Election and Political Participation:
Case Study - Regional Head Election of Labuhanbatu Regency in
Simultaneous Regional Head Election in 2020
Tania Willysara
Master of Political Science, Faculty of Social Science and Political Science, Universitas Sumatera Utara
Keywords: Regional Head Election, Voters, Political Participation.
Abstract: Referring to a definition, the characteristic of a democratic state is how much the state involves the community
in planning and implementing the cycle of leadership change in the context of political participation. Because
the political participation of the people (voters) is an important aspect in a democratic state order. This study
uses the theory of Robert Dahl which says that the size of a democratic election is the existence of general
elections, rotation of power, open recruitment and public accountability. To obtain information and data as
the basis for problem analysis, this research uses two methods, desk study and field study. From the results
of research in the 2020 simultaneous local elections, democracy in Labuhanbatu Regency states that the level
of community political participation is very dynamic, but the problem is related to motivation. Most of the
people admit that he chose to be driven by the transaction factor and the element of emotional closeness to
the candidate and the winning team. The candidate's vision and mission is not a measure in choosing. Several
things that are suggested in this research are that the electoral law needs to be revised, especially in relation
to candidate requirements. So far, the law has not limited which people are eligible to become candidates and
which are not. Because there is no limit, people often choose wrongly or don't want to vote because they don't
like the candidates proposed by channels through political institutions, namely political parties. Institutional
strengthening of political parties needs to be done because it affects the performance of political parties in
conducting regeneration. Poor cadre of political parties causes candidates from political parties to lack quality
so that candidates cannot avoid money politics to influence people in voting. The quality of the organizers,
especially at the ad hoc committee level, needs to be maximized. There are people who do not vote due to
technical problems. KPU socialization to the public also needs to be intensified. Many did not vote because
they were not registered in the DPT or did not receive clear information regarding voter obligations. Some
people still think that the community must accept the invitation as a condition to cast their ballot as a challenge
that must be answered together towards a progressive democracy.
1 INTRODUCTION
Democracy is one of the systems used in Indonesia.
Democracy is the voice of the people. That is, the
people determine sovereignty and determine the
direction of a country's political journey and
government. Democracy explains the principle that
every human being has the same rights and
obligations under the laws of government. Elections
are the most important means of democracy. It is not
only an understanding of a process of real realization
of people's sovereignty but also as an instrument of
social and political change and ongoing succession.
Elections are considered as a real form of sovereignty
that is in the hands of the people and the most tangible
form of people's participation in the administration of
the state. Because with the general election, the
community individually has the right to choose a
leader or representative of the people.
The hallmark of a democratic state is how much
the state involves the community in planning and
conducting general elections. Because the political
participation of the people (voters) is an important
aspect in a democratic state order. In relation to
democracy, political participation affects the
legitimacy by society of the running of a government.
In general elections, for example, political
participation affects the legitimacy of the community
towards the elected candidate or pair of candidates.
368
Willysara, T.
Election and Political Participation: Case Study - Regional Head Election of Labuhanbatu Regency in Simultaneous Regional Head Election in 2020.
DOI: 10.5220/0011822900003460
In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Social and Political Development (ICOSOP 2022) - Human Security and Agile Government, pages 368-375
ISBN: 978-989-758-618-7; ISSN: 2975-8300
Copyright
c
2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
Every society has their own preferences and interests
to make their choice in elections. It can be said that
the future of elected public officials in an election
depends on the preferences of the people as voters.
Not only that, public political participation in
elections can be seen as an evaluation and control of
the community over the leader or government, the
sovereign community as the holder of sovereignty
over its leader.
Therefore, efforts to increase public political
participation must be based on strong analysis and
arguments. This is due to the need to realize strategic
steps in increasing the quantity and quality of public
political participation in elections and improving the
electoral system for the better in the future. That
means that the arguments and analyzes that are born
must be based on, first, the right methodology or
framework to understand the dynamics of political
participation, and second, based on a strong
sensitivity to the dynamics that develop in the
economic, administrative, political, and social and
economic areas. cultural. With that awareness, the
entirety of this report has been systematically
compiled, where at the beginning the substance of
public political participation in elections in a
democratic country will be discussed.
That the election is a mechanism adopted in a
democratic system to produce leaders or public
officials. Therefore, the basic principles as a
conscious society to participate in elections must be
formed in the community. The purpose of the
discussion in this section is to try to place the essence
of the community (voters) in a democratic
government system. Furthermore, it will be revealed
in the next step how the research methods and
analysis flow used in this research will be. This
section is formed from academic awareness that the
right methodology and analytical framework will
determine the accuracy of the findings and
recommendations in this research.
Labuhanbatu Regency, in the 2020 post-conflict
local election, is a special concern for the journey of
democracy in North Sumatra, because it runs with
two revoting (PSU). The five candidates who
competed in the local elections of Labuhanbatu
Regency are figures who are fighters, competitive and
never give up. The re-voting leaves the two strongest
candidates, namely: the Asri Pair and the Era Pair,
both have the opportunity to be elected as Regional
Heads in Labuhanbatu Regency, the community is
faced with two choices, namely, continue or change.
Political participation in the regional elections of
Labuhanbatu Regency in 2020 exceeded the target of
76% (target) while the final result reached 79.30%
(exceeded the target) with a total of 297,682 voters.
This figure represents the total political participation
of the people of Labuhanbatu Regency when
compared to the previous post-conflict local election
in 2015 which was only 72% (Labuhanbatu Regency
KPUD, 2020). The presence of PSU which was held
twice in several sub-districts in Labuhanbatu
Regency became one of the variables that determined
the increase in political participation in Labuhanbatu
Regency.
Furthermore, to construct an appropriate analysis
and remain standing on the context (geopolitics and
sociocultural in the Minahasa space), this research
also underlies it with an in-depth discussion of the
background section of the Labuhanbatu Regency
context as the scope of this research. The goal is that
the dimensions of the context can be included as a unit
of analysis that participates in influencing voter
participation so that it will produce a more
comprehensive analysis. After completing the
analysis method and flow, and contextual setting, the
next step is to try to explore voter participation in the
legislative and presidential and vice presiden
elections based on field findings that occurred in
2019. In the end, the results of the elaboration will
produce conclusions and recommendations as action
steps.
Further for the parties, namely candidates,
political parties, KPU, and the winning team.
Elections are globally recognized as an arena for
establishing representative democracies and carrying
out periodic changes of government. According to the
theory of minimalist democracy (Schumpetrian),
elections are an arena that accommodates competition
(contestation) between political actors to gain power;
people's political participation to make choices;
liberalization of civil and political rights of citizens
(Larry, 1986). Democracy also underlines that
elections are an opportunity for opposition parties and
the people to carry out checks and balances against
the ruling party.
Although many people think that this conception
of democracy tends to be minimalist, the minimalist
practice of democracy has formed a system for
determining/filling public positions in all democratic
countries. This means that elections have been
institutionally institutionalized and become a
universal mechanism in the political system in
democratic countries (Robert, 1971). In the context of
elections, the election mechanism is said to be
democratic if it meets several Robert Dahl
parameters:
1. General election
2. Rotation of power
Election and Political Participation: Case Study - Regional Head Election of Labuhanbatu Regency in Simultaneous Regional Head Election
in 2020
369
3. Recruitment openly
4. Public accountability.
Referring to this view, it is increasingly clear that
the spirit of democracy demands a wide participation
space and has constructed our democratic system on
direct democracy where the people directly
participate in making their political choices without
being represented (Prihatmoko, 2015). In modern
democracies, the implementation of direct elections is
not just a procedure but also a necessity to correct and
correct mistakes in the implementation of
government. Quality elections must have criteria that
provide opportunities for the people to;
a). Choosing between different policy bids and
competing parties or candidates
b). Hold elected officials accountable for their
actions
c). Transforming the symbolic conception
(people's sovereignty)
Into real real action at this point the conception of
the universality of the individual in a democracy
(having equal rights) must be upheld. That all citizens
have the same opportunities and opportunities in
evaluating and determining their leaders. So that
political participation in this case the participation of
citizens in elections becomes important. At the same
time, a good understanding of the strategic roles of
citizens will encourage the quality of democracy.
2 METHOD
To obtain information and data as the basis for
problem analysis, this research uses two methods,
namely:
1. Desk Study. A desk study was conducted to
examine various published materials (mass media
news and literature) related to the process of
organizing the regional head and deputy regional
head elections in Labuhanbatu Regency in 2020. Both
in the form of library theory, statistics, monitoring
results, official documents from other institutions,
research results from other institutions, and others.
This method is important to provide perspective and
secondary data in understanding public participation
in elections. In addition, this method can provide a
basic map of community political participation in
elections in Labuhanbatu Regency. The results of this
desk study will be reviewed using framing analysis
and content analysis (Alemika, 2006).
2. Field Study. Field Study is intended to collect
primary data through in-depth interviews with
relevant institutions and stakeholders. This method
has advantages, namely in its ability to explore the
details of issues that are not covered in the desk study
or considering the complexity of the problems that
exist in elections, it is almost impossible for this study
to cover in detail aspects of public participation in
elections. Furthermore, this research is a library
research, using a descriptive approach and qualitative
methods (Creswell, 2010). The data collection
technique is carried out by utilizing literature and
online data searches, as well as in-depth interviews
with the community and community leaders in
Labuhanbatu Regency, who are competent in
answering political problems. The research data were
then analyzed using qualitative data analysis
techniques, the stages of which consisted of data
reduction or data reduction; data presentation or data
display; and drawing conclusions (Bloor, 1997).
Even with a strict method, it must be admitted that
it is very possible that there are dimensions of the
problem that are not recorded properly. This means
that there are limitations to the scope of this study.
3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Participation is essential in a democracy. Therefore,
to realize political participation, there are at least
three things that must be considered. First, there must
be competition in the sense that public positions must
be competed. Second, participation in order to
influence government policy. Third, freedom of
opinion, in this case the government must not hinder
the movement of community groups or organizations.
Thus, participation has an important role, both for
each individual to control and supervise government
policies in order to avoid abusive actions that can
harm society, as well as for the government to
measure the high or low level of the democratic
system in a country.
In the implementation of the 2020 Labuhanbatu
district election, participation has several types and
patterns, including: 1) Autonomous, namely
conscious participation intended to influence the
government, 2) Conventional, direct participation
such as elections, local elections, etc., 3 ) Non-
conventional, participation is carried out such as
petitions, democracy, and reform, 4) Driven,
participation is carried out or driven in an institution
that moves, one of which is a political party (political
party) which is used as the main institution and
central institution to organize the residents of
Labuhanbatu Regency to participate.
One indicator of the success of the
implementation of the Election can be seen at the
level of Community Participation. One of the
ICOSOP 2022 - International Conference on Social and Political Development 4
370
challenges in carrying out the 2020 Pilkada is because
it is carried out in parallel with the Covid-19
pandemic which is still engulfing all regions in
Indonesia. The challenge is how to convince voters to
attend and participate in the implementation of
elections, especially on voting day. All elements must
work together to ensure that the public can attend and
participate in every stage without fear of contracting
Covid-19. This is also a test stone for the
implementation of discipline, because the
implementation of the regional elections in the midst
of the current pandemic not only guarantees the safety
of citizens, but also the quality of the elections.
One indicator of the success of the
implementation of the Election can be seen at the
level of Community Participation. One of the
challenges in carrying out the 2020 Pilkada is because
it is carried out in parallel with the Covid-19
pandemic which is still engulfing all regions in
Indonesia. The challenge is how to convince voters to
attend and participate in the implementation of
elections, especially on voting day. All elements must
work together to ensure that the public can attend and
participate in every stage without fear of contracting
Covid-19. This is also a test stone for the
implementation of discipline, because the
implementation of the regional elections in the midst
of the current pandemic not only guarantees the safety
of citizens, but also the quality of the elections.
Community participation at the moment of the
election is not only seen from the high number of
voters who attend using their voting rights at polling
stations. However, it is measured by the level of
public awareness and active involvement in all stages
of the election administration. Participation aims to
actively encourage democratic activities for all
electoral processes. The importance of focusing on
participation is an indicator of improving the quality
of democracy and the nation's political life.
Therefore, public political participation, both in
formal and extra-formal forms in participating in
supervising or monitoring the course of the election,
should not be underestimated. Because, its existence
can prevent counter-democratic actions that can tear
and degrade people's loyalty to the democratic system
in Indonesia, such as the political participation of the
people of Labuhanbatu Regency in 2020 in the
following table:
Table.1: Level of Community Participation in Regional
Election of Labuhanbatu Regency in 2020
N
o
Distric
t
Numb
ers of
Voter
s
(DPT)
Voti
ng
Righ
ts
User
Un-
cho
ose
Particip
ation
Rate
1 Bilah
Bara
t
23.902 20.18
3
3.71
9
83,3%
2 Bilah
Hili
r
36.906 28.55
7
8.
349
75,6%
3 Bilah
Hulu
39.150 32.16
5
6.89
5
76,9%
4 Panai
Hili
r
26.878 19.44
7
7.43
1
75,3%
5 Panai
Hulu
24.808 18.95
3
5.85
5
76,1%
6 Panai
Tenga
h
25.739 18.84
7
6.89
2
78%
7 Pangk
atan
23.080 18.65
2
4.42
8
73,9%
8 Rantau
Selata
n
44.654 36.72
7
7.92
7
81,2%
9 Rantau
Utara
60.651 46.78
8
13.8
63
72,3%
Result 240.31
6
297.6
82
79,3%
Source: Labuhanbatu Regency KPUD official
website, 2022.
From this data, the essence of public political
participation is a form of embodiment of a democratic
state. Countries without public political participation
tend to be authoritarian and centralized. Political
experience during the new order showed the
arbitrariness of political decision makers in every
policy formulation and program planning. As a result,
the policies or decisions that are made are often not in
accordance with the needs of the community.
Community political participation is a form of self-
giving in the form of participation, presence, ideas,
involvement in policy formulation and self-giving in
supervision when the policy is about to be
implemented.
In achieving democracy, political participation is
an important element that must be present in every
regional head election. Freedom in expressing
opinions and choosing a candidate absolutely must
exist in a country characterized by democracy in it,
and Indonesia is no exception. The existence of
people's freedom in carrying out political
participation is a benchmark for seeing the existence
Election and Political Participation: Case Study - Regional Head Election of Labuhanbatu Regency in Simultaneous Regional Head Election
in 2020
371
of democracy in a country. According to Conyers
(1994:154), there are three main reasons why
community participation has a very important nature.
First, community participation is a tool to obtain
information about the conditions, needs and attitudes
of the local community, without which development
programs and projects will fail. Second, the
community will trust a development project or
program more if they feel involved in the preparation
and planning process, because they will know more
about the ins and outs of the project and will have a
sense of ownership of the project. Third, there is an
assumption that it is a democratic right if people are
involved in the development of their own society. It
can be felt that they also have the right to participate
in providing advice in determining the type of
development to be implemented.
The political participation of the people in the
General Election also greatly determines the direction
and progress of a nation. The quality of political
participation will be largely determined whether all
people who have fulfilled the obligation to vote can
vote, whether the community is given access or
convenience in voting and whether the community
can choose a truly qualified leader based on belief and
trust in the candidate he chooses.
The real election problem is not only limited to
the technical process where many violations are often
found, but the main problem is that the results or
substance of the election are still far from being
expected. The final result that is actually expected
from the election is to produce an ideal leader. The
fact so far is that in addition to the implementation
process that is still amateurish and unprofessional, the
elected regional heads produced through the election
process are still considered to have low quality,
ranging from limited leadership professionalism,
legal problems and no progress from the regions they
lead until the time they end their positions.
One of the reasons for the weakness of the
election is caused by the regulation itself. Law No. 22
of 2007 concerning the election of Regional Heads
states that the requirements to become a Regional
Head candidate must be supported by political
parties, a combination of political parties and
supported by the percent provisions for candidates
who wish to nominate through an independent
channel. It also includes a 30-year-old statement,
devoted to God Almighty, fluent in speaking, reading,
writing in Indonesian and loyal to Pancasila, the 1945
Constitution and the ideals of the Proclamation of
August 17, 1945. You must also attach a photocopy
of your diploma, a statement that you have never been
sentenced to a crime, a statement from the prison that
explains that the prospective candidate in question
has finished serving his prison sentence based on a
court decision, and a certificate of being physically
and mentally healthy and free from drugs from a
doctor at the puskesmas or hospital. government.
Candidates are also required to attach proof of
registration as a voter or a certificate from the PPS
Chair, a statement of willingness to work full time, an
irrevocable resignation letter for regional heads,
deputy regional heads, members of the TNI, members
of the National Police, BUMN/ BUMD.
The requirements mentioned above are only
limited to the normative provisions regarding the
requirements for regional head candidates, not to the
provisions of substantive requirements. The law has
not yet been designed to screen and produce quality
leaders. To produce quality leaders, it should be
started from the regulations that govern them. There
must be rules that not only include formal normative
requirements as stated above but must also include
special requirements, especially regarding leadership
experience. That is why election participants are
mostly followed by candidates who are not yet
established in terms of leadership so that they become
easy targets for entrepreneurs who have large capital
to hold them.
Therefore, the election law needs to be revised by
requiring special requirements for regional head
candidates, namely leadership experience such as
experience in leadership of government, mass
organizations, political parties, companies or other
leadership experiences that can strengthen their
experience as regional heads. The Election Law
should be drafted to limit those with minimal
experience from becoming members of Regional
Heads. In addition to strengthening election
regulations, another thing that needs to be addressed
is the strengthening of election management
institutions. Experience in a number of regions, the
low quality of the electoral process is due to the
unprofessionalism of the election organizers
themselves, especially at the level of the ad hoc
committee.
Many election organizers at this level, namely
PPK, PPS, and KPPS, have the status of civil servants
and the recruitment mechanism is carried out by
involving (recommendations) village officials so that
they are so young to be intervened by competing
political forces, especially when one of the post-
conflict local election contestants is an incumbent
regional head. As a result, many violations occurred
as a result of conspiracy (intimidation) between the
organizers and one of the political forces. Operators
at this level often do not have experience in terms of
ICOSOP 2022 - International Conference on Social and Political Development 4
372
the work they are dealing with. Recruitment that was
done when the election process was already underway
was one of the reasons for their limited experience. In
some cases, voting has been carried out at the polling
stations, but the organizers have not had time to
follow the technical guidance (Bimtek) for the
administration of elections, so that their main tasks
and functions are carried out to a minimum.
The results of the study as described above stated
that one of the factors that caused the community not
to participate was the weak socialization of the ad hoc
committee to the community regarding the provisions
for voting by the community. And one of the reasons
for the increase in public participation is because of
the figures and money politics carried out by the
candidates. Some people still think that the provision
for voters is to wait for a written invitation from the
committee. The results of the study stated that one of
the factors that the community did not vote in the
2020 Election in Labuhanbatu Regency was due to
distrust of regional head candidates who did not
appear to be generational according to regeneration in
the region, both distrust of campaign promises, not
being interested in the vision and mission offered
until there was a the uncertainty of the community
whether when he chooses he will have an influence or
change for the community.
Community participation in Labuhanbatu
Regency which is dominated by participation in
voting and total apathy is certainly influenced by
several factors. In explaining the factors of high and
low political participation, this paper refers to Ramlan
Surbakti by dividing five factors that are considered
to influence the level of political participation, as
follows (Surbakti, 2010): (1) Political Awareness. (2)
Trust in the government. (3) Social Status and
Economic Status. (4) Parents' Political Affiliation. (5)
Organizational Experience. This theory explains that
someone has high political awareness and trust in the
government, political participation tends to be active,
on the contrary, political awareness and trust in
government is low, political participation tends to be
passive. These two factors do not stand alone, but are
also influenced by factors of social and economic
status, political affiliation of parents and
organizational experience.
4 POLITICAL PARTICIPATION
FACTORS IN LABUHANBATU
REGENCY
From the research findings, KPUD's efforts to
increase participation in the Regional Head Election
of Labuhanbatu Regency which will take place in
2020. The explanation is as follows:
1. Socialization What needs to be done is to maximize
the socialization process about the importance of
general elections in a democratic country, not just
technical socialization of general elections. Although
the provisions of the law state that the socialization is
carried out related to the technical implementation of
the election, it is necessary to socialize all things
behind the implementation of the election.
2. Volunteer Democracy The volunteer democracy
program is a social movement intended to increase
the participation and quality of voters in exercising
their right to vote. This program involves the widest
possible participation of the community where they
are placed as pioneers of democracy for their
communities. Democracy volunteers become KPUD
partners in carrying out the district/city-based voter
socialization and education agenda. This form of
community participation is expected to encourage the
growth of high awareness and full responsibility of
the community to use their rights in elections
optimally.
3. The Role of Social Media Creating people to
follow the development of the election process
through the mass media, this has become a form of
socialization to the community, so that people know
for sure about the Pilkada process. Related to
improving the performance of election organizers, it
is not only related to the technical performance of the
implementation, but also in terms of raising
awareness about the importance of community
participation in the implementation of elections, so
that the public can understand what participation can
be done and what are the outputs of that participation.
The next factor is seeing the territory of
Labuhanbatu Regency close to the border of Riau
Province as an environment for oil palm plantation
business actors, giving rise to the problem of social
inequality status. The lack of awareness of the public
and immigrants to apply for a domicile certificate of
residence, resulted in the election of people not using
their right to vote because the location of the polling
station was not in accordance with their place of
residence. A similar opinion was expressed by Mr.
Hanafi as a community leader in Labuhanbatu
Regency who said: "Some people are still low in some
Election and Political Participation: Case Study - Regional Head Election of Labuhanbatu Regency in Simultaneous Regional Head Election
in 2020
373
sub-districts, their awareness to exercise their right to
vote and are lazy to apply for a residence certificate,
it can be seen that in Labuhanbatu Regency there are
many people who administratively live here but do
not live here, so that at the time of the election they
did not use their right to vote, but because the
Labuhanbatu KPUD and the winning team were pro-
active in picking up the ball so the data for the right
to vote was recorded.
The increasing awareness of the people of
Labuhanbatu Regency, which is 76% in exercising
their right to vote and managing their population
status, is one of the causes of the increased
participation of the people of Labuhanbatu Regency
in the 2020 post-conflict local election. The public's
assessment of the government's performance from
policy making and implementation of the promised
program, will give confidence to the candidate for
regional head to be given the mandate. However, until
now the people of Labuhanbatu Regency are still
difficult to give a positive assessment of the Regent
and Deputy Regent Erik-Ellya who are considered to
be able to fix problems in Labuhanbatu Regency.
One's organizational experience in influencing
the community to participate in the 2020
Labuhanbatu Regency election can be proven by the
statement of Mr. Shah Alam as Chairman of
Baharuddin Rambe said: "Al Wasliyah seeks to
influence the community to participate, by providing
understanding to the community in choosing leaders
based on their religion, education and attitude".
Organizational experience affects community
participation in participating in the 2020 Labuhanbatu
Regency post-conflict local election activities, this
factor is influenced by better understanding and
attention to politics which tends to try to contribute to
the community environment to participate in the 2020
Labuhanbatu Regency post-conflict local election,
one's organizational experience in political
participation activities applies on political and quasi-
political organizations that are run on the framework
of community political participation.
5 CONCLUSIONS
In this study, researchers found that the political
participation of the people of Labuhanbatu Regency
in the 2020 post-conflict local election was dominated
by participation in voting and total apathy. The
factors that influence the high political participation
of the people in Labuhanbatu Regency in 2020 are:
(1) Political awareness of the people of Labuhanbatu
Regency in the Pilkada cannot be separated from
family ties in exercising their right to vote, (2) High
public trust in the government and candidates greatly
affects behavior the people of Labuhanbatu Regency
to exercise their voting rights against the flow of
change in Labuhanbatu Regency, (3) Social status
and economic status of the upper middle and lower
middle class using the right to vote are influenced by
the majority of jobs in agriculture, goods and
services. Furthermore, other factors, namely: (1)
parental political affiliation has a role in influencing
the community to participate, (2) Organizational
experience has a better understanding and concern for
politics and tends to try to influence the community
to participate.
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