Technical Study Potential River Utilization for Improvement of Clean

Water Services in Tabanan District

I Gusti Lanang Made Parwita

, IGB Sila Dharma

, Mawiti Infantri Yekti

and I Gst Putu Gustave Suryantara

Department of Civil Engineering, Bali Sate Polytechnic, South Kuta, Bali, Indonesia

Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Udayanan University, Bali, Indonesia

Department of Civil Engineering, Udayanan University, Bali, Indonesia

Keywords: River Potential, Tabanan, Clean Water.

Abstract: Tabanan Regency is one of the regencies located in the southern part of Bali Province which has limitations

in terms of developing clean water services. This problem occurs because of the limited potential that is owned

both in terms of springs, groundwater and from the potential of rivers that can be utilized. In 2021, the

population in Tabanan Regency is 462,652 people and around 70% of the local drinking water companies

(PDAM) have served them. In some remote areas that have not been handled by PDAMs, the supply of clean

water for the population is fulfilled by non-PDAM clean water or rural PAM (PAM des) with the current

service level reaching 23.87%. Population growth is one of the most important contributors to the increasing

demand for clean water in the future. Based on observations that have been made, it shows that there are still

several rivers in this area that can be used for the purpose of fulfilling clean water. However, until now there

has been no definite study that can provide information related to the inventory of potential rivers that can be

utilized. Therefore, it is very necessary to carry out an in-depth analysis of the potential of water that can be

utilized for the development of clean water services in the future. Existing problems: how many rivers are

there in Tabanan Regency, how many potential rivers can be developed in the future, how is the potential

river development system in the development of clean water services. This research is a quantitative research

using inventory method and direct flow measurement in the field to find out the actual condition of the river's

potential. This potential is associated with the need for clean water based on the projected population growth.

The results showed that there were 39 rivers in Tabanan Regency. Of the 38 rivers, there are 3 rivers that have

the potential to be developed in the future for the use of clean water downstream, namely the Yeh Hoo, Yeh

Empas and Balian rivers. If only 10% of the river's discharge can be utilized, it will be able to meet the water

needs of Tabanan Regency for current needs.

1 INTRODUCTION

Population development and the expansion of urban

areas that continue to increase in Tabanan Regency

requires an increase in the amount of water that must

be provided. The current provision of clean water is

provided by the regional drinking water company

(PDAM) Tabanan Regency with a capacity of 644.90

liters/second with a service coverage of 70%. Until

now, the main source of PDAM Tabanan comes from

groundwater through deep wells which are spread

over four service units. On the other hand, the

population that is not served by PDAM uses water

through PAM des with the current coverage reaching

23.87%. Currently, the largest community drinking

water company (PAM des in) Tabanan Regency is in

the eastern part, namely in Marga District.

The limited springs and groundwater in the area is

also followed by the limited number of rivers. River

inventory data from the Bali Penida River Basin

Council states that Tabanan Regency has 129 springs

that have been used by PAMdes and 39 rivers, both

in the Tabanan Regency area and those that cross with

other regencies. Of course, the number of rivers is

very small compared to the total number of rivers in

Bali of 391. From this limited river, there are only a

few rivers that still have discharge throughout the

year. Taking groundwater as the main source of clean

water in the long term has a negative impact on health

and environmental sustainability.

Parwita, I., Dharma, I., Yekti, M. and Suryantara, I.

Technical Study Potential River Utilization for Improvement of Clean Water Services in Tabanan District.

DOI: 10.5220/0011811400003575

In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science (iCAST-ES 2022), pages 417-422

ISBN: 978-989-758-619-4; ISSN: 2975-8246

417

The population growth continues to increase while

on the one hand the available water potential is very

limited, so it is very necessary to conduct a study

related to potential rivers that can be used as a source

of clean water. It is necessary to conduct an in-depth

study related to the position of the river and the

possibility of its development in the future. The study

from this research is expected to be able to answer:

how many rivers are there in Tabanan Regency, how

many rivers are potential that can be developed in the

future and how is the development system the potential

river in the development of clean water services.

2 METHOD

The research implementation is generally carried out

in the form of instantaneous discharge measurements

and calibration implementation. The instantaneous

discharge measurement is carried out by using the

one-point method into the water with several drains.

The determination of the number and width of the

drain is adjusted to the width of the existing channel

in the field. The density of the inter-pias point

determines the level of accuracy of the discharge

measurement, but in this study the width is satisfied

every 20 cm. Instantaneous discharge measurements

were carried out 10 times with different discharge

variations. While the calibration analysis is done by

determining the average coefficient value of each

measurement that is produced. From the 10 times the

flow coefficient, the trendline analysis was analyzed

to get the average flow coefficient value.

Surveys, Field Observations, Data Collection and

Analysis

1. Conduct a field survey to determine the condition

of the river as follows:

The survey was conducted on several rivers that

currently have potential, especially in the estuary. The

data to be searched includes:

a. River location

b. Condition of river morphological characteristics

c. The potential that exists today

2.1 Data Collection

Secondary data collection is carried out by collecting

data from related agencies such as:

a. Bali Penida River Basin Center: the data sought is

related to river administration, river length, river

watershed area. Utilization of existing

watersheds, Policies in river development in Bali

b. Tabanan Regency Public Works Agency: the data

sought is related to the pattern of river water

utilization for irrigation, clean water and flood

control systems

c. Regional drinking water company in Tabanan

Regency: searched data related to water

production and capacity, water sources,

development plans, community drinking pair data

d. Community drinking water companies in each

sub-district: the data sought is the current

production and water sources

2.2 Stages of Analysis

Stages of analysis carried out starting from the

analysis of the potential to the analysis of the

development plan. In more detail, the analysis carried

out is as follows:

2.2.1 Theoretical Analysis of River Potential

The scarcity of water resources is increasingly

becoming apparent along with the increase in

population and the reduction in green open space as a

catchment area. In the past, springs were the prima

donna of clean water sources that became a reference

for many residents to get water. Along with the

passage of time and the enormous interest in water, at

this time there are not a few remaining potential rivers

in the downstream to become an alternative in

developing raw water for clean water services (Lisa

Guppy; Kelsey Anderson; Mehta; P.; Nagabhatla; N .

and and M. 2017), (Marshall 2011), (National

Research Council 2011). Rivers are places and

containers as well as a network of water drainage

from springs to estuaries, bordered on the right and

left and along its flow by a border line. The potential

of water in rivers is associated with the amount of

water that is available and has the possibility to be

utilized. Utilization can be used for various purposes

both for irrigation, industry, clean water services and

other purposes. (Eryani 2014), (Hasbiah and

Kurniasih 2019), (Maulana 2017). After the

development of infrastructure for water utilization

through buildings such as reservoirs, dams, reservoirs

and others, this potential turns into the availability of

water or water that is ready to be utilized (Sanim

2011), (Law Number 17 of 2019 2019), (Zhao et al.

.2020). River utilization is closely related to several

factors, namely water discharge, elevation, flow and

water quality (B. Setiawan et al. 2015). Judging from

the continuity of its flow, rivers can be divided into

three groups, namely those that flow throughout the

iCAST-ES 2022 - International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science

418

year (pharenial), those that flow during the rainy

season (ephimeral) and those that flow when it rains

(intermittent) (Savitri and Pramono 2017).

2.2.2 Water Demand Analysis

Increased development in all aspects has an impact on

increasing water in terms of quantity and quality. In

urban areas, where most of the area has been built,

green open space is getting narrower and in general

there is a decrease in infiltration. This decrease in

infiltration has an impact on decreasing water

reserves in the soil. In several countries, clean water

services in urban areas are mostly met from services

sourced from groundwater (Deo Volentino 2013),

(Rejekiningrum 2009), (Susanto, Rusdianto, and

Sawir 2014). With limited groundwater that can be

utilized, the role of rivers becomes very large as a

source of clean water. Water needs are generally

divided into 2 groups, namely domestic water needs,

namely water needs for daily needs and non-domestic

water needs, namely outside water needs for daily

needs such as education, trade, offices, health

facilities, tourism facilities and others. other.

(Yamamoto at al 2021), (Vairavamoorthy 2007),

(Twort 2003), (Sukartini and Saleh 2016).

Domestic water demand is determined in

liters/person/day which is strongly influenced by

population, temperature and population welfare. An

increasingly dense population, higher temperatures

and better welfare have resulted in greater per capita

water needs. Likewise, non-domestic water needs are

influenced by the type of designation, such as for

tourism, the use of water in star hotels is greater than

the use of water for jasmine hotels. Likewise, the food

and beverage industry requires more water than the

clothing industry, for example (Cole 2012), (Lu 2007)

2.2.3 Analysis of Population Projection

Projection of population growth is needed to calculate

the size of the population in the future. Population

projections can be carried out using several

calculation methods, namely arithmetic, geometric

and exponential (BPS 2010).

a. Arithmetic Method

Population projections using the arithmetic method

assume that the population in the future will increase

by the same amount every year.

b. Geometric Method

Population projection using the geometric method

uses the assumption that the population will increase

geometrically using the compound interest

calculation basis. The rate of population growth (rate

of growth) is considered the same for each year. The

following formula is used in the geometric method.

c. Exponential Method

This method takes into account the faster population

growth which is growing exponentially.

2.2.4 Potential Analysis

Determination of river potential can be done by

empirical analysis through the transfer of rain that

falls on a watershed and through direct discharge

measurements through instantaneous discharge

measurements (Indra 2012), (Bawantu 2018), (Ri.

Setiawan and Purwanto 2018).

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Drinking Water Fulfilment System

in Tabanan Regency

In addition to providing drinking water from regional

drinking water companies in Tabanan district, there is

also a rural drinking water supply system in 9 (nine)

sub-districts, including Kerambitan sub-district,

Tabanan sub-district, Penebel sub-district, Selemadeg

sub-district, West Selemadeg sub-district, East

Selemadeg sub-district, Marga sub-district, Baturiti

and Pupuan sub-districts. Total services from

community drinking water companies are able to

serve as many as 75,343 reaching 23.87%.

Services for regional drinking water companies in

Tabanan Regency:

1) Tabanan Regency PDAM Production System

The general description of the existing clean

water supply system of PDAM Tabanan Regency

is as follows:

2) Tabanan City Unit and Kediri District

For city services in Tabanan District, the raw

water sources used are Gembrong Springs,

Gangsang Springs, and Beji Riang Gede Springs.

The distribution system for the cities of Tabanan

and Kediri is still largely one unit. The raw water

sources for the service of the city of Kediri sub-

district are from the Dedari Spring, Beji Nyambu

Spring, Yeh Nu Drilling Well, and IPA Nyanyi.

The production capacity of drinking water for

services in the cities of Tabanan and Kediri is

currently very limited and the development of the

distribution network is highly dependent on the

Technical Study Potential River Utilization for Improvement of Clean Water Services in Tabanan District

419

utilization of available resource capacity. The

available source capacity is 1,973.30 lt/sec, the

installed capacity is 455.3 lt/sec. From the

installed capacity, it is only able to produce a

production capacity of 362.79 lt/sec. From that

production capacity, it is only able to serve 28,988

house connections (SR).

3) Selemadeg Unit

The service areas of the Selemadeg Unit include

Bajera Village, Wanagiri Village, Belimbing

Village, Lalanglinggah Village, Pupuan

Subdistrict City Installation (IKK), and Mundeh.

The distribution system at the Selemadeg unit

utilizes the nearest water source to the service

area. The springs used by MA Kikihan, IPA

Antap, MA Makori, MA Pangkung Kidang, MA

Arca I and II, IPA Lalanglinggah, MA Beji

Pujungan, MA Yeh Hae, and MA Beji Dukuh.

The available source capacity is 315.51 lt/sec,

installed capacity is 70.80 lt/sec. From the

installed capacity, it is only able to produce a

production capacity of 52.92 lt/sec. From that

production capacity, it is only able to serve 5,454

House Connections (SR).

4) Ambition Unit

Service areas in the Kerambitan unit include

Batuaji Village, Tanguntiti Village, Megati

Village, Gadungan Village, Gunung Salak

Village, IKK Kerambitan. The raw water sources

used in this system are MA Beji Panes, IPA

Telaga Tunjung, IPA Selemadeg, MA Kelepud

Gadungan, MA Tista Gn Salak, MA Riang Gede

plus Tibu Ranjang, and MA Kerotok. The

available source capacity is 290.00 lt/sec, the

installed capacity is 122.40 lt/sec. From the

installed capacity, it is only able to produce a

production capacity of 107.74 lt/sec. From that

production capacity, it is only able to serve 10,750

House Connections (SR)

5) Defender Unit

The service areas included in the Penebel unit are

IKK Penebel, IKK Marga, Penatahan Village, and

Apuan Village. The raw water sources for IKK

Penebel and Penatahan Village come from springs

Gembrong, MA Katos, MA Gangsang, and MA

Pangangian. As for IKK Marga services, they

come from Gangsang Springs, Dedari, and Apuan

Villages with Pangangian springs. The available

source capacity is 185.00 lt/sec, installed capacity

is 51.50 lt/sec. From the installed capacity, it is

only able to produce a production capacity of

48.24 lt/sec. From that production capacity, it is

only able to serve 4,661 house connections (SR).

6) Baturiti Unit

Service areas in this Baturiti unit include East

Perean Village, Luwus Village, Candi Kuning

Village, Baturiti Village, Perean Village and

Mekar Sari Village. The springs used are Lake

Beratan (Candi Kuning), Lake Baratan (Baturiti),

MA Tasakan, MA Kacagan 1 and 2, MA

Kerobokan, and MA Beji Temacun. The available

source capacity is 118 lt/sec, the installed capacity

is 100 lt/sec. From the installed capacity, it is only

able to produce a production capacity of 73.21

lt/sec. From that production capacity, it is only

able to serve 6,156 house connections (SR).

3.2 Potential Rivers in Tabanan

Regency

Most of the rivers in Tabanan Regency come from

Lake Beratan which is at the top. Overall, the number

of rivers in the province of Bali is 392 watersheds as

shown in Table 5.15. Based on this number, there are

39 rivers in Tabanaan Regency or part of its territory

in other regencies.

The criteria for potential rivers are more

emphasized on the water discharge that is still in the

estuary during the dry season. The existing debit can

at least be a source for the development of raw water

services by PDAM Tabanan. Based on observations,

observations and direct observations in the field, 3

rivers have the potential to be used for their water

downstream, namely:

1. Yeh Empas River

2. Yeh Ho . River

3. Balian River

1. Yeh Empas River

Yeh Empas River has a river length of 107.53 Km2

and the length of the main river is 32.84 Km. This

river empties into the Yeh Gangga beach. From the

results of the measurement of the instantaneous

discharge, it was obtained that it was 6.15 m3/sec.

2. Yeh Hoo River

Yeh Hoo River has a river length of 172.94 Km2 and

the length of the main river is 45.15 Km. This river

empties into the Kedungu beach. From the results of

the measurement of the instantaneous discharge

obtained at 0.95 m3/sec.

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420

3. Balian River

The Balian River has a river length of 155.02 Km2

and the length of the main river is 30.12 Km. This

river empties into the west coast of Tabanan City.

From the results of the measurement of the

instantaneous discharge obtained at 0.95 m3/sec.

After measuring the instantaneous discharge, the

river's discharge was 8.02 m3/sec.

3.3 Population Condition of Tabanan

Regency

Tabanan Regency as a district with an agricultural

area supported by water sources from Lake Buyan,

Lake Tamblingan and Danu Beratan is an area in Bali

Province with considerable agricultural potential, in

addition to this area as a tourist attraction including

Bedugul tourism objects, Tanah Lot etc. Tabanan

Regency has a population of 445,700 people in 2019

and based on the projected population in 2031 the

total population of Tabanan Regency is 478,919

people. The percentage of the total population in Bali

Province in 2019 was 10.272%, in 2031 it was

9.657%, by only occupying an area of 14.891%

(839.330 km2) of the total land in Bali Province

(Central Statistics Agency, 2020). In terms of

quantity, the current population growth rate of

Tabanan Regency is 0.59%. Tabanan Regency with a

population density in 2019 was 531 people/km2, and

in 2031 it was 571 people/km2.

Table 1: Recapitulation of Tabanan Regency's Total Clean

Water Needs in 2020, 2025, 2030, 2035, and 2040.

Tabanan Regency has experienced a shortage of

clean water since 2020, and the shortage is getting

bigger with the assumption that the existing

production capacity of clean water will remain until

2040. Clean water production in Tabanan Regency

reaches 644.9 liters/second 2020. If the potential of

the Yeh Empas river, Only 10% of the Balian and Yeh

Hoo rivers can be utilized, so the amount is 1,524

m3/sec, which is bigger than the projected water

demand in 2040.

4 CONCLUSION

Based on the results of the analysis that has been

carried out, it can be concluded several things as

follows:

1. Based on the results of data analysis in Tabanan

Regency, there are 38 watersheds and there are

only 3 potential watersheds to be developed,

namely Yeh Empas river, Yeh Ho River and

Balian river

2. Based on the measurement of the instantaneous

discharge, the potential magnitude of each river is

obtained as follows: Yeh Empas 6.15 liters/sec,

Yeh Ho 0.95 liters/second and Balian 8.02

liters/second

3. The design of the potential river development

emphasizes the addition of raw water for PDAMs

to reduce dependence on raw water sources from

groundwater.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Thank you to all those who have helped carry out this

research.

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