The Relationship between Chronotype and Consumption Habits
of Coffee to Dysmenorrhea Pain in Adolescent
Safira Cindra Ardina
*1
, Vitri Widyaningsih
2
and Anik Lestari
2
1
Postgraduate Student of Human Nutrition Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia
2
Department of Public Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia
Keywords: Chronotype, Coffee, Dysmenorrhea Pain, Adolescent.
Abstract: The prevalence of dysmenorrhea in young women between 16.8-81%. A Lifestyle like awake and sleep habits
(chronotypes) can affect women's reproductive health such as menstrual disorders. This habit can affect the
drinking of coffee that has perception of coffee can help drowsiness. The aim of this study was to learn about
relationship between chronotype and consumption of coffee to dysmenorrhea pain. The study was a cross-
sectional analytic study. The population of this study was students of SMAN 1 Kesamben in Blitar district
aged 15-18 years old with a subject of 100 students. The data retrieval of the study used the MEQ, SQ-FFQ,
and a pain dysmenorrhea questionnaire. Data analysis used Chi-Square statistical test at a significant level =
0,05. The result showed that 87% of students were dominated by the morning type with 50% mild pain and
48% of the students who were habitually drinking coffee with 29% mild pain. According to statistics, there
was a positive correlation between chronotype and dysmenorrhea pain (p=0.031) and no substantial
correlation between the drinking of coffee and dysmenorrhea (p= 0.248). In conclusion, students with morning
type tend to have mild dysmenorrhea pain as well as no substantial correlation between coffee and
dysmenorrhea pain.
1
INTRODUCTION
Dysmenorrhea is a menstrual condition in which
menstrual backache extends to the waist, lower back,
and thigh. The reason for dysmenorrhea is the
menstrual period where prostaglandin appears in
excess f2 minerals, which stimulate hyperactivity and
the muscular spasms of the uterus (Wulan, 2018). In
Indonesia, dysmenorrhea incident is 54.89% of
primary dysmenorrhea and 9.36% of secondary
dysmenorrhea (Savitri, 2015). In Blitar District, 75%
of adolescents aged 16-18 years have dysmenorrhea.
Dysmenorrhea can interfere with women's normal
activities. A study reported that girls with
dysmenorrhea symptoms have a higher risk of slow
activity, the tension of their hips, back pain,
headaches, and fatigue.
There are several factors that can trigger the
occurrence of dysmenorrhea, both internal and
external factors. In Pejčić .'s research and Janko
(2016) stated that several things can affect the
occurrence of dysmenorrhea such as caffeine intake,
smoking, exercise habits, age of menarche, length of
menstruation and lifestyle. Lifestyle is determined by
many things and affects each other for example sleep
and eat pattern.
Every people has phases of waking and sleeping
consistently with their activities and habits or their
sleep pattern. It’s called chronotype. Chronotype is
divided into the morning type (morningness), the
evening type (eveningness), and the intermediate
type. Chronotypes can reflect variations in their
individual circadian rhythms (Solomon, 2019).
Disturbed circadian rhythms can increase the risk of
health problems because the internal clock of the
human body is designed to be active day and night.
Indonesians have conceptions and habits of
consuming coffee as sleepiness deficiency. Coffee
becomes one of the beverages consumed to prevent
drowsiness especially when active at night. Coffee is
a high-caffeine-containing food. It can increase
instant intelligence and one's mental vigilance.
Studies show that drinking caffeine during the day
increases mind awareness, so caffeine is often
combined with energy drinks to improve mental
performance (Agha et al., 2014)
Caffeine is one of the most widely digested active
pharmacological substances. The quick digestive
Ardina, S., Widyaningsih, V. and Lestari, A.
The Relationship between Chronotype and Consumption Habits of Coffee to Dysmenorrhea Pain in Adolescent.
DOI: 10.5220/0011642500003608
In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Social Determinants of Health (ICSDH 2022), pages 49-52
ISBN: 978-989-758-621-7; ISSN: 2975-8297
Copyright
c
2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
49
tract in the intake of caffeine is then channeled
throughout the network (Bedoya et al., 2013).
According to Faramarzi (2014), it is unclear how
caffeine can cause dysmenorrhea, but it is possible
because the vasocongenital effect of caffeine causes
pelvis pain. Based on the lack of coffee habits, it was
found that more respondents had dysmenorrhea than
those who did not. Women with high caffeine diets
have a risk of 2.084 times higher than dysmenorrhea
(unsal et al., 2010).
Based on that background, the researcher want to
research about the relationship between chronotype
and consumption habits of coffee to dysmenorrhea
pain in adolscent in SMAN 1 Kesamben Blitar.
2
METHODS
The study used annalytic observational with croos
sectional design to learn relationship between
chronotype connections and coffee habits to degrees
of dysmenorrhea. Determination of the minimum
number of subjects is calculated using the OpenEpi
formula (Open Source Epidemiological Statistics for
Public Health) which is calculated from the results of
the most independent variables in this study. The
study was conducted on SMAN 1 Kesamben Blitar
with a sample of 100 students who had the criteria for
15-18 years of inclusion and didn’t smoke.
Sample sampling is a proportional random
sampling technique to get a minimum sample in every
class. The data retrieval of the study uses the MEQ
(morning-eveningness Questionnaire) for chronotype
data result. This questionnaire consists of 19 question
items with a grid in the form of aspects in the
morning/wake up, bedtime, waking time, feeling in
the morning, time of daily/physical activity, peak
performance and planning. SQ-FFQ
(Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire) for
consumption habits of coffee result, and a degree of
pain dysmenorrhea questionnaire. all data results
obtained from interviews with that questionnaire.
The chronotype data, consumption habits of
coffee and dysmenorrhea pain were analyzed with the
help of Microsoft Excel and then exported to SPSS 20
software. The chronotype measurement results
category is the morning type if the score is <42, the
intermediate type with the score 42-58, and the
evening type with the score >58. The consumption
habits of coffee measurement results category is
habits (consumption > three time in a week) and not
habits (consumption < three time in a week). The
results of dysmenorrhea pain are obtained from the
dysmenorrhea pain scale, 0 means no pain, 1-2 means
mild pain, 3-6 means moderate pain, 7-9 means
severe pain and 10 means very severe pain.
The data in this study to determine the relationship
between variables using the Chi-Square test with a
95% confidence level or sig (p) <0.05.
3
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
There are 93% students in SMAN 1 Kesamben had
dysmenorrhea pain with 54% mild pain, 33%
moderate pain and 6% severe pain. In category of
chronotype there are 60% of students with morning
type, 34% with intermediate type and 6% with night
type. In category of coffee habits there are 48% with
habits and 52% with not habit drinking coffee.
Table 1: Dysmenorrhea Pain, Chronotypes, and Coffee
Abuse on SMAN 1 Kesamben.
Dysmenorrhea Pain N (%)
No Pain 7 7
Mild Pain 54 54
Moderate Pain 33 33
Severe Pain 6 6
Chronotype
Morning Type 60 60
Intermediate T
yp
e 34 34
Ni
g
ht T
yp
e 6 6
Coffee Habits
Habit 48 48
Not Habit 52 52
Total 100 100
* all values are expressed by n (%)
The students who have the most chronotype in the
morning, 50% suffer from mild pain. Whereas the
students who have the most chronotype of the night
suffer from a moderate amount of pain at 5 (5%).
Based on the chart above by using the chi-square
exam, it got an asymptotic margin of 0.031. Due to
asymptotic readings 0.031 < 0.05, there is a
meaningful connection between the chronotype and
the degree of dysmenorrhea pain.
Table 2: Crosstable Chronotype with Dysmenorrhea Pain.
Chronotype
D
y
smenorrhea Pain
Total
p-
value
No
Pain
Mild
Pain
Moder
ate
Pain
Severe
Pain
Mornin
g
t
yp
e 4 39 15 2 60
0,031
Intermediate
t
yp
e
2 13 16 2 34
Ni
g
ht t
yp
e 1 2 5 3 6
Total 7 54 33 6 100
* Chi-square test, signifikan if p<0,05
ICSDH 2022 - The International Conference on Social Determinants of Health
50
The students who were not used to drinking the
highest amounts of coffee were given a mild pain of
25 (25%). Whereas the girls with the highest
concentration of coffee habits had 29 mild pains
(29%). Based on the chart above by using the chi-
square exam, it got an asymptotic margin of 0.248.
Because of the asymptotic dysmenial value 0.248 >
0.05, there is no significant connection between the
drinking of coffee with dysmenorrhea pain
Table 3: Crosstable In The Coffee Culture With
Dysmenorrhea Pain.
Coffee
Habits
Dysmenorrhea Pain
Total
p-
value
No
Pain
Mild
Pain
Modera
te Pain
Severe
Pain
Not
Habit
5 25 17 5 52
0,248
Habit 2 29 16 1 48
Total 7 54 33 6 100
* Chi-square test, signifikan if p<0,05
This study shows that 87% of students are
dominated by the chronotype morning compared to
the chronotypes that have the chronotypes by night.
This is in line with the afghaniy research (2013) in
high school children who tend to be dominated by
children who have chronotypes by morning. It can
also be influenced by a school schedule in the
morning so that one is required to be active in the
morning because of having to participate in teaching
activities.
Based on the dysmenorrhea pain chart, the result
is that only 7 people (7%) did not feel pain during
dysmenorrhea while 93 people (93%) felt pain.
Menstrual pain often occurs in young women because
they not reaching biological maturity (particularly
those of the reproductive apparatus of endometrium
growth are still rudimentary. (Rustam,2015)
Whereas the results seen in the cross chart
between chronotypes with degrees of dysmenorrhea
pain suggest that there is a meaningful connection
between chronotypes with degrees of dysmenorrhea.
The student with the dominant chronotype received
mild pain by 57 people (50%). Chronotypes are
closely associated with circadian rhythm or biological
rhythm. Biological rhythms play an important role in
reproductive regulation such as in regulating the
production, release, synthesis, and operation of
hormone reproductive tools. Night sleep turned into a
reason for symptoms of menstruation to rise (negriffs,
2011). Therefore when bedtime is not disturbed,
menstrual symptoms such as dysmenorrhea can be
reduced.
The table of drinking habits shows that 52% of
girls do not have the habit of drinking coffee with 25
(25%) girls suffering moderate pain. While 48% of
the students who drank coffee were physically ill with
as many as 29 people (29%). Based on the cross-chart
of coffee habits with dysmenorrhea pain indicates
there was no meaningful connection between of both.
Minor pain experienced by adolescents who
habitually drink coffee can be affected by caffeine
consumption limits daily. High caffeine intake is
over-defined if caffeine consumption exceeds
prescribed encouragement.
In the study, researchers have also found that
research limits have been found that researchers have
lost control of the design factors, such as stress, sleep
quality, and other foods that may affect menstrual
dysmenorrhea pain.
4
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results it was determined that there was
a relationship between chronotype and dysmenorrhea
pain in the SMAN 1 Kesamben Blitar, but there was
no substantial correlation between the drinking of
coffee and the degree of dysmenorrhea pain.
Adolescents with morning chronotypes tend to
develop degrees of mild pain at dysmenorrhea
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We want to express our thanks to the Blitar district
education service that has granted us permission to
carry out research on the Blitar region and the under
director of the student council on SMAN 1 Kesamben
Blitar, which has given us permission and benefits to
perform the research on the student of SMAN 1
Kesamben Blitar.
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