Factors Associated with Adherence to COVID-19 Prevention: A

Cross-Sectional Online Survey Among the Elderly in Tabanan City,

Indonesia

Ni Made Ayu Sukma Widyandari

, I Ketut Swarjana

, I Kadek Nuryanto

and Yustina Ni Putu Yusniawati

Master of Nursing Program, Faculty of Health, Institute of Technology and Health Bali, Bali, Indonesia

Bachelor of Nursing Program, Faculty of Health, Institute of Technology and Health Bali, Bali, Indonesia

Keywords: COVID-19, Aged, Access to Information, Motivation, Perception.

Abstract: COVID-19 is a global health problem that can spread quickly, and the elderly are the age group at the greatest

risk of being seriously ill and hospitalized if exposed to COVID-19. To reduce this risk, the elderly need to

comply with COVID-19 prevention protocols. This study aimed to assess factors associated with adherence

to COVID-19 prevention. The study was conducted in Tabanan City using a cross-sectional design. A total

of 334 respondents were selected using cluster sampling. Data were obtained using an online questionnaire

survey (Google Forms) and analyzed using descriptive statistics to measure adherence to COVID-19

prevention. Multiple logistic regression was performed to determine factors associated with adherence to

COVID-19 prevention. The results showed that more than half of respondents (56.7%) adhered to COVID-

19 prevention implementation. Gender (p = 0.041; AOR: 0.506), knowledge about COVID-19 (p = 0.011;

AOR: 1.91), perception about COVID-19 (p < 0.001; AOR:2.61), motivation to implement health protocols

(p < 0.001; AOR: 3.36), and access to information (p < 0.001; AOR: 2.61) were significantly associated with

adherence to COVID-19 prevention. The proportion of the elderly who do not adhere to COVID-19

prevention protocols is still high; therefore, compliance needs to be improved by conducting health education

regularly on preventing COVID-19 among the elderly.

1 BACKGROUND

On 11 March, 2020, the World Health Organization

(WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic (WHO,

2021). The COVID-19 pandemic has presented

unprecedented challenges for the healthcare system

(Chowdhury et al., 2020), since this respiratory virus

has spread to local communities around the world.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread

rapidly around the world, wreaking havoc on patients,

healthcare workers, healthcare systems, and

economies. The impact can be exacerbated when

infections spread to low- and middle-income

countries, making it difficult to proactively respond

to the pandemic (Bong et al., 2020). Cultural and

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7353-8018

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5975-1680

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5617-792X

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1566-0242

economic conditions can contribute to reinforcing the

spread of the virus in the environment (Elhadi et al.,

2020). One of the strongest consensuses surrounding

COVID-19 is that the elderly are by far the most

vulnerable demographic (Daoust, 2020). The WHO

has stated that more than 95 percent of deaths due to

COVID-19 occurred in individuals over 60 years old.

That is why, during the handling of the COVID-19

outbreak, the government has paid special attention to

the elderly’s physical and mental health because they

are at high risk of COVID-19 infection (Pradana et

al., 2020). The elderly who have chronic diseases,

such as heart disease, diabetes, asthma, and cancer,

are more at risk of COVID-19 infection (Smorenberg

et al., 2021). Complicated diseases can cause

Widyandari, N., Swarjana, I., Nuryanto, I. and Yusniawati, Y.

Factors Associated with Adherence to COVID-19 Prevention: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey Among the Elderly in Tabanan City, Indonesia.

DOI: 10.5220/0011938100003576

In Proceedings of the 2nd Bali Biennial International Conference on Health Sciences (Bali BICHS 2022), pages 26-33

ISBN: 978-989-758-625-5

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

disturbances and reduce the function of important

organs of the body. COVID-19 can exacerbate

chronic diseases and cause death.

As an effort to prevent the early COVID-19

outbreak, the Indonesian Minister of Health issued

Decree of the Ministry of Health Number

HK.01.07/MENKES/104/2020 regarding the

determination of novel coronavirus infection (2019-

nCoV Infection) as a type of disease that can cause

outbreaks, and the efforts to overcome it. This

determination was based on the consideration that the

2019-nCoV infection had been declared a Public

Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC)

by the WHO. Through this policy, the government

invited the public to comply with the directives and

regulations issued to work together to stop the spread

of COVID-19. (Yanti et al., 2020). However, there

are still many people who are less concerned with the

rules and policies made by the government. This has

prompted countries around the world to consider

implementing strict non-pharmaceutical

interventions as a priority to combat the pandemic.

These interventions include the (mandatory) use of

face masks, physical distancing, regular hand

washing, and the use of hydroalcoholic solutions for

disinfection. These measures have been effective in

countering epidemics caused by other respiratory

viruses such as influenza, SARS and Middle East

respiratory syndrome in China, Korea, Taiwan and

other countries (Jang et al., 2020; Noh et al., 2020; Q.

Wang & Yu, 2020).

Research has found that adherence to health

protocols can be influenced by community

knowledge (Saqlain et al., 2020). Another study

stated that adherence to health protocols stem from

perceptions of COVID-19 transmission risk factors

(Shahnazi et al., 2020). Furthermore, attitudes that

support health protocol policies are related to a

person's compliance in implementing health

protocols, as can be seen from research conducted by

Wiranti, Sriatmi, & Kusumastuti (2020). That study

showed that respondents with high adherence to

large-scale social restriction policies mostly had

supportive attitudes towards large-scale social

restrictions policies. The media also plays a role in

providing information about COVID-19. The media

as a source of information both in print and electronic

form has an important role in shaping public

perceptions and responses towards COVID-19

(Wang & Tang, 2020). Observing the existing

conditions, it is very important to systematically

review the elderly’s compliance in implementing

health protocols during the pandemic and the factors

related to such compliance.

2 SUBJECTS AND METHODS

This study used quantitative methods with a cross

sectional approach. The population in this study were

the elderly who were working in the UPTD

Puskesmas Tabanan III area with a total of 1,849

people. Cluster sampling was used to yield a sample

size of 344 respondents. The research was carried out

in the working area of UPTD Puskesmas Tabanan III

with a research time of two months, from March to

May 2021.

The instrument used in this study was a

questionnaire. There were three categories in the

questionnaire regarding respondents’ characteristics,

the elderly’s compliance in implementing health

protocols, and the factors related to the elderly’s

compliance in implementing the health protocol. Data

were analyzed using the binary logistic regression

test. This study has undergone an ethical test and was

declared ethically worthy by the Ethics Committee of

the Bali Institute of Technology and Health with

approval number 04.0318/KEPITEKES-

BALI/III/2021.

3 RESULTS

3.1 Respondents’ General

Characteristics

Respondents’ general characteristics consisted of age,

gender, education level, type of work, and income.

The description of respondents’ characteristics is

explained in the form of a frequency distribution.

Table 1 shows the distribution of respondents'

characteristics.

Table 1: Respondents’ General Characteristics (n = 344).

Variable f %

Age (years old)

60-69 312 90.7

≥ 70 32 9.3

Gender

Male 136 39.5

Female 208 60.5

Educational level

Uneducated 44 12.8

Primary School 52 15.1

Junior High School 32 9.3

Senior High School 96 27.9

University 120 34.9

Occupation

Factors Associated with Adherence to COVID-19 Prevention: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey Among the Elderly in Tabanan City,

Indonesia

Unemployed 48 14.0

Retired 104 30.2

Farmer 24 6.9

Trader 48 14.0

Private employee 24 6.9

Entrepreneur 48 14.0

Civil servant 48 14.0

Individual income

< Rp. 1,000,000 80 23.3

≥ R

. 1,000,000 264 76.7

Table 1 shows that the majority of respondents' ages

were in the range of 60-69 years, amounting to 312

respondents (90.7%). The majority of respondents

were female with a total of 208 respondents (60.5%).

The educational level shows that the majority of

respondents' last education was university, with as

many as 120 respondents (34.9%). As for work, most

respondents were retired with as many as 104

respondents (30.2%). The majority of respondents'

income was more than or equal to Rp. 1,000,000 with

as many as 264 respondents (76.7%).

3.2 Overview of Adherence in

Implementing COVID-19

Prevention

Figure 1: Adherence of COVID-19 Prevention (n = 344).

Figure 1 shows that 56.7% of respondents were

obedient in implementing COVID-19 health

protocols, while 43% of respondents showed non-

compliance.

Table 2: Frequency Distribution of Knowledge, Perception,

Motivation, Attitude, and Access to Information (n = 344).

Variable f %

Knowledge about COVID-19

Good 178 51.7

Fair 57 16.6

Less 109 31.7

Perception of COVID-19

Positive 184 53.5

Negative 160 46.5

Motivation to Implement

COVID-19 Prevention

High 200 58.1

Low 144 41.9

Attitude Towards COVID-19

Prevention Policy

Positive 176 51.2

Negative 168 48.8

Information Access

High 174 50.6

Low 170 49.4

Table 2 shows that the majority of respondents had

good knowledge about COVID-19, with as many as

178 respondents (46.5%). Based on the perception of

COVID-19, it can be seen that most respondents had

a positive perception, amounting to 184 respondents

(53.5%). It can also be seen that the majority of

respondents, namely 200 respondents (58.1%), had

high motivation to implement health protocols. Most

respondents also showed a positive attitude towards

health protocol policies, at as many as 176

respondents (51.2%). Judging from the factor of

access to information, the majority, namely 174

respondents (50.6%), had high access to information.

3.3 Factors Associated with Adherence

to COVID-19 Prevention

A multivariate analysis was carried out with the aim

of controlling the confounding variables to ensure the

independent variables had a pure influence on the

compliance variable in implementing COVID-19

health protocols. The results of the multivariate

analysis are described in Table 3. Respondents of the

male sex had 0.494 times or 49.4% lower risk of

complying with health protocols compared to female

respondents (Adj. OR = 0.506; 95% CI = 0.26-0.97;

p = 0.041). Respondents with good knowledge of

COVID-19 had the opportunity to increase health

protocol compliance by 1.91 times compared to

respondents who had sufficient or less knowledge

about COVID-19 (Adj. OR = 1.91; 95% CI = 1.16-

3.14; p = 0.011). Furthermore, respondents with a

positive perception of COVID-19 had the opportunity

to increase compliance with implementing COVID-

19 health protocols by 2.61 times compared to

respondents who had a negative perception (Adj. OR

= 2.61, 95% CI = 1.59-4.75; p < 0.001). Respondents

with high motivation to implement health protocols

had the opportunity to increase compliance with

implementing COVID-19 health protocols by 3.36

times compared to respondents who had low

57%

43%

Adherence Nonadherence

Bali BICHS 2022 - The Bali Biennial International Conference on Health Sciences

Table 3: Analysis of Factors Associated with Elderly Adherence to COVID-19 Prevention (n = 344).

Variable

Adherence Adj. OR 95% CI p-value

Adhere

n (%)

195

Non-adhere

n (%)

149

Lower Upper

Gender

Male

Female

69 (50.7)

126 (60.6)

67 (49.3)

82 (39.4)

0.506

0.26

0.97

0.041

Knowledge about COVID-19

Fair/Less

Goo

75 (45.2)

120 (67.4)

91 (54.8)

58 (32.6)

1.91

1.16

3.14

0.011

Perception about COVID-19

Negative

Positive

69 (43,1)

126

(

68.5

)

91 (56.9)

(

31.5

)

2.61

1.59

4.75

<0.001

Motivation to Implement COVID-19

Prevention

Low

High

47 (32.6)

148 (74.0)

97 (67.4)

52 (26.0)

3.36

1.94

5.83

<0.001

Information Access

Low

64 (37.6)

131

(

75.7

)

106 (62.4)

(

37.6

)

2.61

1.58

4.29

<0.001

motivation to implement health protocols (Adj. OR =

3.36; 95% CI = 1.94-5.83; p < 0.001). Furthermore,

respondents with wide access to information had the

opportunity to increase compliance with COVID-19

health protocols by 2.61 times compared to

respondents with low access to information (Adj. OR

= 2.61; 95% CI = 1.58-4.29; p < 0.001)

4 DISCUSSION

This study found that the majority of respondents

were obedient in implementing COVID-19

prevention efforts. The prevention referred to in this

study relates to the application of 5M (wearing masks,

washing hands with soap/using hand sanitizer,

maintaining distance, avoiding crowds, and limiting

mobility). Adherence to COVID-19 prevention was

dominantly carried out by respondents, namely by

using a mask covering the nose and mouth and to the

bottom of the chin (92.1%).

However, the findings in this study still paled in

comparison to research conducted by Park et al.

(2020) in America, who found that respondents'

adherence to the CDC guidelines on COVID-19

health protocols was generally high with an average

of above 85%. As well as research conducted in

several countries in Asia, including Hong Kong,

which reported that more than 77% of respondents

complied with the implementation of the COVID-19

prevention (Kwok et al., 2020). Furthermore,

research conducted in Macau and South Korea

showed high compliance measures in preventing

COVID-19 (wearing masks, washing hands, and

avoiding crowded places) with each criterion rating

above 68% (Lee et al., 2021; Tong et al., 2020).

Surveys related to community behavior during the

COVID-19 pandemic (wearing masks, using hand

sanitizers/disinfectants, washing hands for 20

seconds with soap, avoiding handshakes, avoiding

crowds, and maintaining a minimum distance of one

meter) were also conducted in Indonesia by BPS

(2020), showing that the level of respondents’

compliance was good with the compliance percentage

for each variable being above 70%. Specifically,

respondents with an age range above 60 years have

complied with COVID-19 prevention efforts as

evidenced by the compliance percentages of more

than 80%. (BPS, 2020).

The difference in compliance percentage between

this study and other research is due to the not yet

optimal implementation of COVID-19 prevention in

respondents. Based on the results of the study, it is

known that the percentage of non-compliance in

avoiding crowds was still high. This is indicated by

the number of respondents who received visits from

their children, grandchildren, or relatives at home

(23.3%) and attended traditional ceremonies where

there were crowds of people (4.7%).

Research conducted by Mirbeyk, Saghazadeh, &

Rezaei (2021), regarding geriatrics and COVID-19

stated that aging affects immune system functions,

thereby increasing the risk of infection and adverse

outcomes. In addition, aging is a significant risk

factor for chronic comorbidities that can place the

elderly in a fragile state; therefore, special attention is

Factors Associated with Adherence to COVID-19 Prevention: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey Among the Elderly in Tabanan City,

Indonesia

needed for the elderly during the COVID-19

pandemic to reduce their mortality rate. Adherence to

COVID-19 prevention is very important in

preventing and dealing with COVID-19 in the

community. If elderly compliance is low regarding

the implementation of COVID-19 prevention, it will

lead to an increase in morbidity and mortality among

the elderly.

The results of the study found that the majority of

respondents had good knowledge about COVID-19.

This study also found that knowledge had a strong

and significant relationship with elderly compliance

in implementing health protocols during the COVID-

19 pandemic. Respondents who had good knowledge

tended to be more obedient in implementing health

protocols than respondents with sufficient or less

knowledge. However, the findings in this study have

a lower percentage compared to research conducted

by Zhong, B. L. et al (2020) in China, which stated

that 90% of urban Chinese people had good

knowledge about COVID-19. This is also true of

research conducted in America and the UK, which

reported that respondents had good knowledge about

the disease’s modes of transmission and symptoms

with a percentage above 80% (Geldsetzer, 2020).

Knowledge is one of the important things that must

be considered in the context of handling cases,

especially in preventing and suppressing the spread of

the virus (Law et al., 2020). The knowledge about

COVID-19 referred to in this study includes

definitions, signs, symptoms, and precautions for

COVID-19 transmission. The findings in this study

are in line with the research conducted by Sari &

Atiqoh (2020), who stated that there was a

relationship between society's knowledge and

compliance with using masks as an effort to prevent

COVID-19 transmission. The knowledge possessed

will influence a person in determining and making

decisions (Purnamasari & Raharyani, 2020). This is

confirmed by the research results showing that the

majority of the elderly who had high knowledge were

more obedient to the COVID-19 prevention efforts.

This high level of knowledge was supported by the

educational level of most respondents, who were in

the higher education category (62.8%). Increasing

communities’ knowledge on COVID-19 can

encourage people to comply with all health protocols

that have been established. This is also supported by

Achmadi (2013), who stated that a person who has

knowledge of information will be able to determine

and make decisions in dealing with a problem. In

other words, people who have knowledge about

COVID-19 will be able to determine how they should

behave in dealing with the disease.

The results of this study also show that the

majority of respondents had positive perceptions

about COVID-19. This study also found that

perception had a strong and significant relationship

with compliance in implementing health protocols

during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is in line with

research conducted by Pertiwi & Budiono (2021),

who found that the majority of respondents (56.4%)

had a positive perception. The results of this study are

also in line with research by Tong et al. (2020), which

stated that compliance in taking preventive measures

against COVID-19 is related to the four Health Belief

Model (HBM) factors, including individual

perceptions of the disease’s severity (perceived

severity), individual perceptions of the benefits that

will be obtained when taking an action (perceived

benefits), individual perception of the obstacles that

will be faced when taking an action (perceived

barrier), and cues to act (cue-to-action). This is also

in line with research by Jones, Smith, & Llewellyn

(2014), which stated that overall HBM can improve

compliance. However, the HBM factors that work

optimally can vary across each behavior. Effective

control of COVID-19 is highly dependent on the

preventive behavior of the community and certain

risk groups, where the elderly have a high risk of

contracting COVID-19 (Pradana et al., 2020).

Perceived risk can be a key factor influencing

preventative behavior (Zhong et al., 2020); therefore,

it is necessary to increase the elderly’s understanding

about how much risk they will face if exposed to

COVID-19 in order to get them to comply in

implementing health protocols.

This study showed that the majority of

respondents had high motivation in implementing

COVID-19 prevention efforts. This study also

showed that motivation had a strong and significant

relationship with elderly compliance in implementing

health protocols during the COVID-19 pandemic.

This is in line with research conducted by Afrianti &

Rahmiati (2021), with the result that the majority

(55.8%) of the community had high motivation in

following the COVID-19 protocols. This is in line

with the opinion of Pratiko, Rahmawati, &

Chrysmadani (2011), which was that someone who

has good motivation tends to behave well, especially

in maintaining personal health and safety. This is also

in line with research conducted by Kuiper et al.

(2020), which found that intrinsic motivation can

increase behavior to comply with applicable rules.

Motivation is the most dominant predictor factor that

has a direct influence on the compliance of the elderly

in implementing health protocols during the COVID-

19 pandemic. This can be seen from the opportunity

Bali BICHS 2022 - The Bali Biennial International Conference on Health Sciences

value indicated by motivation, which is the highest

value compared to other factors. According to

Chotimah et al. (2019), motivation is one of the

factors that underlie a person in behaving using basic

self-protection tools. Based on the Protection

Motivation Theory (PMT) proposed by Prentice-

Dunn & Rogers, individuals who perceive a higher

level of risk are more likely to adopt preventive

behavior (Zhong et al., 2020). Good motivation can

encourage the elderly to comply with COVID-19

prevention efforts and thereby reduce COVID-19

cases and break the chain of transmission.

Based on the results of this study, the majority of

respondents had high access to information related to

COVID-19. This study also showed that there is a

strong and significant relationship between access to

information about COVID-19 and elderly compliance

in implementing health protocols during the COVID-

19 pandemic. The results of this study are in line with

research conducted by Triyanto & Kusumawardani

(2020), which stated that the majority of respondents

(75%) had good access to information related to

COVID-19. The results of this study are also in line

with research conducted by Buonomo & Della Marca

(2020) in Italy, which found that published case

development data to the public was able to increase

public compliance with self-defense and quarantine

arrangements, thereby reducing the cumulative

incidence rate by 5% and mortality by 11%.

Likewise, research conducted by Findayani

(2020)found that media, especially social media,

reduced the risk of COVID-19 spreading. Other

studies have also stated that the media as a source of

information, both in print and electronic form, have

an important role in shaping public perceptions and

responses to COVID-19. Nowadays, social media,

which is growing rapidly, makes it easy for humans

to establish communication and access information

anywhere and anytime (Wang & Tang, 2020). The

results of the case study show that access to health

information played a role in community

empowerment. The role of access to health

information includes knowledge of health and

healthcare; the ability to find, understand, interpret,

and communicate health information; and the ability

to request appropriate healthcare and make critical

health decisions. Various types of information play a

role in increasing people's knowledge, attitudes, and

skills to live sanitary and healthy lives (Sulaeman et

al., 2015). Access to information will encourage

people to participate in health development, both at

the individual level and at the community group level.

5 CONCLUSION

Based on the results of research on factors associated

with adherence to COVID-19 prevention among the

elderly, it can be concluded: 1) the majority of

respondents were obedient in implementing health

protocols during the COVID-19 pandemic; 2) the

factors that influenced the elderly’s compliance in

implementing health protocols during the COVID-19

pandemic were gender, knowledge about COVID-19,

perceptions about COVID-19, motivation in

implementing COVID-19 health protocols, and

access to information; 3) the motivational factor was

the most dominant factor influencing compliance in

implementing health protocols during the COVID-19

pandemic.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study has been able to run and end well due to

insights and suggestions from various parties. The

authors would like to thank the mentors, Faculty of

Health ITEKES Bali, the head of the primary

healthcare center in Tabanan City and their staff, and

all the participants who supported this research.

REFERENCES

Achmadi, U. F. (2013). Kesehatan Masyarakat : Teori dan

Aplikasi. Rajawali Pers.

Afrianti, N., & Rahmiati, C. (2021). Faktor-faktor yang

mempengaruhi kepatuhan masyarakat terhadap

protokol kesehatan covid-19. Jurnal Ilmiah Permas,

11(1), 113–124.

Bong, C.-L., Brasher, C., Chikumba, E., McDougall, R.,

Mellin-Olsen, J., & Enright, A. (2020). The COVID-19

pandemic: effects on low-and middle-income countries.

Anesthesia and Analgesia.

BPS. (2020). Perilaku Masyarakat Di Masa Pandemi

Covid-19. In Perilaku Masyarakat di Masa Pandemi

Covid-19 BPS RI (Vol. 19, Issue September). Badan

Pusat Statistik.

https://www.bps.go.id/publication/download.html?nrb

vfeve=ZjM3NmRjMzNjZmNkZWVjNGE1MTRmM

Dlj&xzmn=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYnBzLmdvLmlkL3

B1YmxpY2F0aW9uLzIwMjAvMDkvMjgvZjM3Nm

RjMzNjZmNkZWVjNGE1MTRmMDljL3BlcmlsYWt

1LW1hc3lhcmFrYXQtZGktbWFzYS1wYW5kZW1p

LWNvdmlkLTE5Lmh0bWw%25

Buonomo, B., & Marca, R. Della. (2020). Effects of

information-induced behavioural changes during the

COVID-19 lockdowns: The case of Italy: COVID-19

lockdowns and behavioral change. Royal Society Open

Factors Associated with Adherence to COVID-19 Prevention: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey Among the Elderly in Tabanan City,

Indonesia

Science, 7(10).

https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201635rsos201635

Chotimah, C. C., Haryadi, & Roestijawati, N. (2019).

Pengaruh pengetahuan, motivasi dan persepsi risiko

terhadap perilaku penggunaan alat pelindung diri dasar

yang dimoderasi faktor pengawasan pada civitas

hospitalia rsgmp unsoed 1,2,3. Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis,

Dan Akuntansi, 21(3), 1–11.

Chowdhury, R., Heng, K., Shawon, M. S. R., Goh, G.,

Okonofua, D., Ochoa-Rosales, C., Gonzalez-Jaramillo,

V., Bhuiya, A., Reidpath, D., Prathapan, S., Shahzad,

S., Althaus, C. L., Gonzalez-Jaramillo, N., Franco, O.

H., & Group, T. G. D. I. S. for C.-19 C. (2020).

Dynamic interventions to control COVID-19

pandemic: a multivariate prediction modelling study

comparing 16 worldwide countries. European Journal

of Epidemiology, 35(5), 389–399.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-020-00649-w

Daoust, J. F. (2020). Elderly people and responses to

COVID-19 in 27 Countries. PLoS ONE, 15(7), 1–13.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235590

Elhadi, M., Msherghi, A., Alkeelani, M., Alsuyihili, A.,

Khaled, A., Buzreg, A., Boughididah, T., Abukhashem,

M., Alhashimi, A., & Khel, S. (2020). Concerns for

low-resource countries, with under-prepared intensive

care units, facing the COVID-19 pandemic. Infection,

Disease & Health, 25(4), 227–232.

Findayani, A. (2020). Peran Sosial Media dalam

Penyampaian Informasi dan Kesiapsiagaan Masyarakat

Menghadapi Covid-19 di Kota Semarang. Jurnal

Geografi : Media Informasi Pengembangan Dan

Profesi Kegeografian, 17(2), 63–69.

https://doi.org/10.15294/jg.v17i2.24506

Geldsetzer, P. (2020). Annals of Internal Medicine. Annals

of Internal Medicine, 172(1), ITC1–ITC14.

https://doi.org/10.7326/AWED202001070

Jang, W. M., Jang, D. H., & Lee, J. Y. (2020). Social

distancing and transmission-reducing practices during

the 2019 coronavirus disease and 2015 Middle East

respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreaks in Korea.

Journal of Korean Medical Science, 35(23).

Jones, C. J., Smith, H., & Llewellyn, C. (2014). Evaluating

the effectiveness of health belief model interventions in

improving adherence: a systematic review. Health

Psychology Review, 8(3), 253–269.

https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2013.802623

Kuiper, M. E., de Bruijn, A. L., Reinders Folmer, C.,

Olthuis, E., Brownlee, M., Kooistra, E. B., Fine, A., &

van Rooij, B. (2020). The Intelligent Lockdown:

Compliance with COVID-19 Mitigation Measures in

the Netherlands. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1–38.

https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3598215

Kwok, K. O., Li, K. K., Chan, H. H. H., Yi, Y. Y., Tang,

A., Wei, W. I., & Wong, S. Y. S. (2020). Community

Responses During the Early Phase of the COVID-19

Epidemic in Hong Kong. Emerging Infectious

Diseases

, 26(7), 1575–1579.

https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.26.20028217

Law, S., Leung, A. W., & Xu, C. (2020). Severe acute

respiratory syndrome (SARS) and coronavirus disease-

2019 (COVID-19): From causes to preventions in Hong

Kong. International Journal of Infectious Diseases,

January. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.059

Lee, M., Kang, B. A., & You, M. (2021). Knowledge,

attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward COVID-19: a

cross-sectional study in South Korea. BMC Public

Health, 21(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-

021-10285-y

Mirbeyk, M., Saghazadeh, A., & Rezaei, N. (2021).

Geriatrics and COVID-19. In N. Rezaei (Ed.),

Coronavirus Disease - COVID-19 (pp. 209–222).

Springer International Publishing.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63761-3_13

Noh, J. Y., Seong, H., Yoon, J. G., Song, J. Y., Cheong, H.

J., & Kim, W. J. (2020). Social distancing against

COVID-19: implication for the control of influenza.

Journal of Korean Medical Science, 35(19).

Park, C. L., Russell, B. S., Fendrich, M., Finkelstein-Fox,

L., Hutchison, M., & Becker, J. (2020). Americans’

COVID-19 Stress, Coping, and Adherence to CDC

Guidelines. Journal of General Internal Medicine,

35(8), 2296–2303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-

05898-9

Pertiwi, G. S., & Budiono, I. (2021). Perilaku Physical

Distancing Masyarakat Pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19.

Indonesian Journal of Public Health and Nutrition,

1(1), 90–100.

Pradana, M., Syahputra, S., Wardhana, A., Rustandi, B., &

Wijayangka, C. (2020). The Effects of Incriminating

COVID-19 News on the Returning Indonesians ’

Anxiety The Effects of Incriminating COVID-19 News

on the. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 25(8), 656–661.

https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1771825

Pratiko, M. ., Rahmawati, R., & Chrysmadani, E. P. (2011).

Analisis Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kepatuhan

Perawat dalam Penggunaan Alat Pelindung Diri Dasar

(Handscoon dan Masker) di Rumah Sakit Grha Husada

Gresik. Journal of Nurse Community, 3(5).

Purnamasari, I., & Raharyani, A. E. (2020). Tingkat

Pengetahuan Dan Perilaku Masyarakat Kabupaten

Wonosobo Tentang Covid -19. Living Islam: Journal of

Islamic Discourses, 3(1), 125.

Saqlain, M., Munir, M. M., Rehman, S. U., Gulzar, A., Naz,

S., Ahmed, Z., Tahir, A. H., & Mashhood, M. (2020).

Knowledge, attitude, practice and perceived barriers

among healthcare workers regarding COVID-19: a

crosssectional survey from Pakistan. Journal of

Hospital Infection, January, 19–20.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.05.007

Sari, D. P., & Atiqoh, N. S. (2020). Hubungan Antara

Pengetahuan Masyarakat Dengan Kepatuhan

Penggunaan Masker Sebagai Upaya Pencegahan

Penyakit Covid-19 Di Ngronggah.

Infokes: Jurnal

Ilmiah Rekam Medis Dan Informatika Kesehatan,

10(1), 52–55.

https://doi.org/10.47701/infokes.v10i1.850

Shahnazi, H., Ahmadi-Livani, M., Pahlavanzadeh, B.,

Rajabi, A., Hamrah, M. S., & Charkazi, A. (2020).

Assessing Preventive Health Behaviors from COVID-

19: a Cross-sectional Study with Health Belief Model

Bali BICHS 2022 - The Bali Biennial International Conference on Health Sciences

in Golestan Province, Northern of Iran. Infectious

Diseases of Poverty, 9(1), 1–9.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-00776-2

Smorenberg, A., Peters, E. J., van Daele, P. LA, Nossent,

E. J., & Muller, M. (2021). How does SARS-CoV-2

targets the elderly patients? A review on potential

mechanisms increasing disease severity. European

Journal of Internal Medicine, 83(November 2020), 1–

5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2020.11.024

Sulaeman, E. S., Murti, B., & Waryana, W. (2015). Peran

Kepemimpinan, Modal Sosial, Akses Informasi serta

Petugas dan Fasilitator Kesehatan dalam Pemberdayaan

Masyarakat Bidang Kesehatan. Kesmas: National

Public Health Journal, 9(4), 353.

https://doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v9i4.749

Tong, K. K., Chen, J. H., Yu, E. W. yat, & Wu, A. M. S.

(2020). Adherence to COVID-19 Precautionary

Measures: Applying the Health Belief Model and

Generalised Social Beliefs to a Probability Community

Sample. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being,

12(4), 1205–1223. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12230

Triyanto, E., & Kusumawardani, L. H. (2020). Analysis of

Change Behavior Prevention of Covid-19 Transmission

Based on Integrated Behavior Model. Jurnal

Keperawatan Soedirman, 15(2).

https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jks.2020.15.2.1441

Wang, Q., & Yu, C. (2020). The role of masks and

respirator protection against SARS-CoV-2. Infection

Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 41(6), 746–747.

Wang, Z., & Tang, K. (2020). Combating COVID-19:

health equity matters. Nature Medicine, 26(4), 458.

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0823-6

WHO. (2021). Listings of WHO’s response to COVID-19.

World Health Organization.

Wiranti, Sriatmi, A., & Kusumastuti, W. (2020).

Determinan kepatuhan masyarakat Kota Depok

terhadap kebijakan pembatasan sosial berskala besar

dalam pencegahan COVID-19. Jurnal Kebijakan

Kesehatan Indonesia, 09(03), 117–124.

https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jkki/article/view/58484

Yanti, B., Wahyudi, E., Wahiduddin, W., Novika, R. G. H.,

Arina, Y. M. D., Martani, N. S., & Nawan, N. (2020).

Community Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior

Towards Social Distancing Policy As Prevention

Transmission of Covid-19 in Indonesia. Jurnal

Administrasi Kesehatan Indonesia, 8(2), 4.

https://doi.org/10.20473/jaki.v8i2.2020.4-14

Zhong, B. L., Luo, W., Li, H. M., Zhang, Q. Q., Liu, X. G.,

Li, W. T., & Li, Y. (2020). Knowledge, attitudes, and

practices towards COVID-19 among chinese residents

during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak:

A quick online cross-sectional survey. International

Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(10), 1745–1752.

https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45221

Zhong, Y., Liu, W., Lee, T. Y., Zhao, H., & Ji, J. (2020).

Risk perception, knowledge, information sources and

emotional states among COVID-19 patients in Wuhan,

China. Nursing Outlook, 0, 1–9.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2020.08.005

Factors Associated with Adherence to COVID-19 Prevention: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey Among the Elderly in Tabanan City,

Indonesia