Review on Medium and Long-Term Operation Strategy of

Hydropower-Enriched Power Grid in Electricity Market

Yang Wu

, Xinchun Zhu

, Shuangquan Liu

, Yulin Dong

2,*

and Xuanli Lan

2,*

Yunnan Electric Power Dispatch and Control Center, Yunnan 650011, China

Beijing Tsintergy Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100089, China

Keywords: Electricity Market, Hydropower Enrichment Grid, Control Strategy.

Abstract: The new round of power market reform brings great challenges to the operation of Chinese power grid. For

the power grid dominated by hydropower, how to effectively carry out market trading and consumption of

large and small hydropower, reduce the impact of uncertain water inflow on market returns, and ensure the

stable operation of the power grid under the market mechanism are all new challenges. This paper focuses

on the key issues such as the potential market manipulation ability of giant cascade hydropower stations

under the electric power market environment, and the income analysis of large-scale and small hydropower

stations participating in the electric power market. It compares and analyzes the advanced management

experience at home and abroad, and introduces the research contents and trends at home and abroad from

three aspects: hydropower enrichment in the electric power market, cascade hydropower research, and grid

operation of small hydropower stations.

1 INTRODUCTION

China is the country with the most abundant water

energy resources in the world, ranking the first in

the world in total volume. The theoretical reserves

of hydropower resources are about 694 million kW,

and the annual annual generating capacity is about 6

trillion kWh. The exploitable capacity of the

technology is about 540 million kW, and the annual

generating capacity is about 2.5 trillion kWh. The

economic exploitable capacity is about 402 million

kW, and the annual generating capacity is about

1.75 trillion kWh (Cheng, 2016; Deepak, 2015; Wu,

2014). In the past 20 years, hydropower has

developed rapidly. The installed capacity of

hydropower in China exceeded 100 million kW, 200

million kW and 300 million kW respectively in

2004, 2010 and 2014.However, the distribution of

hydropower resources in China is characterized by

uneven distribution of time and space, high

enrichment degree of hydropower and obvious

regional differences, among which southwest China

is the most concentrated area of hydropower

resources. The exploable capacity of hydropower

technology in Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Guangxi,

Guizhou and Chongqing was 414 million kW,

accounting for 76.6% of the national total (Jean-

Michel, 2014; North American Electric Reliability

Cooperation, 2019; Cui, 2013; Ding, 2013).

Hydropower enrichment grid refers to the power

grid with a large proportion of hydropower installed

capacity and generating capacity. In the process of

power market reform, hydropower enrichment grid

not only needs to solve market regulation, clean

energy marketization, stable operation of power grid

and other power market connectivity issues. At the

same time, it is necessary to focus on the

characteristics of hydropower enrichment grid, such

as the market power of giant cascade hydropower

stations, the operation status of large and small

hydropower stations, and the operation

characteristics of large and small hydropower

stations connected to the grid. Therefore,

hydropower enrichment network will face

unprecedented new challenges in the process of

power market reform

This paper focuses on the key scientific issue of

the operation strategy of hydropower enrichment

grid in the electricity market environment.

Compared with the advanced experience at home

and abroad, this paper analyzes and summarizes the

potential market manipulation ability of the huge

cascade hydropower station group, the income

718

Wu, Y., Zhu, X., Liu, S., Dong, Y. and Lan, X.

Review on Medium and Long-Term Operation Strategy of Hydropower-Enriched Power Grid in Electricity Market.

DOI: 10.5220/0012042700003620

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Economic Management and Model Engineering (ICEMME 2022), pages 718-724

ISBN: 978-989-758-636-1

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

analysis of the participation of large-scale and small

hydropower in the electricity market, and the threat

of the deviation of trading plan to the stable

operation of the power grid.

2 FOCUS AND HYDROPOWER

ENRICHMENT AREA POWER

MARKET

Foreign power market reform in the 1970s had

begun to emerge, but it was not until 1989 that the

United Kingdom promulgated the "Electricity Law"

in the world set off a wave of power industry

reform. Its core is to break the monopoly, privatize

the power industry and introduce market

competition. Since then, Norway, the United States,

Brazil, European Union countries, Canada and

Australia have also started power market reform,

aiming to use the competition of the free market to

guide the power industry to improve efficiency and

reduce electricity prices and operating costs. After

nearly 30 years of development, foreign electricity

market has been basically mature, mainly reflected

in the market structure, trading mode, regulatory

mechanism and auxiliary services and so on. In this

paper, the development and construction process

and main operation effects of foreign power markets

in key and hydropower enrichment regions are

briefly reviewed:

The United States issued the Energy Policy Act

in 1992, marking the start of electricity market

reform. In 1996, the Federal Energy Regulatory

Commission (FERC) issued No. 888 and No. 889,

requiring power companies to open the transmission

grid. From 2002, there was a wave of reform in the

states of the United States. Currently, there are

approximately 10 regional electricity markets in the

United States, seven of which are regional

transmission organizations or independent system

operators (Operating regional wholesale electricity

markets: New England ISO, New York ISO, Texas

ISO, California ISO, Central ISO and PJM's RTO,

Southwest RTO) (Su, 2014; Han, 2019; Xu, 2018).

States and regions in the United States have

different reform models, and there are also multiple

models of power enterprises, including traditional

vertically integrated companies, power supply

companies mainly responsible for regional

distribution and power supply, and independent

power generation companies .Literature (Marko,

2014) systematically reviewed and analyzed the

electricity market reform in the United States in the

past 20 years, and proposed that the restructuring of

the American electric power industry should focus

on three aspects: generation, transmission and sale

of electricity: the promotion of generation side

competition, the change of generation ownership

and profit model, and the increasing share of

independent generators; Promote the opening of the

power sale side, more users get the power sale

option, but the power sale service innovation

technology conditions and market structure and

other factors are limited; Promote fair opening up of

power grids, and ensure fair opening up of power

grids to third parties by strengthening supervision

and establishing ISO and RTO; After the reform,

wholesale electricity price has not been

continuously reduced, and the impact of fuel cost,

technological progress and other factors on

electricity price is greater than that of the reform.

The European Union (EU) issued the Electricity

Market Reform Act in 1996, which opened the

user's choice and promoted the establishment of the

EU's unified electricity market. Then in 2003, the

Second Law of Electricity Market Reform was

issued, which strengthened the efforts to promote

the construction of EU unified electricity market.

Under the overall framework of the EU, member

states have chosen different market-oriented reform

models according to their own actual conditions.

The UK electricity market has undergone two

important reforms (Zhou, 2015; Ding, 2014; Lu,

2016). The first is the transformation from POOL

mode, which is the mandatory competitive market

of full power generation through bidding, to NETA,

which is the trading mechanism dominated by

bilateral transactions with the voluntary

participation of market subjects. The second was the

transition from NETA to BETTA, a nationwide

unified competitive electricity market. In 2013, the

UK started to implement a new round of reforms,

focusing on the introduction of a mechanism

combining fixed electricity price and CFD for low-

carbon energy, the establishment of carbon emission

performance standards for new units, and the

establishment of capacity markets. France has

introduced competition on both the generation side

and the sales side while keeping its vertically

integrated structure intact. In the power generation

side, there are 5 large power generation companies,

among which the market share of EDF reaches more

than 90% (Kashif, 2014). The power market trading

is mainly bilateral contract trading, and the day

ahead spot trading is mainly organized and carried

out by EPEX power spot Exchange. German

electricity market reform is relatively slow, after the

Review on Medium and Long-Term Operation Strategy of Hydropower-Enriched Power Grid in Electricity Market

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establishment of electricity market supervision

department in 2004, the pace of electricity market

reform has been accelerated. At present its

electricity futures trading and day-ahead trading is

mainly carried out by Europe's largest electricity

exchange (EEX). In addition to the member states

establishing their own electricity markets, the EU

has gradually realized the joint trading of multi-

country and multi-regional markets, and the market

mechanism based on the unified market rules to

realize joint clearing has been gradually established.

In 2006, the joint market of France, Belgium and the

Netherlands began to operate; In 2008 Germany and

Denmark began joint trading of day-ahead

electricity markets; In 2010, the Central and

Western European regions achieved market

integration.

Australia is an early country to carry out

electricity market reform. In 1990, it split the four

links of vertical integration of power generation,

transmission, distribution and sales, and introduced

competition in the power generation side and the

power sales side. There are currently two electricity

markets in Australia: the National Electricity Market

(NEM) and the Western Australian Electricity

Market. NEM is the main electricity consumption

region in Australia, which is divided into electricity

wholesale market and electricity finance market.

The wholesale electricity market adopts the POOL

model, and the Australian Energy Market Operator

(AEM0) is responsible for centralized trading and

scheduling. All electricity trading must be

conducted through AEMO. At the same time, in

order to reduce the risk of price fluctuation in the

wholesale power market, market players can also

choose to participate in the power financial market

and conduct transactions in the government-

approved stock and futures exchanges. As part of its

economic liberalization policy, New Zealand

established the Electricity Corporation of New

Zealand (ECNZ) in 1987 to operate the electricity

industry in a market-oriented manner. In 1998, New

Zealand promulgated the Electricity Industry

Reform Act 1998, which required the separation of

property rights between power generation and sales

and distribution box sales, so as to realize the

independent operation of each link of power

generation, transmission, distribution and sales, and

introduce competition in the power generation and

sales links. In 2010, New Zealand promulgated the

Electricity Industry Act 2010.Integrated distribution

operations are allowed, provided it is clear that the

distribution business is subject to strict regulation.

In 2002, China promulgated the "Electric Power

System Reform Plan" for the purpose of "separating

plant networks and bidding to access the Internet,

breaking monopoly and introducing competition".

The former State Power Company was divided into

five power generation groups: China Huaneng

Group Corporation, China Datang Group

Corporation, China Huadian Group Corporation,

China Guodian Group Corporation and China Power

Investment Corporation; And two major power grid

companies: State Grid Corp. and China Southern

Power Grid Co (Zhang, 2008). In 2015, Several

Opinions on Further Deepening the Reform of the

Electric Power System were released, in which the

focus and path of reform were put forward as

follows: On the basis of further improving the

separation of government functions and enterprises,

the separation of factories and networks, and the

separation of main and auxiliary components, in

accordance with the institutional structure of

controlling the middle and liberalizing the two ends,

we will in an orderly manner liberalize the price of

electricity for competitive links other than

transmission and distribution, open the distribution

and sale of electricity to private capital in an orderly

manner, and liberalize power generation plans other

than those for public welfare and regulatory

purposes in an orderly manner. Promote the relative

independence of trading institutions, standardized

operation; Continue to deepen research on regional

power grid construction and transmission and

distribution system suitable for national conditions;

We will further strengthen government supervision,

overall planning, and safe, efficient operation and

reliable supply of electricity.

3 RESEARCH ON CASCADE

HYDROPOWER STATION

UNDER ELECTRICITY

MARKET ENVIRONMENT

In the electric power market environment, the

operation mode and goal of cascade hydropower

station have changed from the operation mode of

cooperating with the power grid dispatching

organization to meet the system load demand and

ensure the safety and stability of the power grid to

the operation mode of pursuing the maximum profit

in the market environment. With the gradual

advancement of domestic and foreign power system

reform, many scholars have studied the bidding and

operation of hydropower stations and cascade

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hydropower stations in the market.Literature (Liu,

2015) took autonomous dispatching hydropower

companies as the object and used 0-1 mixed integer

programming to study their bidding strategies and

operation problems in the power pool model-day-

ahead market. Yang Literature (Hu, 2014)

considered the unit flow, output constraints, feed-in

price and other conditions of cascade hydropower

station under the power market conditions, which

made the scheduling problem more complicated.

They used diplebody genetic algorithm to study the

economic operation problem of the power

generation company with cascade hydropower

station with the greatest benefits in the market.

Literature (Cheng, 2014) divided the hydro-thermal

hybrid power system into two independent bidding

subsets in consideration of the influence of

hydropower price and the start-up and shutdown

costs of hydropower units. Within each subset, the

bidding was conducted according to the principle of

the lowest power purchase cost, and the power

output of hydropower was optimized by the method

of simultaneous segment adjustment. According to

the characteristics of hydropower plants, Zhao

Literature (Daniel, 2014) respectively considered

the game between hydropower plants and thermal

power plants, the game between hydropower plants

and the game of peak-regulating power plants; by

estimating the bidding behavior of other power

plants, they established an online bidding game

model for hydropower plants to provide guidance

for the management of hydropower plants.Literature

(Douglas, 2013) proposed a bidding online model

for hydropower companies applicable to different

market environments in spot trading, taking the

bidding coefficient as a variable parameter to reflect

the interrelation between the bidding coefficient and

predetermined optimization objectives. The model

analysis proves that under the condition that the

bidding strategy does not affect the clearing result,

the maximum profit can be obtained and the total

operating cost of the system can be

minimum.Literature (Erik, 2015) adopted the

probability distribution to simulate the quotation

strategy of power producers, used the Monte Carlo

method to conduct random simulation of the power

market clearing process, and considered the factors

of different generation costs of each cascade power

station in the maximum benefit model, proposed the

bidding operation strategy of cascade hydropower

station under market bidding, and built the optimal

scheduling model of cascade hydropower station

under market bidding. Literature (Zhang, 2013),

starting from the economic and technical

characteristics of cascade hydropower station,

established a stochastic expected value bidding

model of cascade hydropower station aiming at the

overall income maximization, considering the

uncertain factors such as electricity energy price,

reserve price and standby dispatching.

In the study of the operation of cascade

hydropower station in the electricity market

environment, the optimization scheduling analysis

of cascade hydropower station itself is a typical

large-scale high-intensity, non-convex nonlinear

discontinuous problem mathematically. According

to the different optimization methods, the solution

can be divided into two categories: mathematical

programming method and intelligent algorithm.

Mathematical planning method is an optimization

method based on the classical mathematical

optimization principle, and it is also the earliest

classical method applied in the field of optimal

scheduling of hydropower stations. Its advantages

lie in the strict mathematical derivation process, and

the application of the method is easy to understand.

Common mathematical programming methods

include: linear programming; Nonlinear

programming, including: continuous linear

programming, continuous quadratic programming,

generalized reduced gradient method, etc.; Mixed

integer programming; Dynamic programming,

dynamic programming improvement methods

mainly include: incremental dynamic programming,

discrete differential dynamic programming, dynamic

programming successive approximation and

stepwise optimization algorithm; Network flow

planning, Lagrange relaxation and large system

decomposition and coordination. Intelligent

algorithm based on biomimetic, according to

experience or natural evolution phenomenon

simulation derived from the emerging algorithm, is

born with the rise of modern computer technology

and artificial intelligence in the 1990s.With the

further development of computer technology,

different kinds of intelligent algorithms have

provided new ideas for domestic and foreign

scholars to solve the optimization problem of large-

scale hydropower stations. The widely used

intelligent algorithms are: genetic algorithm, particle

swarm optimization algorithm, differential evolution

algorithm, hybrid optimization algorithm, ant colony

algorithm and simulated annealing algorithm.

Review on Medium and Long-Term Operation Strategy of Hydropower-Enriched Power Grid in Electricity Market

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4 RESEARCH ON THE

OPERATION OF

LARGE-SCALE SMALL

HYDROPOWER CONNECTED

TO THE GRID

As an important part of clean and renewable energy,

small hydropower is a priority project funded by the

Clean Energy Development Mechanism (CDM). In

recent years, it has attracted much attention due to

its rapid development. At present, researchers in

various countries have carried out relevant studies

on the development status and problems of small

hydropower in their own countries and regions:

Literature (Milena, 2017) conducted an in-depth

discussion on the development and forms of small

hydropower in Turkey, and Literature (Tim, 2012)

analyzed the development of small hydropower in

India.

Due to various reasons such as construction and

development history, small hydropower has been in

the state of "light tube reconstruction" for a long

time in our country, and there are many problems in

its grid-connected operation (Su, 2014): 1) Small

hydropower construction away from load center;2)

The operation equipment is old and inefficient;3)

The construction scale of small hydropower is

huge;4) Output seasonality is obvious and

fluctuation is high;5) Poor communication facilities

and low level of management personnel;6)

Backward management mechanism;7) Lack of

effective legislative mechanism support. After the

implementation of energy-saving power generation

dispatching, China Southern Power Grid, which has

a large proportion of installed small hydropower,

successively issued a series of policies to improve

the decision-making level of small hydropower

dispatching. During this period, domestic scholars

conducted relevant studies on the grid-connected

operation of large-scale small hydropower. In terms

of output prediction of small hydropower groups,

Literature (Olayinka, 2011) proposed a FC-BP

prediction method for short-term power generation

capacity of small hydropower based on the

combination of fuzzy clustering and BP neural

network. Sun Yongjun et al. proposed a two-stage

prediction method combining weighted Markov

chain and GM (1,1) model. With BP neural network

prediction model as the method, Liu Benxi et al.

adopted partial mutual information method to screen

the forecast factors that significantly affect the

power generation capacity of small hydropower, and

combined with the weather forecast information of

the weather prediction system as the input, to

achieve the power generation capacity prediction of

small hydropower in data-poor areas. Literature

(Newman, 2011) made a comprehensive analysis

and discussion on the existing problems and market

demand of small hydropower development in our

country. Literature (David, 2011) proposed a multi-

stage sectional control load distribution method for

large-scale small hydropower groups, standardized

the day-ahead scheduling plan formulation process

of small hydropower, abandoned the traditional

mode of unilateral planning by dispatching agencies,

and implemented hierarchical generation plans

according to the scheduling relationship of small

hydropower. Literature (Juan, 2010) put forward a

short-term coordinated optimization dispatching

model of maximum expected capacity of large and

small hydropower. Taking small hydropower in

subdivision as a whole, according to the deviation

between small hydropower plan and actual output,

fuzzy clustering was adopted to construct small

hydropower output scenario, and heuristic search

and correlation search methods were applied to

solve the problem. Literature (Yuan, 2010)

established an expected peak regulation model for

the joint operation of multi-scenario small

hydropower stations and large and medium-sized

hydropower stations. Through similarity analysis,

the predicted output of the current small hydropower

stations was identified as the category of forecast

scenarios, and then the probability distribution of

actual scenarios under the current forecast scenario

was obtained.

5 CONCLUSION

For the power grid dominated by hydropower, how

to effectively carry out market trading and

consumption of large and small hydropower and

how to reduce the impact of uncertain water inflow

on market returns are new challenges. This paper

compares and analyzes the advanced management

experience at home and abroad, and introduces the

research contents and trends at home and abroad

from three aspects: hydropower enrichment power

market, cascade hydropower station research, small

hydropower grid operation, which will bring

reasonable reference for China's electric power

reform.

Along with the further deepening of the electric

power market reform of our country, it will be the

hot issue now and in the future how to explore the

effective theoretical method and technical measure

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from the theory and practice according to the actual

situation of our different regions electric power

market. Although some research achievements have

been made, the construction of Chinese electric

power market is still in the initial stage. With the

gradual improvement of market rules and the rapid

development of trading business, the operation

strategy and mode of hydropower enrichment grid

under the environment of electric power market still

need to be further studied.

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