VR Technology Enhances:
The Healing Effect of Immersive Natural Scenes
Hanfu He
†
, Yu Wang and Wei Cui
*,†
†
School of Design and Innovation, Tongji University, China
Keywords: VR, Natural Environment, Healing, Attention Recovery, Stress.
Abstract: Background: In the post-epidemic era, people have experienced a long history of separation from normal life
and production order. Long-term "isolation" of abnormal home life, leads to great mental pressure. Research
has shown that most of the human "healing" state is realized in the natural environment, and immersion in the
natural state helps people in physical and mental recovery and improves cognitive function. Due to many
objective conditions such as COVID-19, walking into nature becomes very difficult for people to be
quarantined at home. Aims: Therefore, with the help of virtual reality technology (VR), it is a very meaningful
research direction to help people to get natural "healing" without leaving home. Methods:This paper, through
the theoretical combing and generalization and experimental data research, evaluates the design of the natural
environment in VR, and innovatively applies the psychological attention recovery theory and related theories
to the exploration of VR images. Results: The experiment in the study invited 30 subjects to conduct an
immersive experience and evaluation, and the conclusions met the theoretical elaboration. Conclusion:This
paper has a very practical significance for the practical application of human-computer interaction in the post-
epidemic era.
1 INTRODUCTION
In early 2020, covid-19 broke out and spread around
the world, with many negative effects -- economic,
scientific, political, and life.The impact persists to the
present day. To successfully prevent the spread of the
epidemic, several nations and areas have taken
preventative measures., including China, have issued
travel bans, forcing people to live in isolation or semi-
isolation for a long time, and their living space has
become relatively closed. Whether working, studying,
or living, people emphasize a "Non-contact" way of
interaction, which includes "Home office", "Online
courses", "Online shopping" and other ways.
Our research aims to help people in a closed state
to effectively improve their mental and spiritual
health and reduce negative emotions as much as
possible. Through research, we found that for people
living in a closed environment for a long time, the
natural environment has a good spiritual and
psychological healing effect. This shows that the
natural environment can effectively help restore
people's attention and relieve stress.
†
Senior journalist of the South China MediaGroup
To achieve this objective, we evaluate an
immersive image of a natural setting created using
VR (VR) technology. VR is a method of material
removal human-computer interaction (HCI)
technology in which the user encounters the device
virtual scene with real-world sensations. Its
fundamental characteristics can be summarized as
"3I": Immersion, Interaction, and Imagination. Using
VR (VR) technology for an immersive experience of
the physical world and psychological healing, which
is still an epidemic in long-term home isolation, has a
significant practical application.
2 THE THEORETICAL BASIS OF
THE HEALING EXPERIENCE
2.1 Theory of Attention Recovery
The "Attention recovery theory" (ART), originally
proposed by psychologist Kaplan(Kaplan,S.;
Talbot,J.F,1983), refers to environments that may
236
He, H., Wang, Y. and Cui, W.
VR Technology Enhances: The Healing Effect of Immersive Natural Scenes.
DOI: 10.5220/0011919000003612
In Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Automation, Information and Computing (ISAIC 2022), pages 236-244
ISBN: 978-989-758-622-4; ISSN: 2975-9463
Copyright
c
2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
partly complement, restore, or renew exhausted or
wasted psychological resources; that is, a setting that
is restorative despite the constant consumption of
both physical and mental resources and talents that
are characteristic of urbanized surroundings. This
theory from the perspective of cognitive psychology,
the direct attention as the medium of environmental
cognition, excessive consumption of direct attention
will lead to mental fatigue, in the natural environment
can effectively repair the cognitive resources(Kaplan
S,1992), Harting according to the theory developed
subjective recovery evaluation scale, used to measure
people's restorative subjective feelings.
Figure 1: The theoretical framework of ART
Attention recovery theory believes that a
restorative environment can restore previously
depleted cognitive resources, especially directed
attention, to promote health, while a restorative
environment experience should include four features:
being away, fascination, extent, and compatibility.
Away is being psychologically and geographically
away from the usual environment that causes mental
stress and physical fatigue, reducing the use of
directed attention and thus gaining the chance to
relax. Attrition means that when the environment is
very attractive, it can deliberately cause indirect
attention, thus relieving fatigue and releasing stress.
Scalability refers to the environment having a certain
breadth and coherence, which means that there is
enough space and content in the environment for
people to explore and discover. Compatibility means
that the activities supported by the environment meet
the goals and preferences sought by the individual. If
the activity provided by the environment cannot fit
with the individual's preference and motivation, it is
difficult to have a recovery effect(Joye et
al.,2018;Kaplan et al.,1989,Stevenson et al.,2018).
2.2 The Theory of Stress Reduction
The theory of stress reduction (SRT) was originally
proposed by the psychologist Roger Ulrich based on
the perspective of psychological evolution. This
theory believes that people in daily life by a variety
of social and environmental factors, can produce
different degrees of the psychological and
physiological stress response, long time stimulation
makes people produce pressure, anxiety, tension, and
other negative emotions induce mental fatigue,
natural environment can promote physiological
recovery and psychological relaxation, and most of
the urban environment will hinder people from
pressure(Ulrich,R.S,etal,1991).
Theoretical investigation reveals that people's
attention is drawn away from negative thoughts and
toward more positive ones when they are in
environments of moderate complexity under
pressure, with visual attention, insight, mystery, no
potential threats, the ground appearance being
uniform, a deflection field of vision including plant
and water. When the mind and body are brought back
into harmony after experiencing a disruption, health
is restored. There are distinct philosophical and
mechanical foci in each theory.
Figure 2: The theoretical framework of SRT
Comparing the attention recovery theory with
the stress reduction theory, it can be found that the
attention recovery theory explains how one's limited
attentional resources might be restored by
considering the effects of weariness in natural
experience and the change of cognitive ability. Stress
reduction theory, on the other hand, focuses on how
one's feelings for nature affect one's life. Positive
mood shifts and a dampening of autonomic arousal
are two telltale signs of recovery(Staats,H.etal,2003),
increased efficiency in finishing tasks requiring
focused attention, and many other
aspects(Stevenson,etal.,2018). Healing emotions
result from interactions with natural
settings(AnnAtchley,etal,2012,). A healing
atmosphere enhances cognitive performance( White,
M.P,etal,2013), enhance mental condition and
decreasing stress(Bielinis, E.etal,2019).
3 THEORIES AND STANDARDS
The two important core theories of restoration
environment described above explain the mechanism
on the recuperative influence of nature and define the
evaluation criteria of the healing effect of the natural
VR Technology Enhances: The Healing Effect of Immersive Natural Scenes
237
environment on humans basically in two aspects:
subjective restorative evaluation and cognitive
ability, which shows the feasibility of realizing
healing through the integration of natural
environment with VR technology.
3.1 Definition of Relevant Standards
3.1.1 Subjective Recovery Evaluation
The theory of retaliatory environment itself
developed into the: Perceived Restorative Scale
(PRS), a major approach to the subjective perception
of restoration, focuses on Being Away, Fascination,
Extent/Coherence, and Compatibility of four
restorative environmental characteristics for the
subjective evaluation of the environmenta
3.1.2 Cognitive Ability
Cognitive ability is mainly investigated by classical
cognitive experiments of cognitive psychology,
including Digital Span Forward/ Backward
(DSF/DSB) ， Digital Span Forward/ Backward,
Sustained Attention to Response Task(SART),
Necker Cube Pattern Control Task (NCPCT), SDMT,
Symbol Digit Modalities Test, etal.; Cognitive
neuroscience measurements such as EEG and MRI
can also be used.
3.1.3 The Emotional Influence of the Real or
Virtual Natural Environment
There is much evidence to suggest that persons who
socialize in natural surroundings suffer less adverse
effects on their levels of attention and cognition as
well as their stress levels. Natural immersion through
VR technology can also effectively alleviate negative
emotions, and studies have found that before and after
virtual natural immersion, participants' self-reported
anxiety levels(Herman L M,etal,2019) and stress
levels decreased significantly (Valtchanov D,
etal,2010); Compared with the virtual urban
environment, the virtual natural environment can
significantly alleviate negative emotions such as
confusion, fatigue, anger, hostility, nervousness and
depression(Split-Pin and Hsiao-Yun L,2018); Virtual
nature is not inferior to the performance of negative
emotions compared to the real natural
environment(Mimnaugh KJ,etal,2020).
In virtual reality, we combine the natural and
urban environments for observation. The study found
that compared with the virtual urban environment,
virtual nature can effectively enhance positive
emotions such as vitality; Virtual nature is beneficial
for both healthy individuals and certain demographics
like the elderly.
3.2 The "Presence" of Positive
Emotions in the VR Natural
Environment
Rehabilitation studies for anxiety and depression are
very common in VR(Chirico, A,etal,2019). Exposure
treatment that uses virtual fear cues to alleviate
anxiety(Riva,G,etal,2021),The most common
applications of VR in the field of psychology involve
either distracting patients in order to alleviate their
suffering via the use of immersive games or providing
a natural setting in which they may relax(Lindner,
P,etal,2019). Multiple anxiolytic, analgesic, and
stress-relieving effects can be produced by being in
restorative surroundings(Yu, C,etal,2018). The
majority of healing VR based experiences take place
in natural settings, which may include scenes from
nature(Chung, K.,etal,2018) as well as virtual
sceneries(Mattila, O,etal,2020).
Figure 3: The analysis of "Presence"
It has been shown that exposure to VR can
provide a larger degree of improvement in one's
pleasant mood. This effect appears to be mediated by
a better sensation of embodiment and natural
interactions(Yeo,N.,etal,2020). Existence, sometimes
known as presence, is a mental state characterized by
a sensation of existing in an intermediate
situation(Ijsselsteijn, W.,etal,2000). Furthermore, it
refers to a certain mental operation(Triberti,
S.,etal,2016).That is to say, people are able to have
their own unique mental experience while existing in
a digital world generated by a monitor screen. There
are essentially three groups into which it may be
sorted: social, personal, and environmental. The
expansion of the perceptual feelings of the encounter
into the virtual world, which results in an immersive
environment and a sensation of mental engagement,
is what is meant by the term "personal existence." The
term "environmental presence" relates to the degree
to which an experienced reacts to their surroundings,
whereas the term "social presence" describes the
ISAIC 2022 - International Symposium on Automation, Information and Computing
238
degree to which an experienced coexists and
interactions with other creatures in a virtual
world(Heater, C.,etal,1992). The relationship
between social presence and cognition existence is
mediated by one's sense of self-efficacy(Lin,
C.J.,etal,2015). The researchers advise that it is vital
to investigate further the influence of VR
technological disparities in diverse situations on
individual self-efficacy(Shu, Y.,etal,2019).
Time(Yildirim, I.G.,2016), content(Slater,
M.and Udoh, M.,1993), features of users(Huang,
M.P.and Alessi, N.E.,1999), attention resources and
engagement(Draper,J.V.,etal,1998),Immersion and
engagement are factors that affect presence(Barfield,
W.and Weghorst, S.,1993). It's common practice to
employ a mix of objective and subjective metrics.
Feeling present may be gauged by monitoring
physiological responses such as heart rate and skin
electricity as well as behavioral indicators including
facial expressions, body language, eye gaze, and tone
of voice.
According to study, sentiments in a virtual world
are associated with the perception of one's own
presence(Riva, G.,etal,2004), which also describes
the relationship between perception of being and
emotion(Palanca, A.,etal,2019).
Explore the disparities in healing and experience
created by diverse situations and the impacts of
restorative settings on emotional responses in VR
scenarios by doing research on the linkages between
environment, conduct, and regulation of emotions. As
a valuable addition to the research of individual
cognitive recovery, EEG feedback may be utilized to
illustrate the influence of a VR rehabilitation
environment on cognitive recovery.
3.3 Performance of VR Technology in
the Healing Process
The use of VR technology in the healing process can
not only significantly improve treatment conditions
and ensure patient safety, but also serve to secure
patients' privacy, therefore enhancing patient
participation. Compared with traditional
psychological intervention methods, VR technology
has significant advantages(Kazdin AE and Kendall
PC.,1998):
（ 1 ） Self-help VR therapy developed for
certain mild psychological disorders is anonymous,
allowing patients to complete treatment tasks
independently in a private space, less limited by time
and space. In addition, in the VR environment,
patients do not need to face real people, things, and
situations, thus reducing the patient's possible anxiety
and fear;
（ 2 ）Although the development cost of VR
technology scenarios is relatively high, once the
development of high-quality VR scene content for
specific psychological disorders is completed, It may
be readily promoted and applied. At the same time,
this will facilitate the establishment of a standardized
psychotherapy system that, in the long run, has
significant social and economic benefits.
（3） The therapist can perform scene control,
tailor the protocol to the subject's treatment needs,
including effectively arranging and combining the
number, stimulation, and speed of treatment factors
according to the treatment needs, and providing a
series of virtual treatment environments without
leaving the treatment room.(Bottle C.,2017) In
addition, patients avoid direct contact with real
stimuli, thus maintaining the safety of treatment. VR
therapy alone also minimizes adverse effects and
dependence on drug therapy.(Freeman D, Reeve S,
Robinson A, et al.,2017)
Figure 4: The logic diagram of healing through VR
technology
3.3.2 Embodied Cognition in Virtual Nature
According to the embodied cognitive paradigm,
cognition is bodily cognition, involving the brain,
which is the consequence of the interactions between
the body and the external environment during the
perception and action processes, and that the anatomy
of the body, the way of activity, and the sensory and
motor experience determine how the individual
directly experiences and shapes the world (Ye
Haosheng,2017). Different ways of being and moving
may lead to different knowledge and understanding
of the world, and the resulting behaviors may also be
different. Cognitive dysfunction is not just a higher-
level process that occurs inside the brain, it is closely
related to an individual's body structure, experiences,
physical interactions, and interconnections with the
surroundings.
VR Technology Enhances: The Healing Effect of Immersive Natural Scenes
239
Figure 5: Immersive images were taken using panoramic
technology
In general, when a participant is provided with a
virtual body different from the ontology in a virtual
environment and the action simulation is performed
synchronously, and then some value-related attitude
evaluation task is completed on the virtual body, the
subject's attitude will change with the somatosensory
perception of the virtual body(N Yee and Bailenson
J- N.,2007).
The study found that when people are in an
unnatural environment for a long time, feel lonely,
and lack social support(Ward Thompson C, Aspinall
P, Roe J, et al.,2016), significant elements impacting
social interaction include the quality and quantity of
urban green area and sources of water space, Social
loneliness causes psychological and physical health
problems (Pantell M.,et al,2013). The fusion of
virtual nature and social networks will help to combat
social loneliness and repair social isolation and
inequality due to urban isolation.
4 EXPERIMENT AND ANALYSIS
According to the content already mentioned above, in
this part, we take the same natural environment as the
research object and use the floor plan and the
panoramic virtual immersion as experimental
materials respectively. 30 university students with a
1:1 ratio of males and females were invited to
participate in the test. After a series of stress tests on
logic questions, watch the floor plan and wear VR
glasses to watch panoramic immersive images to
relieve stress. Experimental evaluation data were
conducted on the Perceptual Recovery Scale (PRS).
Currently, the PRS scale is frequently utilized in
the evaluation of the restoration of diverse
ecosystems, including buildings, urban settings,
interior biodiversity, and natural environments. In
this experiment, the test scale was used to test the
healing effect of experiencing the natural
environment through VR technology, The final
results were utilized as an assessment index.
4.1 Test Objects
The experiment selected 30 undergraduate and
master's students as the test group, aged 18 to 24 years
old, with a male-female ratio of 1:1. The difficulty of
stress testing is the same for all test participants.
The two important core theories of restoration
environment described above explain the mechanism
on the recuperative influence of nature and define the
evaluation criteria of the healing effect of the natural
environment on humans basically in two aspects:
subjective restorative evaluation and cognitive
ability, which shows the feasibility of realizing
healing through the integration of natural
environment with VR technology.
4.2 Experimental Methods
The study selects the villa landscape in idyllic
scenery, which includes man-made buildings, rivers,
lawns, woods, sunlight, white clouds, etal., and the
VR version of the scene also includes the perspective
of the forest from the villa.
The experiment is separated into two sections
and is carried out inside: stress generation and stress
relief. In "Stress Guidance", we prepared two sets of
logical thinking inference questions, each containing
three different sets of questions. The work must be
completed by the student within the allotted time.
In the pre-experiment, students responded to
three sets of logical thinking inference questions:
from easy to difficult. They have the opinion that it is
really challenging to finish all three sets of inquiries
within the allotted amount of time. During the
question, students' emotional states include stress,
exhaustion, stress, and curiosity about whether other
students can complete tasks as required. The
participants' overall levels of stress increased as a
direct result of the questions.
After completing the stress test, students are
asked to view a one-minute picture of the natural
landscape and a VR immersive image. Following the
completion of the quiz and the healing process, the
students will be asked to complete the PRS scale. This
comes from the scale design proposed by scientists
such as Hartig in 1997, and we reallocated it
according to the four dimensions of attention
recovery theory.
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Table 1: A scale used for experimental evaluation
4.3 Statistical Methods
The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) is used to
evaluate the dependability of inter-assessor
consistency, while Cronbach's alpha is used to
estimate the dependability of internal consistency.
The Pearson Correlation measures the connection
between two variables. Coefficient computes the
correlation between each entry's scores and the total
score, using exploratory factor analysis to find
structural validity and univariate ANOVA to analyze
the Perceptual Resilience Scale assessment values
and Tukey's test of statistical significance compares
outcomes in a variety of situations. For descriptive
statistics, the SPSS application is often used.
4.4 Analysis of Results
4.4.1 Reliability Analysis
Each scenario and dimension of the perceptual
resilience scale has strong reliability, and Cronbach’s
α value is between 0.60 and 0.82. The α value of the
relevant dimensionality content is around 0.72.
At the same time, a consistent analysis of the
scale data submitted by 30 students showed that the
overall correlation was p<0.001, and the four
dimensions (distance, attractiveness, extent, and
compatibility) p<0.001
Table 2: The average score and reliability interval of the test
values of the subjects
4.4.2 Validity Analysis
Content validity, sometimes referred to as surface
accuracy or rational validity, relates to the
representativeness and adequacy of the questionnaire
scale's content. A correlation coefficient links the
overall score of the problem to the score of each
question. The scale may be predicted with greater
accuracy the stronger the association. The more
reliable the material, the better. According to SPSS
data analysis, the correlation coefficients with each
measure were between 0.5 and 0.8.
The experiment analyzes the dimensions of the
scale, and the first dimension has a large load of 1 to
5 items, mainly from whether the environment can
divert direct attention and relax the spirit to reflect the
restorative characteristics of the environment, which
is consistent with the "far away" in theory. The
second dimension has a large load in 18 to 22 entries,
which reflects whether the environment meets
people's wishes and needs, highlighting aspects of
setting and social dynamics. The "compatibility" of
the idea provides trustworthy evidence.
The third dimension has a larger load in entries
9 to 10 and 13, and the fourth dimension has a larger
load in entries 6, 11, and 12. Judging from the text of
Questions Questions
Being away 1 I'm just getting out here 12 The environment here is very
charming
2 This is where I get some
breaks
13
Nothing to see here
3 Here let me escape the stress
for a while
Extent 14 There are so many things out
here
4 It makes me relax here 15 It has confused me here
5 This allows me to reduce my
unnecessary attention
consumption
16 It has confused me here
Fascination 6 I feel that the scene is
appealing
17 It's a mess here
7 Numerous fascinating things
catch my notice.
Compatibility 18 It's perfect for me
8 I wish to know more about it
here
19 Here, I can do what I want do.
9 There is a wealth of history
and interesting new attractions in
the neighborhood.
20 I simply feel like I belong here.
10 I hope to spend more time
admiring around
21 I can enjoy the joy in it here
11 It's boring 22 I can enjoy the joy in it here
Being away Fantastic Extent Compatibility
Natural Images VR Natural Images VR Natural Images VR Natural Images VR
1.8 3 2.5 2.625 4.25 3.5 2.2 3
1 3 2.625 3.625 3.5 3.25 3.4 2.4
2.4 3.4 2 2.875 3.75 3 2.6 3
2 2.8 2.75 3.25 3.75 2.75 2.2 3
2.6 3.2 2 .2 5 2.37 5 1 .7 5 1.5 1.4 1.8
2 4.4 3.125 4.375 2.75 4.75 2 4
2.6 3.6 2.625 3.5 3.75 2.5 2.4 2.8
2.4 3.4 2.75 3 2.75 2.75 2.6 3.6
3.4 3.6 3 2.625 2.75 2.75 2.8 3.2
3.8 4.2 3.25 3.5 4.5 2.25 2.8 2.4
3.4 4 3 3.125 3 2.25 2.8 3.6
3.2 3.6 3.25 3 3.75 2 3.2 4
3.2 3.8 3.5 3.375 3.25 2.25 2.6 2.8
3 4 3.125 3.125 2.75 2.25 3.6 3.6
3.8 2.6 2.625 3.375 2 1.75 3 4.6
3.4 4.6 3.25 2.75 2.25 1.75 3.4 3.4
3.4 3.6 2.875 3.25 2 2 3 4
3.4 4 2.75 3.5 2.5 2 3 4.4
3.4 4 3 .7 5 2.625 3 1 3 .8 3.8
3.4 4.4 3.375 3 2.25 1.25 3.6 3.2
4.4 4.2 3 3.375 1.75 2 3.4 4.2
4.4 4.2 3.125 3.375 2 2.25 4.2 4.4
4.2 4.2 3.5 3.375 1.25 1.5 3.6 4.4
4 4.8 3.375 3.875 0.25 1.75 4.4 4.4
5 5 3.875 3.25 1.5 1 3.6 5
4.6 5 3. 5 3.87 5 1 1 .7 5 5 4 .2
4.8 4.8 4.125 3.5 1.75 1 5 4.8
4.4 4.2 3.375 3 2.25 1.75 3.8 3.8
3.8 4.2 3.125 3.375 1.75 2 3 4.6
1.8 3 2.625 3.375 2.75 2.25 2.6 2.8
3.296296296 α＝0.68 3.069444444 α＝0.65 2.58333 3333 α＝0.71 3.170 37037 α ＝0.74
*
The four dimensions (distance, attractiveness, extent, an d compatibility) p<0.001.
VR Technology Enhances: The Healing Effect of Immersive Natural Scenes
241
the article, the third and fourth dimensions are
consistent with the "charisma" in the theory, the
difference is that the third dimension emphasizes the
environmental exploration that environmental charm
may trigger, while the fourth dimension is stronger
than the attractive qualities of the environment can be
seen as the two aspects of "charisma".
In general, the results of the evaluation of two
different representations of natural scenes using this
scale are basically in line according to the framework
of attention recovery theory, and there is a strong
correlation between the entries.
5 CONCLUSIONS
In the assessment of the resiliency of nature and its
ecosystems, the participant is usually stressed by
short-term pressure guidance(Hartig T., et al.,2003),
the amount of hydraulic pressure is then determined
by how much contact there is with nature. Usually,
the short-term pressure guidance method is selected,
on the one hand, for the consideration of experimental
design, so that the subjects can accept the same
degree of pressure within a certain period Effectively
controlling heterogeneity between participants and
homogenizing samples; Otherwise, if one were to
subscribe to the theory of psychological growth,
humans can experience stress in a matter of minutes
and respond to their natural environment.This has
been confirmed in a series of experiments,
establishing a theoretical and scientific foundation for
short-term pressure guiding. However, it should also
be noted that the pressure formed by short-term
pressure guidance is very different from the pressure
accumulated in long-term work and life; The
effectiveness of environmental restoration will also
be affected by exposure duration and pattern. Future
research should focus on and investigate the
cumulative impacts of stress as well as the ongoing
effects of natural touch.
This paper mostly talks about how the perceptual
healing scale can be used to judge the state of the
natural surroundings in VR images and examines the
reliability and validity of the evaluation of different
types of information presentation. The findings
indicate that the scale has strong reliability and
validity, and that its dimensions are more congruent
with the four aspects of attention recovery theory.
Based on the results of various studies, it was
found that the static photos of the same research
materials and the virtual natural scenes in the VR
images could significantly improve the subject's
restorative subjective feelings(Valtchanov D,et al,
2010), and so on. The virtual natural environment in
which the panorama is immersed as the material for
research is significantly better than the flat picture
(Browand MHM.,et al,2020).
In the distinction between different two different
content presentation methods, the scale has a
sensitive degree of differentiation, and the recovery
of natural scenes in virtual immersive spaces is
significantly better than that of two-dimensional
pictures.We hope you find the information in this
template useful in the preparation of your submission.
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