The Effect of On-Street Parking in the Kelapa Lima Beach Area on

Traffic Performance on Timor Raya Street Kupang City

Amy Wadu, Mateus R. Sodanango and Obed Nenobais

Civil Engineering Department, Politeknik Negeri Kupang, Adi Sucipto Street, Kupang, Indonesia

Keywords: Capacity, Kupang, PKJI2014, Traffic, Urban Road.

Abstract: The increase in population and density of vehicles in urban areas results in a decrease in road performance

which ultimately causes traffic congestion problems. An increase in the vehicle population along with a

shortage of urban road space caused by roadside activities. One of them is the problem of parking on the road

because there is no adequate parking space will result in a decrease in road capacity which has an impact on

decreasing traffic performance on the road. The Kelapa Lima Beach area which is located on Timor Raya

street is a new refreshing place for residents of Kupang City but does not have adequate parking facilities.

Visitors park their vehicles on the road, causing the road capacity to decrease. This if allowed to continue will

have a bad impact on all social aspects. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of on-street

parking on traffic performance on the Timor Raya segment. The analysis method uses the Indonesian Road

Capacity Guidelines (PKJI 2014). The results show that on-street parking in the Kelapa Lima beach area has

an effect of 79.84 percent on traffic performance on the Timor Raya Street.

1 INTRODUCTION

On rapid economic development and motorization,

the number of motorized vehicles owned by residents

in various cities has increased significantly. At the

same time, the availability of transport infrastructure

lags behind, causing an imbalance between transport

demand and supply. This problem is especially

noticeable in the vehicle parking system. In some

areas of downtown Kupang, traffic is often heavy and

parking spaces are very limited. Thus, most users rely

on on-street parking facilities (Wadu, Tuati, and

Sodanango 2020) (Wadu, Loden, and Bria 2019)

(Wadu 2020).

On-street parking is often found in urban street

environments, because it is easy and does not require

a special parking space. Unfortunately, on-street

parking spaces are also associated with reduced road

capacity, which can result in reduced traffic

performance and an impact on accidents when

compared to roads of the same category without on-

street parking (Edquist, Rudin-Brown, and Lenné

2012).

One of the new congestion points in Kupang City

is the Kelapa Lima Beach area. The Kelapa Lima

Beach area development project which will be used

as the location of a culinary center in Kupang City,

East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia Although the project

has not been completed and has not been inaugurated,

the Culinary Center area is already crowded with

residents of Kupang on weekends. Many residents of

Kupang City came to meet the location which is

located in front of the Aston Kupang Hotel, on timor

raya street. The unavailability of parking facilities in

the area causes visitors to use the road as a parking

area which then affects the capacity of the highway

and causes a decrease in speed and traffic

performance on Timor Raya street in the area. Thus,

with increasing parking frequency and with

increasing traffic volume, this has the potential to

become a cause of congestion (Gore et al. 2021).

Several studies have been conducted on the

existence of parking on the road band which affects

the traffic performance parameters. On research (Et.

al. 2021) using the 1997 Indonesian Road Capacity

Manual (MKJI) and linear regression as the basis for

calculating all data, the R value is more than 0.8

which means that on-street parking has a strong

influence on vehicle travel time to pass H. Agus

Salim street. On research (Honma and Meguro 2020)

explains that in the downtown area of Yangon city,

Myanmar, which often experiences heavy traffic, also

shows that one of the reasons is the rampant illegal

1030

Wadu, A., Sodanango, M. and Nenobais, O.

The Effect of On-Street Parking in the Kelapa Lima Beach Area on Trafﬁc Performance on Timor Raya Street Kupang City.

DOI: 10.5220/0012048200003575

In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science (iCAST-ES 2022), pages 1030-1034

ISBN: 978-989-758-619-4; ISSN: 2975-8246

parking of cars on the streets. On (Abu 2019)

explains the average total segment delay of the total

duration along the road segment due to roadside

parking on the 3 road segments studied in Addis

Ababa, Ethiopia was 7.29, 12.01 and 25.95 seconds

per vehicle. On research (Nahry et al. 2019) on

Jatinegara Barat street, Jakarta there is a fairly strong

relationship between parking and vehicle delays

moving to the parking location, and traffic volume

also affects this relationship.

Seeing that the traffic conditions in the Kelapa

Lima Beach area are increasingly congested, the

purpose of this study is to find out how much

influence parking vehicles have on the road to traffic

performance has a high urgency.

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Side Friction

Side friction are defined as activities that occur on the

side of the road starting from lowering transportation

activities that affect normal traffic lanes that pass

through the road section (Forde and Daniel 2017).

Roadside activities affect traffic flow operations and

can cause delays, there are several references that try

to measure the effect directly especially for

developing countries where the effect tends to be high

(Ryus et al. 2011).

When side friction are at their worst, road capacity

is also reduced, resulting in traffic congestion

problems. On research (Pal and Roy 2019) shows the

road segment capacity decreased to 800 vehicles/hour

from 1,950 vehicles/hour when the side friction rate

increased from 50 incidents to 130 incidents. On

research (Saw et al. 2019) capacity in the city of

Warangal, India is estimated at 2909 vehicles/hour

for road conditions with side friction. And the

capacity in the absence of side resistance is 3173

vehicles/hour. There is an approximately 9%

reduction in capacity due to side drag. On-street

parking reduces road capacity (Chen et al. 2017). In

general, side friction can be buses stopping at stops,

pedestrians walking along the side of the train track

and crossing randomly, parking on the street, exits

and entries from the approach road, slow moving

vehicles (P. Li and He 2016).

2.2 On Street Parking

On Street Parking is located on the side of the road

with limited number of parking spaces, therefore it is

suitable for short term temporary parking users and

should have a higher parking turnover rate to provide

services to more users (J. Li, Wu, and Feng 2021).

There are several indicators that will be used to

correlate the effect between parking and traffic

performance, including parking volume and parking

accumulation (Wadu, Sulistio, and Wicaksono 2017).

Accumulation = Q



−Q





Where Q

is the number of vehicles entering every

hour, Q

out

is the number of vehicles exiting every

hour, and Q

is the number of vehicles parked on the

road before the observation.

Volume = Q





Where Q

is the number of vehicles entering every

hour and Q

is the number of vehicles that have been

parked on the road before the observation. side

2.3 Urban Road Performance

Urban road performance which is commonly called

Level of Service, LOS is a qualitative measure used

to indicate traffic conditions in terms of speed, travel

time, freedom to maneuver, comfort, convenience,

traffic disturbance, safety etc. The more the ratio, the

greater the congestion. v/c value of 1.0 indicates

heavy traffic. LOS suitable for various scenarios are

presented to deal with existing traffic problems

(Gajjar and Mohandas 2016).

On (Yany, Farida, and Walujodjati 2016) e

xplains traffic characteristics in terms of the V/C

Ratio and the average travel speed of traffic due to

parking on the road have a significant impact. When

the parking volume is high, the V/C Ratio is high and

the average travel time is low, causing congestion.

While on research (Yany, Farida, and Walujodjati

2016) t he existing condition on Ir.H Juanda street

with on-street parking apparently affects the

performance of Ir.H. Juanda street. The capacity of

roads without parking is 2,854 pcu/hour, while the

capacity with parking is 1,215 pcu/hour. For V/C

Ratio of 0.22. Average speed 33 km / h. The level of

service for peak hours on Ir.H. Juanda street is C.

Based on the Indonesian Road Capacity

Guidelines (PKJI 2014) traffic performance on urban

roads can be determined through a comparison

between the maximum hourly traffic flow and road

capacity. (PKJI 2014).

The Effect of On-Street Parking in the Kelapa Lima Beach Area on Trafﬁc Performance on Timor Raya Street Kupang City

1031

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research stages start from literature study, data

collection, data analysis, to the results in the form of

conclusions and recommendations for handling. It

was started with a literature study which then

identified problems that caused traffic jams on the

Timor Raya road, especially in the Kelapa Lima

Beach area of Kupang City. This stage is carried out

to find out the real root problems that occur in the

study area. At this stage, the concentration points of

the study area and the scope of the problems to be

discussed are also carried out. The analysis stage is a

follow-up after data processing is completed. The

purpose of this stage is to understand and analyze the

processing results in depth. The analysis is carried out

by taking into account the traffic performance on the

section starting from the side friction and v/c ratio and

then proceeding with the parking volume to find out

how the effect of parking on traffic performance.

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Traffic Flow

Observation of traffic flow is carried out for one week

starting from 07.00 to 24.00 as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Traffic flow during one week observation.

Based on Figure 1, the peak traffic flow occurs on

Saturday at 19.00 with a value of 2378 cur/hour. This

condition occurs because Saturday is the weekend,

which generally Kupang City residents relax and

enjoy time with family. Meanwhile, the lowest traffic

flow occurred on Monday at 24.00 with a value of 420

cur/hour. This happens because Monday is a working

day where there are not many Kupang residents who

do tourism or relax.

4.2 Side Friction

As traffic conditions peak on Saturdays, it is

important to analyze roadside activity on Saturdays.

This side activity is a side friction for traffic flow on

the Timor Raya road.

Figure 2: Side friction on Saturday.

Based on Figure 2, the highest side resistance is at

20.00 with 945 incident frequencies. Meanwhile, at

19.00 which is the peak hour of traffic flow, the side

obstacle is at 934 the frequency of occurrence. This

shows that with this high traffic flow, there are also

high side friction, which means that the increase in

traffic flow also increases the activities of residents

on Kelapa Lima Beach.

4.3 Parking Accumulation

Road parking in the coconut five beach tourist area is

recorded on Saturday and is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Parking accumulation on Saturday.

Based on Figure 3, parking accumulation starts to

increase from 16.00 to 17.00 and starts constant at

17.00 to 22.00 with the highest accumulative

occurring at 21.00 with a value of 869 vehicles. This

also shows that high side friction and high traffic flow

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324

Traffic Flow (pcu)

Hours

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Hours

Side Friction Traffic Flow

200

400

600

800

1000

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Parking Accumulation (pcu)

Hours

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1032

have a relationship with increasing accumulative

parking in the Kelapa Lima beach area.

4.4 Relationship Between Degree of

Saturation and Side Friction

Frequency

Higher side friction will affect the existing road

capacity. With the degree of saturation as a parameter

measuring how much capacity the road can meet the

traffic needs on the Timor Raya road, a model of the

relationship between side resistance and the degree of

saturation is made in Figures 4 and 5.

Figure 4: Relationship between degree of saturation and

side friction frequency using exponential function.

Figure 5: Relationship between degree of saturation and

side friction frequency using polynomial of degree 4.

Figure 4 shows the relationship between the degree of

saturation and side resistance with the equation

y=100.02e1.5656x with R² = 0.3904 while in Figure

5 using the polynomial of degree 4 we get the

equation y = -73749x4 + 203436x3 - 198199x2 +

80436x – 11158 with R² = 0.7249 which is better than

the exponential function.

4.5 Relationship Between Degree of

Saturation and Parking

Accumulation

The relationship between the degree of saturation (x)

and parking accumulation (y) that occurs at the

Kelapa Lima beach is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 6: Relationship between degree of saturation and

parking accumulation.

Based on Figure 5, the more parking on the road body

will increase the degree of saturation of the road,

which means that the higher the degree of saturation,

the worse the road performance with the equation of

the relationship between y = 895.99x - 110.8 with R²

= 0.7984. This condition also explains that 79.84

percent of the degree of saturation can be affected by

on-street parking. The rest, as much as 0.16 or 20.16

percent are influenced by unknown variables.

5 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the discussion of the effect of on-street

parking in the Kelapa Lima beach area, it has an effect

of 79.84 percent on traffic performance on the Timor

Raya road. So that in the future the government must

prepare parking facilities so that this will no longer

continue, let alone cause bigger problems.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to Politeknik Negeri Kupang for providing

financial and moral assistance during the researchers

conducting this research.

y = 100,02e

1,5656x

R² = 0,3076

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00 1,20

Side Friction Frequency

Degree of Saturation

y = -73749x

+ 203436x

- 198199x

+ 80436x -

11158

R² = 0,7249

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00 1,20

Side Friction Frequency

Degree of Saturation

y = 895,99x - 110,8

R² = 0,7984

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00 1,20

Parking Accumulation (pcu)

Degree of Saturation

The Effect of On-Street Parking in the Kelapa Lima Beach Area on Trafﬁc Performance on Timor Raya Street Kupang City

1033

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