scientific, economic, cultural ties, the

heyday of the international tourism at the end of the

XX – beginning of the XXI century contribute to the

intensive development of communicative relations

with native speakers of foreign languages.

The study of the problem of the vocabulary and

specifics of the terminological system presented the

complexity of the process of its formation and, in

particular, revealed two sources of the compilation of

the terminological system:

1) borrowing of ready-made terms;

2) the formation of new terms from the material

of their own language.

These ways are peculiar to the replenishment of

the dictionary as a whole, but they are especially

clearly revealed in the replenishment of terminology,

where, firstly, the borrowed vocabulary plays an

important role, and secondly, the processes of the

term formation are more clearly manifested, since

they are more systematic and purposeful.

In modern linguistics, there are different points of

view on the question concerning the reasons for

borrowing a foreign vocabulary. A number of

researchers have the opinion that all changes in a

language are primarily due to the conditions of

definite society and completely deny the influence of

external factors, believing that any changes in a

language are the result of purely internal reasons. The

vast majority of modern linguists take as a basis the

thesis about the two-way dependence of the

borrowing processes in the language - external and

internal. It is taken into account that a complete

description of the language system is impossible

without taking into account the interaction of

extralinguistic and intralinguistic reasons:

1) psychological, physical, spatial, social and

other conditions of language existence;

2) periodic influence of other languages, which

the language experiences at a certain time and

in a certain place.

The development of individual branches of

science occurs in different ways, it is for this reason

that the formation of a particular term system is

determined by the peculiarities of the development of

a certain scientific branch. At the same time, foreign-

language borrowings are of great importance.

The influence of other languages can be viewed

from the point of view of which language influences

the language being studied and what is the

corresponding social position of both languages. At

the same time, it is necessary to pay attention to

exactly what forms speech contacting takes and

whether it depends on the languages that interact. In

this understanding, the influence of one linguistic

system on another can be considered as an

intralinguistic process.

The solution of issues related to the influence of

different languages on the studied has both theoretical

and practical significance. In linguistics, the peoples

who have not become the object of external influence

are practically unknown. The process of lexical

borrowing becomes especially active due to the wide

and diverse contacts between different peoples at the

present stage.

Borrowing from other languages is quite a natural

process inherent in every developed national literary

language, because the process of forming a literary

language occurs in direct dependence on the general

processes of development of the national language.

Economic terms are commonly referred to words

and phrases used in the economic sphere and forming

the concept of "economy". Modern life requires a

certain awareness of any ordinary person in certain

economic concepts. That is why economic

terminology can be considered (and is being

considered) in the modern Chechen linguistics not

only as marked speech, but also as a component of the

commonly used Chechen vocabulary.

The composition of the modern Chechen

economic terminology from the point of view of its

origin, carried out by linguists, can be presented as

follows:

− 12% of economic terminology is actually

Chechen words (for example, dekhar - debt,

dekharcho - debtor, max - cost);

− 88% is vocabulary borrowed from other

languages. For example:

“Сим-картанаш

духкуш берш а, дилерш а

шайна сихха саяккха гIертар республикин

цхьаболчу бахархошна бале долу” (“Daimohk”,

15. 12. 2017).

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“Мишустин Михаила куьг йаздинчу сацамехь

оцу ахчанах пайдаэцаран некъ а бовзийтина —

промышленностан предприятеш тойарна хьажор:

— керла гӀирсаш эцарехь пайдаэцар;

— лизинган ахчанаш дӀадаларехь пайдаэцар;

— коммунальни инфраструктура тӀетасарехь

пайдаэцар» (“Daimohk”, 12. 04. 2022).

“RimGroup” холдингана йукъайогӀучу

“Теплостройпроект-С“-н векалша билгалдоккху

конференцин гурашкахь цхьамогӀа практикумаш

хилар» («Daimohk», 21. 07. 2022).

Taking into account the results of a scientific

research on the borrowing of economic terms, it is

possible to draw conclusions about the reasons for

such borrowing:

1. The word is borrowed together with the

concept, the reality, until it is not used in speech, for

example: investor, cluster, trader. For example:

“Йуьйцучу проекташна инвесторша

йеш 995,7

млн ₽ харжаш йу, тӀаьхьалуонехь цара 197 белхан

меттиг а лур йолуш” (“Daimohk“, 14. 07. 2022).

“Россин экономикин кхиаран министерствос

а, Россерчу кластерийн а, технопаркийн а,

шатайпанчу экономикин майданийн а ассоциацис

а вовшахтоьхна хиллачу «Повестка ESG»

дешаран программин жамӀаш дина” (“Daimohk“,

27. 05. 2022).

“Крайн юьртабахаман ведомствон

куьйгалхочо Ситников Владимира бечу хаамца,

крайхь гIуллакх деш болчу трейдершна

хьалха

декхар хIоттор ду ялта кхечу мехкашна дохка”

(“Daimohk», 23. 01. 2016).

The tendency to laconism, for example:

international auctions - tenders; cadastre (fr. cadastre)

- an ordered list, a register of any important objects.

For example:

“ДӀакхайкхийначу тендерца нийса а догӀуш,

конкурсан толамхо декхарийлахь хир ву

инженерин талламаш бан а, проект хӀотто а, некъ

кечбаран белхаш дӀабахьа а” (“Daimohk”, 27. 09.

2019).

“КӀоштан цӀе хийцар къобалдаран а, цӀе

хийцарна оьшуш йолу харж билгалъяккхаран а

кехаташ, экспертиза яйтархьама, Пачхьалкхан

регистрацин а, кадастран а, картографин а

федеральни службе дахьийтина” (“Daimohk”, 27.

09. 2019).

3. The uniqueness of the borrowed term, while the

specific word can have several meanings. For

example, the word урхалла [gift] - management has

two meanings in the Chechen language.: "1.

Governance of the state - пачхьалкхана урхалла дар.

2. Administrative institution or department of any

institution, organization – урхалла. At the same time,

the word management borrowed from the English

language is unambiguous. This is "a set of principles,

methods, means and forms of production

management in order to increase its efficiency,

increase profits" (Ushakov, 2007).

For example: “Иза менеджере ца хоттуш ма

дита. Агентски сетийн дакъа хилар – турагент

зийна хиларан тоьшалла ду” (“Daimohk”, 14. 02.

2020).

3. The great prestige of words-borrowings that

seem more modern than their Chechen

correspondences. A foreign-language word is a

traditional means to increase one's own authority, to

give weight to not too prestigious professionals, for

example: латторг, кхоьхьург (supplier) – provider;

даржорхо - distributor; товарлелорхо - маркетолог.

“РФ-н ГПК-н 45-чу статьяца

нийса а догIуш,

Невран кIоштан прокурора Сербиев Iимрана

суьде иск елла интернетехь зуламечу

материалашна тIекхачарна доза тохийтар

интернет-провайдершна тIедожор доьхуш”

(“Daimohk”, 28. 07. 2017).

“Раймед Групп» компани медицинин гIирсаш

а, лаккхарчу технологийн материалаш а ечу

производителийн официальни дистрибьютер ю”

(“Daimohk”, 16. 02. 2018.)

“ХӀокху дакъошкахула говзанчаш дӀаэцар

хоуьйту «RimGroup» холдинго:

• Бухгалтерш

а, экономисташ а; • Юристаш; •

Маркетологаш; • Йохкаран менеджерш; •

Сварщикаш; • ГӀишлошйархой; • Инженераш; •

Проектировщикаш” (“Daimohk”, 01. 08. 2022).

One more bilingual factor of borrowing

terminology from the English language should be

mentioned: a rather accelerated transition from a

planned to a market economy. In a very short period

of time, a large number of new economic realities

appeared, names for which already existed in the

languages from which they came, primarily from

English. In the vast majority of cases, these names are

ready-made in the Chechen language. All subsystems

of the analyzed term system are represented by

foreign-language terms, namely:

"Exchanges and exchange activities" (for

example, broker, dealer, option). For example:

“Карарчу шеран масех баттахь Соьлжа-

ГIалахь йина ер йолуш ю «Ford» компанин

дилеран туш” ("Daimohk", 01. 08. 2022).

- "Marketing and trade" (for example, barter,

distributor, counterfeit, merchandising, franchise).

For example:

“Цу тайпана дозанаш деттаро контрафактни

продукци йохкаран барам лакхабаккхарна

«накъосталла” ("Daimohk", 27. 02. 2020).;

Features of the Functioning of Borrowed Economic Terms in the Chechen Language

193

- “Entrepreneurship and management" (for

example, business, engineering, insider, public

relations, realtor). For example:

“Цул тIаьхьа цо бовзийтира

«Россельхозбанкан» векалш – Нохчийн филиалан

вицедиректор Тычкова Ольга а, Жимачу а,

юккъерчу а бизнесан клиенташца болх баран

отделан хьаькам Сербиев Мохьмад а” ("Daimohk",

26. 02. 2019).

“Оцу хьокъехь барт бина НР-н гӀишлошйаран

а, хӀусамийн-коммунальни бахаман а министра

Зайпуллаев Муслима а, “Пекин Триумф

Интернэшнл Инжиниринг» компанин

векалша а»

(“Daimohk", 16. 06. 2022).

- "Finance, banks, investments" (for example,

acquiring, acceptance, outright, clearing, leasing).

For example: «Цигахь дийцаре дира республикин

экономикин коьртачу дакъошна банко гIо-

накъосталла даран а, иштта, социальни

инфраструктура кхиорехь а, эквайринг

юкъаялорехь а, “пачхьалкхан-совдегархойн"

бизнес кхиорехь а гIолацаран а гIуллакх"

(“Daimohk",10. 08. 2018).

“И гӀуллакх дийцаре дина Нохчийн

Республикин туризман министра М. Байтазиевс а,

«Мир электромобилийн» компанин

векалша Я.

Киприяновас а, А. Набокихс а, «КОНТРОЛ

лизинг» компанин директорша А. Усовс а, Н.

Нехорошевас а" (“Daimohk", 07. 07. 2021).

The definition of borrowing, given in the

linguistic literature, testifies to the borrowing of

terms. Thus, the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms by

A.S. Akhmanova gives the meaning of borrowing as

"an appeal to the lexical fund of other languages to

express new concepts, further differentiate existing

ones and designate previously unknown objects"

(Akhmanova, 1969). Thus, the definition of new

concepts and the differentiation of previously known

ones are inherent in most borrowed terms.

The reasons for the active borrowing of terms are

not only the need for the nomination of new concepts,

but also the need to clarify and improve the language

technique, which is the reason for the linguistic plan

itself.

The linguistic reasons for borrowings often

include the tendency to eliminate the polysemy of

one's own word, simplification of its structure, the

need for a more concise and more precise change in

the phenomenon of objective reality, which was

previously transmitted descriptively, and the need to

clarify the corresponding concept. Almost all of these

reasons can be applied to terminology as well.

If we are talking about a terminological unit, we

understand emotionally the the meaning of the neutral

word or phrase that conveys the name of an exactly

specified concept, phenomenon or object belonging

to the relevant field of science or technology. Such

vocabulary makes it possible to express the content

and meaning of this subject most accurately, clearly,

and economically, and at the same time provides a

correct understanding of the essence of the question

itself.

There is no generally accepted classification of

loan words in linguistics, however, it is possible to

determine the most important factors by which their

differentiation occurs in the linguistic literature. The

time of borrowing, the source language of borrowing,

the composition of the borrowed vocabulary, the

degree of its assimilation, etc. are already

traditionally taken into account. In the most scientific

studies of borrowed vocabulary, the chronological

aspect is also the most important, where special

attention is paid to the time of borrowing and finding

out the source of borrowing. In accordance with these

aspects, economic terms borrowed from the English

language can be conditionally divided into three

groups:

1. Vocabulary that has long been assimilated by

the Chechen language and today is fully adapted to its

phonetic and grammatical laws, for example:

advance, shareholder, bank, budget, currency, debit,

devaluation, deposit, investment, mortgage, loan,

balance. For example:

“Оцу сацамца билгалбаккха безаш бу Нохчийн

Республикин

пачхьалкхан хьашташ кхочушдарна

закупкаш ярехь авансийн платежаш яран

лаккхара барам” (“Daimohk”, 06. 08. 2016).

“Цундела, субъекташкара и бакъо

дIаяьккхича, федеральни бюджетана мехала

пайда хир бу, – аьлла хета Дробизна” (“Daimohk”,

27. 02. 2020).

“ХIокху деношкахь Нохчийчоьнан Премьер-

министр Хучиев Муслим цхьаьнакхийтира

Акционерийн «Сбербанк” юкъараллин Къилба-

Малхбузерчу банкан председательца Титов

Евгенийца” (“Daimohk”, 10. 08. 2018).

“ХIетталц парафин дозанал арахьара

дохьуш

дара Советийн Союзе, валюта я Пачхьалкхан

Герзийн палатера а, Пачхьалкхан

Iалашдойлашкара а деши-дети луш” (“Daimohk”,

07. 05. 2019).

“Тайп-тайпана ду Сбербанко кхочушдеш долу

бахархойн хьашташ: депозиташ, кредитованин

ерриге а кепаш, банкийн карташ, ахчанаш дехьа-

сехьа дахар, банковски страховани яр, и.д1.кх.”

(“Daimohk”, 02. 11. 2015).

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“115,05 млрд ₽-на леринчу инвестицийн 588

проект кхочушйаран декъехь белхаш дӀахьош бу

Нохчийчохь” (“Daimohk”, 11. 08. 2022).

“2020-чу шеран чаккхенехь Нохчийн

Республикехь 2,2-зза алсамдаьлла

“Россельхозбанкера» гIоленаш яран юьртан

ипотеке долу хьашт” (“Daimohk”, 27. 01. 2021).

“Таханлерчу дийнахь республикехь болх беш

болчу жимачу а, юккъерчу а бизнесан векалийн

15,21 процент бен ставкин барам а боцуш, кредит

эца таро

ю Россельхозбанкан республикерчу

муьлххачу а офисехь” (“Daimohk”, 02. 04. 2016).

Terms that appeared not so long ago (over the past

20 years), for example: promotion, brand, broker,

know-how, offshore (or offshore) (the variation of

some of the examples given once again testifies to

their stability).

5 CONCLUSIONS

Research of the latest borrowed words allowed us to

trace new trends in the vocabulary of their origin and

identify its heterogeneity, diversity and dynamism.

The modern Chechen economic terminology as

part of the general Chechen terminology system

meets the requirements of international standards and

the world scientific tradition. The process of creating

and selecting the best samples of terms continues and,

of course, should take place in the scientific

interaction of terminologists and practical

economists, who should take care of the optimal ratio

of specific and foreign-language terms. And the rapid

growth of the economic life of today's world and our

country in particular has caused not only the

relevance of studying economic disciplines in

educational institutions, but also interest in the

problems of economics at the linguistic level.

REFERENCES

Krysin, L. P., 2002. Lexical borrowing and calculus in the

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