Application of Ecotourism Principles in Improving Tourist’s Interest

Yarhamdani and R. Hamdani Harahap

Department of Development Studies, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia

Keywords: Economic Principles, Tourist Interest.

Abstract: Tourism development has significant value and benefits for the progress of other sectors. However,

developing tourism requires many activities that can have a negative impact on the environment. To minimize

the risks or negative impacts of the development of the tourism industry, tourism development needs to be

developed according to the uniqueness and conditions of the existing area. A good tourism sector must apply

the concept of sustainability and be environmentally sound to minimize the negative impacts of tourism. One

form of sustainable tourism is ecotourism. Ecotourism is a form of tourism activity to natural areas with the

aim of conserving the environment and culture as well as the welfare of local communities. The application

of good ecotourism principles, in ecotourism areas can make an important contribution to the welfare of the

community, on the contrary if it is managed badly, it will leave damage. Therefor basic information about

ecotourism visiting behavior; sensitivity to the environment; The intention to visit ecotourism and the

perception of ecotourism visitors can be the basis of ecotourism economic arrangement, conservation value,

environmental damage costs. and auditing the impact of ecotourism activities.

1 INTRODUCTION

Tourism stakeholders participate in tourism

development in Indonesia. Then, Indonesia itself has

a lot of potential in developing tourism whether it is

based on nature, culture and artificial. In the current

development of the tourism industry, stakeholders

continue to improve and engage in tourism

development to improve the quality and quantity of

tourism as well as the number of domestic and foreign

tourists. The number of tourist visits and purchasing

power also continues to increase if the components of

tourism products are of high quality so that tourists

get benefits and satisfaction in the tourist destinations

they visit.

According to Pendit (2002) there are 2 (two) types

of tourism, namely mass tourism or commonly

known as mass tourism and alternative tourism which

is commonly known as alternative tourism. One form

of alternative tourism is ecotourism. According to

Arida (2010), ecotourism is a tourism product that

respects the culture of the local community, does not

damage the environment, and develops on a small

scale. Marine tourism is one type of ecotourism where

this tourism utilizes the marine area directly or

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-6729

indirectly. The usual activities are snorkeling, fishing

or just seeing the natural beauty that exists.

Indonesia has Tangkahan, which is a

representation of ecotourism managed by local

communities and has been around for a long time.

The area is located in the TNGL buffer zone and is

directly adjacent to PTPN II Kuala Sawit and rubber

plantations in Batang Serangan District, Langkat

Regency, North Sumatra Province (Simanjuntak,

2009). The air temperature in the Tangkahan

Ecotourism area is 21.1 C-27.5 C. The average

rainfall is around 2,000-3,200 mm/year with the rainy

season lasting evenly throughout the year. The area is

still partially covered by forest and the rainy season is

evenly distributed, so water is not a problem in this

area. Most of the water needs for the community are

obtained through river water. The type of soil consists

of podzolic and lotosol.

The Tangkahan Ecotourism Area has now become

a leading tourism destination in North Sumatra

Regency. The ecotourism area, which opened in 2001

and was inaugurated in February 2004, is an example

of an ecotourism area with local community

participation in nature conservation. The Tangkahan

Ecotourism Area is a representation of how

Yarhamdani, . and Harahap, R.

Application of Ecotourism Principles in Improving Tourist’s Interest.

DOI: 10.5220/0011824000003460

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Social and Political Development (ICOSOP 2022) - Human Security and Agile Government, pages 411-417

ISBN: 978-989-758-618-7; ISSN: 2975-8300

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

411

ecotourism development with the participation of

local communities can make a major contribution to

conservation with the 17,000 hectares of Gunung

Leuser National Park area, North Sumatra. Until now,

the ecotourism area has been operating under the

auspices of the Tangkahan Tourism Institute (LPT)

for 14 years.

The Tangkahan Ecotourism Area is located at the

end of two villages, namely Namo Sialang and Sei

Serdang Villages, Batang Serdang District, Langkat

Regency, North Sumatra. Tangkahan ecotourism is

tourism with the category of ecological tourism and

conservation tourism because this tour focuses more

on natural areas dominated by forests and wildlife.

The beauty of nature and the very cool air is the main

attraction of this ecotourism. In addition, the tourism

activities in Tangkahan ecotourism also vary from

elephant attractions, bathing in waterfalls and hot

water, jungle trekking/walking through the forest, to

tubbing river/rafting. The icon of this ecotourism is

the elephants in the ecotourism destination.

The Tangkahan Natural Tourism Object area has

been designated as a buffer zone for the Gunung

Leuser National Park (TNGL). Tangkahan is a tourist

area that has a stretch of tropical rain forest with

lowlands. In addition, the Tangkahan area also has a

very wide area and a lot of biodiversity such as flora

and fauna. The community has developed the

Tangkahan Area as a natural tourist area by making

elephants as one of the objects of tourist attraction

(Irni et al., 2016).

Tangkahan has tourist activities such as beautiful

natural scenery, elephant baths, hot springs, white

water rafting, patrolling with elephants, waterfalls

and river cruises. River cruising in the Tangkahan

area is one of the natural tourist attractions. The area

which is known as a nature tourism with clear rivers

and conservation of Sumatran elephants has a strong

attraction to attract visitors to come for tours. If the

ecotourism approach is implemented properly, the

tourism industry has the potential to have a positive,

beneficial impact on the environment through

environmental protection and conservation efforts

where tourism can be a source to finance efforts to

protect environmental resources and increase the

economic value of resources/environment, as well as

empowerment in the social sector. and the culture of

the surrounding community.

2 DEVELOPMENT

ECOTOURISM HOLD

The natural beauty that is very beautiful and awake is

a separate assessment for tourists, such as the natural

panorama which is one of the attractions in the

Tangkahan Natural Tourism Object Area. In the

Tangkahan Natural Tourism Object Area there is also

a waterfall. Tangkahan waterfall is a place where cold

water mixes with hot water. To reach the waterfall,

tourists must cross small rivers, because the location

of the waterfall is between rocks and trees that are

quite shady. The waterfall in the area is very cold and

fresh, the waterfall is about three meters high, under

the waterfall there are large chunks of rock that form

a small pond. Access to unspoiled waterfalls provides

a special attraction for tourists.

Hot springs in the Tangkahan Natural Tourism

Object Area have its own charm for tourists. Visitors

have to cross a river that is deep enough to reach the

hot springs, during the rainy season the depth of the

river reaches more than two meters. Hot water that

gushes from behind a small cave on the edge of a cliff

forms a small pool that makes the hot spring bath in

Tangkahan unique.

Today's tourism development strategy is starting

to be directed at extracting natural tourism objects

that have not yet been developed or have not been

excavated. This is done with the aim of attracting

tourists who have started to change in the orientation

of their tourism activities through Special Interest

Tourism or Alternative Tourism. The current trend

shows that domestic and foreign tourists prefer

special interest types of tourism. The development of

this tourism object becomes very important,

especially in the era of regional autonomy which is

useful as an acceleration of the economy in the

region. A tourism object to be developed must be

studied by experts in a multidisciplinary, integrated

and cross-sectoral manner.

This is done to prevent the development of

tourism objects that only focus on the exploitation of

beauty and profit alone without considering the

negative impact of the results of the development.

The development of environmentally friendly

tourism objects is an alternative tourism as an effort

to anticipate the decline in the popularity of mass

tourism. Ecotourism is a tourism activity that pays

great attention to the sustainability of tourism

resources.There is rules and ethics related planning

and development ecotourism, there are three

necessary perspective _ note, namely:

ICOSOP 2022 - International Conference on Social and Political Development 4

412

a. Ecotourism as product

b. Ecotourism as a market

c. Ecotourism as approach development

From this perspective, it is clear that ecotourism

is one of the alternative products of tourism activities

that provides its own charm, a different market share

from other tourism marketing, and the efforts that

must be made in planning and development are also

very different from other types of tourism.

Ecotourism is a tourism product that focuses more on

aspects of education and information, socio-cultural

aspects, environmental aspects, aesthetic aspects,

ethical aspects and reputation. Therefore, ecotourism

planning must be directed at the concepts, principles,

and market analysis.

According to From (2004) there are three

ecotourism concepts, namely: outdoor;

accommodation created and managed by local

communities; and have attention to the natural

environment and local culture. Therefore, ecotourism

activities have the following principles: Reduce

impact negative

a. Build awareness and appreciation

b. Offer experiences positive

c. Give profit financial

d. Increase sensitivity to situation social &

environmental

e. Respect human rights

Based on the principles so activity ecotourism is

activity tours that put attention big to sustainability

resource tourism. Because of that activity ecotourism

is very different with activity tour more more

character bulk. Following is characteristics from

activity ecotourism:

a. Activity tour related with conservation

environment

b. Provider service prepare attractions and offers

traveler for value environment

c. Activity tour based on natural

d. Tour operator shows not quite enough answer

financial in preservation environment

e. Raising funds for activity preservation

environment

f. Use transportation and accommodation local,

character simple, frugal energy, and involves

participation society.

g. Scale small

Notice ecotourism as one tours that have separate

products and markets, then in effort development

need notice various consideration in the planning. A

number of necessary considerations noticed is as

following:

a. Development product tour worth ecology tall

b. Selection area tours that offer diversity

biological

c. Abandonment many products and services _

consume energy and generate waste

d. Standardization and certification product tour

based on ecology

Training and strengthening awareness

environment among _ inhabitant Public

f. Engage population local in activity provision

and management service tour

g. Collaboration trans-sectoral management in

development.

3 ROLE ECOTOURISM TO

SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND

ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT

IN THE COMMUNITY

Tourism, as the core economy, is now a common

goal, not only for all personnel of the Ministry of

Tourism, but also for the entire Indonesian nation. In

the next few years we will transform into a large

country whose economy is partly supported by the

tourism sector. The WTTC report also adds that in

most countries, coastal tourism is the largest tourism

industry and makes a significant contribution to GDP.

As one of the important economic sectors, tourism

has multiple impacts, both positive and negative, for

humans and the environment. Broadly speaking, the

impacts of the tourism industry can be classified into

three impacts, namely environmental impacts, socio-

cultural impacts and economic impacts (Mulyana,

2019).

Ecotourism or Ecotourism is one of the

environmentally friendly tourism activities by

prioritizing aspects of nature conservation, aspects of

socio-cultural economic empowerment of local

communities as well as aspects of learning and

education. Ecotourism begins when a negative impact

on conventional tourism activities is felt. This

negative impact is not only stated and proven by

environmental experts but also culturalists,

community leaders and tourism business actors

themselves. The impact is in the form of

environmental damage, the uncontrolled influence of

local culture, the reduced role of the local community

and business competition which has begun to threaten

the environment, culture and economy of the local

community.

The benefits of ecotourism impact in various

aspects. These benefits include aspects of

Application of Ecotourism Principles in Improving Tourist’s Interest

413

conservation, empowerment and environmental

education. These benefits in full are as

follows:Benefit ecotourism impact in various aspect.

Benefit the covers aspect conservation,

empowerment and education environment. Benefit

the by complete is as following:

1. Conservation.

The link between ecotourism and endangered

animals is very close, even positive, as a study by

Griffith University researchers. Tourism is

positively correlated with conservation means

providing effective economic incentives to

conserve, increase cultural biodiversity, protect

natural and cultural heritage on planet earth.

2. Economic empowerment.

Ecotourism involving local communities means

increasing the capacity, employment

opportunities of local communities. The concept

of eco-tourism is an effective method to empower

local communities around the world to fight

poverty, achieve sustainable development.

3. Environmental education.

Involving environmental education means that the

tourism activities carried out must enrich the

experience, as well as environmental awareness

through interpretation. Activities should promote

understanding, full respect for nature, people,

local culture.

Ecotourism business is an activity that utilizes

natural resources or areas that are relatively

undeveloped (as well as the original culture) with the

following characteristics: promoting nature

conservation, having the least possible impact on the

environment and providing economic benefits for the

local community (Ceballos-Lascurain, 2003).

Although in general the definition has included the

empowerment of local communities where

ecotourism business activities are carried out, ways to

empower local communities to improve their

economic status have not received proper attention

from researchers, especially in developing countries

such as Indonesia. The negative impact of the

ecotourism business and other alternative tourism as

well as the potential for ecotourism in developing

underdeveloped regional communities is still very

lacking (Scheyvens, 2000 in Mulyana, 2019).

Ecotourism principles are various governing

principles to unite environmental conservation,

community development and sustainable tourism, go

hand in hand. This means that the parties who

implement, participate in ecotourism must comply

with these criteria and principles. The principles of

ecotourism are as follows:

a. Minimize the impact of physical, social,

behavioral, psychological.

b. Build environmental awareness, culture and

respect.

c. Provide a positive experience for visitors and

hosts.

d. Provide direct financial benefits for the

conservation or preservation of the

environment.

e. Generate financial benefits for local

communities, private industry.

f. Provide an impressive interpretive experience

for visitors to increase sensitivity to the

political, environmental, social climate of

tourist destinations.

g. Build, operate a facility or infrastructure while

minimizing environmental impact.

h. Recognize the rights, spiritual beliefs of

indigenous communities and empower them.

i. Ecotourism development must also involve

local communities in its management so that it

can provide economic benefits to the

community or local government.

In accordance with the Minister of Home Affairs

Regulation Number 33 of 2009 concerning

Guidelines for Ecotourism Development in the

Region which states that "ecotourism development

must empower local communities" which in this case

is in accordance with ecotourism principles, namely

the active role of the surrounding community in

planning, utilizing, and controlling ecotourism

activities by respecting the socio-cultural and

religious values of the community around the tourist

area. With the development of ecotourism, the

community is empowered through tourism activities.

Regarding the development of ecotourism in

terms of empowering local communities towards

ecotourism business activities, it is more focused on

economic problems, in fact the development of

ecotourism business is a multidimensional activity,

not just an economic problem. Linberg (1999) argues

that the ecotourism business has a very big role in

terms of generating economic benefits because the

ecotourism business helps create jobs in remote areas

that are not economically profitable for both the

government and the community.

Although sometimes the scale is very small, it will

still have a big enough impact on both individuals and

society. Furthermore, Linberg (1999) suggests that

studies on ecotourism business in Australia have

proven a positive influence from an economic point

of view, although the level of profit varies greatly

from place to place. When discussing the issue of

economic empowerment from the point of view of the

ICOSOP 2022 - International Conference on Social and Political Development 4

414

ecotourism business, it is necessary to discuss the

formal and informal sectors as well as the available

business opportunities, because seasonal tourism

activities have a significant impact on local

communities. Moreover, income inequality often

occurs for individuals which can cause problems

(Wilkinson & Pratiwi, 1995).

Social empowerment is defined as a situation in

which the sense of unity and integrity of a community

group becomes stronger (Scheyvens, 2000). The

function of the ecotourism business as a factor that

supports social empowerment is very important,

because the construction of 'community- based

tourism' will have a strong influence on social

dynamics for these community groups. As a result,

community members will feel included in ecotourism

business activities, which are successful. Social

empowerment that can be seen directly and indirectly

by carrying out ecotourism business activities is the

more open opportunities for local communities to

public access such as clean water, better roads and

health clinics.

Meanwhile, from a cultural perspective, Zeppel

(1999) argues that a well-managed ecotourism

business is also possible to be used as a means to

maintain the existence of the indigenous culture of the

local population. Adequate social empowerment of

local communities allows them to have political

power over the construction of public facilities or the

development of an ecotourism business. Tourism

activities as an alternative to earn income for the

community and foreign exchange for the state are no

longer in doubt, although in Indonesia this sector has

had its ups and downs.

4 TANGKAHAN ECOTOURISM

IN INCREASING TOURIST

INTEREST

The problem of accessibility in the Tangkahan

ecotourism area when viewed from the observations

made by researchers, the current condition of

infrastructure is still far from being ideal for a tourist

area. This can be seen from the access to the location

of the Tangkahan ecotourism area, especially the

paths in oil palm plantations, until now it is still

dominated by gravel to large stones and yellow soil

for 10 km, when it rains the damaged roads are often

flooded. This of course greatly hampers the travel of

tourists.

In addition, the unavailability of tourist facilities

such as the availability of ATM machines, clear

directions and limited communication networks are

also still unresolved problems in the Tangkahan area.

The problem of road infrastructure and incomplete

supporting facilities for the Tangkahan ecotourism

area is still a major problem in this area, and is a PR

in the collaborative development of Tangkahan

ecotourism, this problem has actually existed since

the Tangkahan ecotourism area became a tourist area,

but until now the problem has not been resolved

overcome. This will certainly have an impact on the

development of the Tangkahan ecotourism area and it

is feared that people will assume that their area is not

being cared for, even though the Tangkahan area has

actually had a lot of positive impacts not only on the

balance of the Gunung Leuser forest ecosystem and

the local community but also on the local government

of Langkat district.

The problem of accessibility in the Tangkahan

ecotourism area when viewed from the observations

made by researchers, the current condition of

infrastructure is still far from being ideal for a tourist

area. This can be seen from the access to the location

of the Tangkahan ecotourism area, especially the

paths in oil palm plantations, until now it is still

dominated by gravel to large stones and yellow soil

for 10 km, when it rains the damaged roads are often

flooded. This of course greatly hampers the travel of

tourists.

In addition, the unavailability of tourist facilities

such as the availability of ATM machines, clear

directions and limited communication networks are

also still unresolved problems in the Tangkahan area.

The problem of road infrastructure and incomplete

supporting facilities for the Tangkahan ecotourism

area is still a major problem in this area, and is a PR

in the collaborative development of Tangkahan

ecotourism, this problem has actually existed since

the Tangkahan ecotourism area became a tourist area,

but until now the problem has not been resolved

overcome. This will certainly have an impact on the

development of the Tangkahan ecotourism area and it

is feared that people will assume that their area is not

being cared for, even though the Tangkahan area has

actually had a lot of positive impacts not only on the

balance of the Gunung Leuser forest ecosystem and

the local community but also on the local government

of Langkat district.

To achieve sustainable ecotourism development,

things that must be put forward include the principles

of environmental improvement, increasing visitor

satisfaction, and sustaining the life of local

communities. In addition, there are also various

responsibilities in ecotourism development.

Responsibility should be directed towards the

Application of Ecotourism Principles in Improving Tourist’s Interest

415

protection of the natural environment, including the

flora and fauna that are the object of observation by

tourists. Another responsibility is to visitors, such as

the presence of interesting attractions that can

increase visitor satisfaction. Meanwhile, the

responsibility to the community is an improvement in

the quality of life of the community around the area,

both for a short period and a long period of time. If all

of these principles are implemented, ecotourism will

guarantee "ecological friendly" development from

community-based development to support

sustainable development.

Ecotourism in Tangkahan where elephants are the

main attraction. Several elephants have been cared for

by CRU Tangkahan for forest patrols and to protect

agricultural areas near the forest from wild elephants.

However, these elephants are also an attraction for

tourists, such as elephant trekking (Gunawan, 2008).

The Tangkahan tourist area has been known as one of

the popular ecotourism destinations in North Sumatra

Province. However, ecotourism development in

Tangkahan is considered to face several challenges,

such as: lack of public awareness of nature

conservation and environmental health, lack of

accessibility and tourism facilities, and lack of

support from local government (Langkat Regency)

and provincial government (North Sumatra

Province).

Wiranatah (2015) analysis of the importance of

Tangkahan tourist attractions and facilities, it can be

said that:

a. There are several tourist attractions that are

considered very important, namely: fauna

diversity, unique fauna, natural scenery, and

tourist activities available at the destination.

b. There are several tourist facilities and services

that are considered very important, namely:

restaurants / food houses and public toilets.

c. Several tourist attractions are considered

important, namely: the diversity and

uniqueness of flora, handicrafts, traditional

arts, traditional food, traditional architecture,

agricultural plantations, and campgrounds.

d. Some tourist facilities and services that are

considered important, namely:

accommodation, travel agents, and banking

facilities (including currency exchange).

e. Several accessibility indicators are considered

important, namely: transportation and

communication facilities.

Inadequate facilities and infrastructure such as

roads, transportation and tourist attractions that are

less cared for by the local community. And there is

still a lack of construction of lodging places that have

not been reached by local tourists and foreign tourists,

bathroom and public toilet facilities are not

maintained, and places to sell are not organized.

Because other facilities and infrastructure are

inadequate and not cared for, tourists do not last long

to visit these attractions. And the management of

Tangkahan is very much needed or needed to increase

the selling power of tourism in an area and can lead

to the welfare of the surrounding community. The

government must establish an authority body for the

management of the Tangkahan area, which is

expected to accelerate development in the Tangkahan

area.

Another thing related to the development of the

Tangkahan natural tourism area is still less optimistic

about the objects and natural tourist attractions in

Tangkahan. And the government is still not paying

attention to the existing facilities and infrastructure in

Tangkahan natural tourism. Tangkahan natural

tourism objects and attractions also have resources

that can create a sense of pleasure and beauty, also

have special characteristics that are still rare such as

the natural beauty of mountains, rivers, forests that

can be supported by the community around

Tangkahan natural attractions who always provide

good service to tourists visiting Tangkahan and this is

what encourages tourists to visit the Tangkahan

natural tourist area, this is because the existing tourist

facilities and infrastructure of Tangkahan still support

the comfort of the tourists.

The Tangkahan natural tourism area has the

potential for natural beauty that deserves to be

developed, but the current potential is not yet an

advantage that can contribute to the economy of

Langkat Regency. This is because the Tangkahan

tourist area is still in the development stage so it can

be promoted. And to build the existing facilities and

infrastructure in Tangkahan natural tourism, the

government's role is very much needed, such as

building infrastructure towards Tangkahan natural

tourism. So that all types of contribution taxes that

have been set by the Langkat Regency Government

have not been realized. Currently Tangkahan is still

managed by the community around the tourist

attraction. And the government's attention is urgently

needed to build facilities and infrastructure for

Tangkahan natural tourism.

In developing the tourism potential of Tangkahan,

until now there are still several obstacles faced by

stakeholders, including the lack of facilities and

infrastructure, limited funds, low human resources of

the community around tourist destinations in the

tourism sector, and low awareness of tourists about

the environment. For this reason, it is necessary to

ICOSOP 2022 - International Conference on Social and Political Development 4

416

make efforts from stakeholders in efforts to improve

facilities and infrastructure, cooperate with investors

in order to obtain the funds needed, as well as conduct

tourism awareness training to the community around

tourist destinations and carry out promotions so that

it can be expected to attract tourists to visit. Ritonga,

2017).

5 CONCLUSIONS

Tourism development has significant value and

benefits for the progress of other sectors. However,

developing tourism requires many activities that can

have a negative impact on the environment. To

minimize the risk or negative impact of the

development of the tourism industry, tourism

development needs to be developed according to the

uniqueness and conditions of the existing region. The

concept of tourism development based on the

uniqueness and condition of the region can be

developed by implementing ecotourism development

or sustainable tourism development in the form of

ecotourism. The implementation of environmentally

friendly tourism development and adapted to the

uniqueness and local conditions, its success can be

measured through a sustainable socio-cultural

process and involving the identity of the local

community; sustainable natural resource and

environmental cycles; and economic processes that

can provide sustainable benefits.

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