Evaluation of Covid-19 Booster Vaccination Results Among Health

Workers at a SM Private Hospital in North Jakarta

Stefanus Lukas

1,2

, Putri Ananda

, Diana Laila Ramatillah

, Yufri Aldi

and Fatma Sri Wahyuni

Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia

Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Jakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Covid-19, Vaccination Booster, Health Workers.

Abstract: The provision of Covid-19 booster vaccines for health workers has begun to be discussed a lot as the pandemic

continues. This study aims to determine the side effects and impact of menstruation, health workers exposed

to Covid-19 after booster vaccines. This study used a cross-sectional research method through sampling

convenience sampling. This questionnaire was distributed at a SM private hospital by getting respondents as

many as (n=109) health workers. The questionnaire data used in this study were the validity and reliability

tests with the value of Cronbach alpha 0.960. The results of this study revealed that there were (69.7%) of

women, (62.4%) in the age group (25-45 years), nursing profession (45.9%), non-nurses profesion (54.1%).

Sinovac vaccine (41.3%), and Moderna vaccine (58.7%). Moreover, health workers who experienced side

effects of booster vaccines were muscle pain (47.7%), fever (57.8%), allergic reactions (49.5%), joint pain

(49.5%), reddish swelling pain at the injection site (52.3%), drowsiness (46.8%), and headache (43.1%). Then,

health workers were exposed to covid-19 as much (22.94%). Health workers who experienced the impact of

menstruation were (46.8%). There are correlations between the vaccine and AEFI, and also the impact of

menstruation and health workers exposed to covid-19 after the booster vaccine.

1 INTRODUCTION

The Covid-19 pandemic that has occurred since 2020

is a catastrophic outbreak experienced by the entire

world, including Indonesia. Covid-19 (coronavirus

disease 2019) is a respiratory tract infection caused by

the severe acute respiratory syndrome of coronavirus

2 (SARS-CoV-2), or the corona virus. (Cascella M et

al., 2021) Covid-19 spreads quickly because the

transmission of the covid-19 pandemic outbreak

occurs between people and people or people with

certain media where the virus that causes covid-19 is

attached (Handayani, et al. 2020).

Globally, the Covid-19 case was first discovered

in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The coronavirus

spread to all parts of China within a few weeks, and

within months to other countries. As of February 10,

2022, Covid-19 has been found in 225 countries, with

around 405,000,000 confirmed cases. (Ministry of

Health of the Republic of Indonesia, 2022.)

The Sars-Cov-2 virus that causes Covid-19 is

known as the omicron variant. The omicron variant

was first discovered on 24 November 2021 in South

Africa. This variant must be watched out for, and

research results proved that there was an increased

risk of recurrent infections that occur as a result of

this variant (KOMINFO, 2021)

Preventive actions of Covid-19 are to maintain

social distance (social distancing), minimize the

possibility of being exposed to the virus (CDC, 2021),

and

implement the discipline of health protocols that

must carry out by vaccinations. Vaccination aims to

provide special immunity and reduce morbidity due

to viral infections (Mukhi S, 2021). Vaccines are used

to expose recipients to non-infectious substances or

pathogens that can cause disease. Vaccines can

stimulate the recipient's immune system to prevent or

reduce the chances of infection in exposed pathogens

(Jain S, Venkataraman A, Wechsler ME, 2021).

There are several vaccines, one of which is an

attenuated vaccine. This vaccine uses pathogenic

strains that have been weakened to become non-

infectious in non-human tissues. These strains are

then injected into the recipient and will be recognized

by the immune system. (little PD, 2015). Inactivated

vaccines act similarly to live attenuated vaccines. Still

they can produce vaccines that weaken the immune

system more than live attenuated vaccines, in which

Lukas, S., Ananda, P., Ramatillah, D., Aldi, Y. and Wahyuni, F.

Evaluation of Covid-19 Booster Vaccination Results Among Health Workers at a SM Private Hospital in North Jakarta.

DOI: 10.5220/0012024500003582

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Seminar and Call for Paper (ISCP) UTA â

Z45 Jakarta (ISCP UTA’45 Jakarta 2022), pages 341-345

ISBN: 978-989-758-654-5; ISSN: 2828-853X

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

341

recipients may lose their immune memory over time.

(Petrovsky N, 2004)(RW, 2018).

The provision of a booster or additional Covid-19

vaccine for health workers has begun to be widely

discussed as the pandemic continues. With fears of a

sharp increase in the number of Covid-19 patients and

research findings of a decline in vaccine-induced

immune responses over time, a number of countries

are starting to consider administering additional doses

of the Covid-19 vaccine to the people who have been

fully vaccinated.(WHO, 2022)

Health workers are at the forefront of providing

health services even during the COVID-19 pandemic.

In order to maximize efforts to protect the health, the

government together with the ministry of health, is

implementing a booster dose vaccination program to

stimulate immunology so that health workers have

strong immunity to protect themselves from infection

of the Covid-19 variant.(Indonesia KTK, 2021).

2 METHOD

This study was analyzed using a cross-sectional

research method of 109 health workers’ respondents.

Initially, the questionnaire was informed and

distributed to be filled out. (Hanggoro, AY Suwarni,

L., 2020). This study used a standardized

questionnaire to collect data from hospital

respondents. The questionnaire involved personal

data (age, gender, and profession) and vaccine data

(type of vaccine, side effects) given through the

Google form. The instruments used in this study were

the validity and reliability tests with a Cornbach alpha

value of 0.960.

2.1 Ethical Approval

This research has been reviewed and approved by the

ethics committee of the University of 17 August 1945

Jakarta (No.46/KEPK-

UTA45JKT/EC/EXP/07/2022).

2.2 Statistic Analysis

Before collecting data, the researcher first asked for

ethical approval from the ethics committee of the

University of 17 August 1945 Jakarta. The collected

results were analyzed using the Statistical Package for

the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 software.

Descriptive statistics were performed for

demographic variables and medical data. Chi-square

test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Kruskal-Wallis test

were used to find associations between risk factors

and adverse events. A p-value of 0.05 was considered

significant.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this study, we conducted 109 participants, in

which: One hundred nine participants (Health

Personnel) have received booster vaccines. Health

workers also received questionnaires via Whatsapp.

Table 1: Demographic characteristics of the study n = 109.

Variables

Frequency Percentage

Gender

Man 33 30.3%

Woman 76 69.7%

Age

Teenagers 18-24 27 24.8%

Adult 25-45 68 62.4%

Seniors 46-65 14 12.8%

Profession

Nurse 50 45.9%

Non-Nurse 59 54.1%

Vaccine Booster

inovac 45 41.3%

oderna

58.7%

Based on Table 1, it can be seen from a total of

109 participants, consisting of 33 men (30.3%) and

76 women (69.7%). This is in line with the study

(vaccination, 2022) of men (47.5%) and women

(52.5%) that women are more numerous than men.

The age of adolescents is 18-24 (24.8%), adults 25-

45 years (62.4%), and the elderly 46-65 years

(12.8%). Nursing profession (45.9%), non-nurses

(54.1%). Vaccine type of sinovac (41.3%), moderna

(58.7%). Based on research (Gena N & Diana R,

2021) 406 participants consisted of 108 men (26.6%),

and 208 women (73.4%) with the most age range is

18-30 y old (87.2%)

Table 2: AEFI after booster dose vaccination.

Variables

Frequency

(n=109)

Percentage

(%)

Muscle ache 52 47.7%

Fever 63 57.8%

Allergic Reaction 54 49.5%

Joint pain 54 49.5%

Pain, swelling, redness at

the in

ection site

57 52.3%

ISCP UTA’45 Jakarta 2022 - International Seminar and Call for Paper Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Jakarta

342

Drowsiness 51 46.8%

Headache/Dizziness 47 43.1%

Menstruation 51 46.8%

Based on Table 2, it can be seen that the common

side effects given the response of this study at booster

doses were muscle pain 47.7%, fever 57.8%, allergic

reactions 49.5%, joint pain 49.5%, swollen painloss

at the injection site 52.3%, drowsiness 46.8%,

headache 43.1%, exposed to covid-19 22.94%, and

menstruation 46.8%.

The study involved 109 health workers who had

been vaccinated booster, participants received a

questionnaire that they experienced due to suffering

side effects of booster vaccine. When compared with

another study conducted in the UK, injection site

symptoms occurred among 58.7% of study

participants (Menni, 2021).In the pain study, the

injection site showed 75.2%, 53.9% fatigue, a

headache of 46.7%, myalgia (muscle pain) at 44%,

and fever at 21.5%. (Wi YM, Kim SH, 2021). In the

studies conducted by (Tiissot N, Brunel A, Bozon F

& Chirouze C, 2021), fatigue (18%), headache (14%),

muscle pain (20%), and 66% reported local events,

such as pain at the injection site (63%) or erythema

(8%). There were 90% local symptoms, such as pain

and damage at the injection site, followed by about

65% system symptoms in the form of fever,

headache, nausea-vomiting, and myalgia. In the study

(Prevention & CDC, 2021), post-vaccine AEFI can be

a loss, muscle pain, headache, fever, and nausea.

These effects can provoke a decrease in activity for

the recipient.

Figure 1: Expose Covid-19 After Booster Vaccination.

Based on Figure 1, it can be seen that there are 25

health workers who were exposed to covid-19 after

the booster vaccine. based on different research

results from (Edriani et al., 2021). the results of a

study in DKI Jakarta which showed that there was a

close relationship between population density and the

number of positive confirmed cases of COVID-19 of

50.8%.

Table 3: Relationship between gender and AEFI.

Frequency / Percentage (%)

Variables Man Woman p-value

Headache

Drowsiness

8(7.3%)

(

9.2%

)

34(31.2%)

(

37.6%

)

0.043*

0.023*

Menstruation 0 51(46.8%) 0.000*

*Chi-square test

Based on Table 3, it can be seen that the variable

that has a significant relationship with AEFI that

appear is gender. Out of a total of 109 respondents,

there was a significant difference between AEFI felt

by patients and gender. For AEFI, headache in men at

7.3% and in women at 31.2%, with a p-value of 0.043.

Drowsiness was felt in 9.2% of men and 37.6% of

women, with a p-value of 0.023. Most female health

workers experienced menstrual side effects (46.8%,

p-value: 0.000). It was found that female vaccine

recipients had more side effects than male vaccine

recipients.

This is in line with research conducted by the

Vaccine Center in Germany, they found that the

female gender was more likely to experience side

effects from vaccination (79.1%) (Hoffmann MA,

Wieler HJ, Enders P, Buchholz HG, 2021).

In the study (Gee J, Marquez P, Su J, Calvert GM &

Myers T, Shimabukuro, 2020), 78.7% of AEFI

occurred in women and tended to experience more

AEFI.

Table 4: Relationship Between Age and AEFI.

Variables Frequency

Age (n:109,

Median: Adult)

p-value

Muscle ache 43 (39.5%) 0.021*

Fever 54 (49.55%) 0.046#

Drowsiness 44 (40.37%) 0.011#

Exposed to

Covid 3

25 (22.94%) 0.013#

*Mann-Whitney test, #Kruskal

Wallis test

Based on Table 4, it can be seen that the variables

that have a significant relationship are age and AEFI.

In this study, the respondents' overall ages were from

adolescence to old age. Most of the side effects are

given by those in adulthood (25-45years). These

results are consistent with studies conducted by

(Jahan, Nishat, Fahad Imtiaz Rahman, Poushali Saha,

and Sadia Afruz Ether, 2021) that reported significant

side effects were more excellent in young adults than

in older ones (p = 0.02). Detailed data are presented

Evaluation of Covid-19 Booster Vaccination Results Among Health Workers at a SM Private Hospital in North Jakarta

343

in Table 4. Side effects of muscle pain 39.5% with a

p-value of 0.021. Side effects of fever 49.55% with a

p-value of 0.046. Side effects of drowsiness 40.37%

with a p-value of 0.011. Exposure to covid-19 was

22.94% with a p-value of 0.013.

This age group of Mayors has relatively high

mobility with a history of out-of-town travel, which

is also more frequent. (Vermonte, P., & Wicaksono,

2020).

Research by (World Health Organization

(WHO)., 2021) related to the Moderna vaccine

showed that 90.6% of respondents aged 18-64 years

had a fever with a temperature of < 39 polyurethanes.

On research (Simanjorang et al., 2022), the

proportion between the ages of 34 is almost the same

as the age group > 34 years (57.7% and 42.3%). The

age range of participants is between 20-59 years.

Table 5: Relationship between Profession and AEFI

Variables Frequency p-value

Nurse Non-Nurse

Muscle pain 29 (26.61%) 23 (21.11%) 0.048*

Menstruation 29 (26.61%) 22 (20.19%) 0.031*

Joint pain 28 (25.69%) 26 (23.86%) 0.039*

*Chi-square test

Based on Table 5, it can be seen that the variables

that have a significant relationship are profession and

AEFI. In this study, health professionals are divided

into nurses and non-nurses. For side effects of muscle

pain (myalgia) in nurses, 26.61% and non-nurses,

21.11%, with a p-value of 0.048. For side effects of

joint pain in nurses, 25.69% and non-nurses 23.86%

with a p-value of 0.039. There is an impact or

irregular menstruation in women because women

have a greater level of antibody response to viruses,

infections, and vaccinations.

Most respondents work as nurses. This is in line

with mapping data on the number of health workers

in Indonesia. (Ppsdm Health Agency, 2020). There

was an impact of menstruation on nurses, 26.61% and

non-nurses, 20.19%. This is in contrast to the study

(Romadhan et al., 2022). The majority did not

experience menstrual cycle changes after vaccination

(84.5%) and 15.5% had menstrual cycle changes.

There are reported changes in the menstrual cycle and

volume after vaccination. In this case, further studies

are still being conducted.

Table 6: The relationship between vaccine types and AEFI.

Variables Fre

uenc

-value

Sinovac Moderna

Muscle ache 17 (15.6%) 35(35.15%) 0.000*

Feve

(

23.9%

)

(

33.95%

)

0.000*

Allergic Reaction 22 (20.2%) 32 (29.4%) 0.000*

Joint

ain 17

(

15.6%

)

(

33.95%

)

0.000*

Pain, redness at the

ection site

26 (23.9%) 31 (28.5%) 0.000*

Headache 14 (12.9%) 28 (25.7%) 0.000*

Drowsiness 20

(

18.4%

)

(

28.5%

)

0.000*

Exposure to

Covi

-19

6 (5.51%) 19(17.43%) 0.000*

*chi-square test

Based on table 6, it can be seen that the variable

that has a significant relationship is the type of

vaccine with AEFI. In the sinovac vaccine, side

effects include muscle pain 15.6%, fever 23.9%,

allergic reactions 20.2%, joint pain 15.6%, redness at

the injection site 23.9%, headache 12.9%, drowsiness

18.4%, and exposure to covid-19 5.51%. In contrast,

Moderna vaccine recipients experienced a large

increase in the frequency of side effects. The

percentage of side effects by Moderna vaccine

recipients were muscle pain 35.15%, fever 33.95%, r

29.4%, joint pain 33.95%, redness at the injection site

28.5%, headache 25.7%, drowsiness 28.5%, and

exposure to covid-19 17.43%.

In the study (Kadali R, Janagama R, Peruru S & SV,

2021), muscle, bone, and joint pain were the most for

48 hours (42.3%). The moderna vaccine study found

that 54.17% of 432 vaccination respondents

experienced muscle pain.

4 CONCLUSION

The side effects contained in this booster vaccine

were muscle pain, fever, allergic reactions, joint pain,

redness and swelling at the injection site, drowsiness,

headache, and menstruation. Health workers who

have been vaccinated with the booster were still

exposed to Covid-19. There were several risk factors

associated with the side effects of this type of vaccine,

which was Moderna vaccine had higher side effect

than sinovac vaccine.

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